Nutrition Lipids-Connect

What serves to stop the damage done to cells by reactive oxygen species?

Antioxidants

How does cholesterol affect digestion of fats in the small intestine?

As a component of bile, it emulsifies fats

What causes the carbon chain to bend?

Carbon is a fatty acid

What are the functions of HDL cholesterol in the bloodstream?

Donates cholesterol to other lipoprotein for transport back to the liver for excretion. Picks up cholesterol from dying cells and other sources

Why are emulsifiers important in cooking and baking?

helps keeps mixtures from separating

Compared to margarine is butter higher or lower in cholesterol? Is it higher or lower saturated fat?

higher and higher

What are some examples of foods that contain hidden fats?

hot dogs, crackers, pastries partially hydrogenated oil, nuts, dairy fat and animal fats

What is the process of adding hydrogen to unsaturated fats, which makes a liquid fat more solid at room temperature?

hydrogenation

Lipids are a diverse group of chemical compounds. Which of the following properties do all types of lipids have in common?

insoluble in water

What is the description of phospholipids? fatty acid or lecithin

lecithin

What is the recommendation for trans fat intake according to the Food and Nutrition Board?

limit intake, consume sparingly

What enzyme plays an important role in fat digestion?

lipase

What gastric enzyme released in the stomach acts primarily on triglycerides that have fatty acids with short-chain lengths?

lipase

What is the class of nutrients that consists of triglycerides, phospholipids and sterol?

lipids

What kind of density lipoprotein is considered bad cholesterol?

low

What is popular with the North American diet?

mayonnaise, margarine, whole milk

What is one product of triglyceride digestion that can be absorbed into the cells lining the small intestine?

monomglyceride

What is the chemical structure for sterol?

multi ringed compound with a hydroxl group

What is popular with the Mediterranean diet?

oil olive, fish, nuts

What is the description of a fatty acid?

omega-6, omega-3

What is the chemical structure of monostaruated fatty acid?

one carbon-carbon double bond

In a chemical reaction, when a compound loses an electron, that compound has been what?

oxidized

Phytodterols are plant chemicals that can reduce blood cholesterol. What can they can be found in?

pistachios, sunflower seeds, specialty margarines, salad dressing, pill form

What is a cholesterol rich substance deposited in the blood vessels

plaque

What are the systolic blood pressure?

pressure in the arterial blood vessels associated with pumping of the blood from the heart

The layer of triglycerides beneath the skin serves to what?

protect vital organs and insulate the body

What does current cholesterol- lowering medications act to?

reduce cholesterol synthesis in the liver and bind to cholesterol in the GI tract.

How does meeting the recommendation for fatty fish consumption decrease the risk for heart attack?

reduces blood clots and inflammation

What is an example of a hidden fat (not obvious)?

snack crackers

Enzymes that digest fat are secreted by what?

stomach cells, pancreas, salivary glands

What is a type of lipid that is food only in foods of animal origin?

(cholesterol)

_______ fats produced during the hydrogenation process closely resemble the structure of _________ fats due to the altered chemical structure that results during the process.

(trans and saturated)

Which class of lipids may serve as precursors for hormone synthesis?

.sterol

What is a major function of phospholipids (lecithin)) in food is to act as what?

emulisfier

True or False Phospholipids are essential parts of only a few types of cells, like adipose and liver cells?

false

What are the products of fat digestion in the small intestines?

fatty acids, glycerol, monoglycerides

What is the chemical structure of an omega-3 fatty acid?

first carbon-carbon double bond on the third carbon from the methyl end of the carbon chain.

What is the function of phospholipids in the body?

formation of cell membranes and digestion

What is the chemical structure for a triglyceride?

glycerol backbone with 3 fatty acids

What is the chemical structure for phospholipids?

glycerol backbone with fatty acids and at least one phosphorous containing group

What are the main functions of cholesterol? What are the main functions of cholesterol?

helps form hormones, building blocks for bile acid, provide structure to cells

What is true about essential fatty acids?

1. Omega 6 fatty acids increase inflammation and blood clotting 2. Omega 3 fatty acids reduce inflammation and blood clotting 3. Unable to be synthesized in the body

What are the steps of fat digestion and absorption starting in the mouth and ending at the small intestines?

1. Some lipase is released by the salivary glands and stomach. 2. Lipase begins digesting short-chain fatty acids in the stomach. 3. Bile emulsifies the fat. 4. Lipase digests the long-chain fatty acids and triglycerides. 5. Triglycerides are broken down and absorbed in the small intestine.

What are some reasons why fat is added to foods?

1. healthful to include some fat in the diet 2. enhances the flavor or foods 3. improves mouth feel of foods

What are the steps of dietary fat absorption from the small intestine and ending with entrance into the lymphatic system?

1.absorption of glycerol, monoglycerides and fatty acids into small intestine cells. 2. Triglycerides are reassembled 3. Triglycerides are packed in chylomicrons 4. Chylomicrons enter the lymphatic system.

How many carbon atoms due long-chain fatty acids contain?

12

What is the chemical structure of polyunsaturated fatty acid?

2 or more carbon-carbon double bonds

What is the Acceptable Macronutrients Distribution range set by the Food and Nutrition board for lipids?

20 to 35 % of kilocalories

What is the description of a triglyceride?

3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol molecule

According to the American Heart Associations' Diet and Lifestyle Recommendations for Cardiovascular Disease Risk Reduction, cholesterol intake should not be greater than how many milligrams per day?

300

You just ate a food item that contains 5 grams of fat. How many kilocaliroes from fat does that equal?

45

What are the values for HDL and total cholesterol, respectively that serve as risk factors for development of cardiovascular disease?

Less than 40 mg mg/dl; greater than 00 mg/dL in fasting state

Fat digestion is rapid and through in the small intestine under what "right" circumstances?

Lipase breaks down triglycerides down to monoglycerides and bile from the gallbladder is present

What enzyme breaks down triglycerides into free fatty acids and glycerol in the bloodstream?

Lipoprotein lipase

What some examples of foods that high in fats?

Margarine, butter, mayonnaise and salad dressing

What consists of one fatty acid bound to a glycerol backbone?

Monoglyceride

What are 3 organs and/or glands that produce lipase?

Pancreas, stomach, salivary glands

Why does the American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation .

decrease saturated fat intake

What are some examples of food that may contain partially hydrogenated (trans) fats?

Potato chips, stick margarine, shortening, French fries

What is diastolic blood pressure?

Pressure in the arterial blood vessels when the heat is between beats

Why is HDL considered good cholesterol?

Slows the development of cardiovascular disease aids in the transport of cholesterol in the bloodstream to the liver for excretion

What is the correct notation for blood pressure measurements?

Systolic/diastolic

True or false The process of oxidation usually changes the shape and/or function of a substance

True

What lipoproteins arise from the liver?

VLDLs, LDLS, HDLS

How do you convert a liquid oil to a solid fat at room temperature?

add hydrogen to the liquid fat

How does cholesterol affect digestion of fats in the small intestine?

as a component of bile, it emulsifies fats

What is the primary way that lipids are transported though the bloodstream ?

as part of chylmicrons and as part of lipoproteins

What are some of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease?

blood cholesterol >200mg, hypertension, smoking & family history

What is the chemical structure for fatty acids?

chain of carbons linked together and flanked by hydrogen, one end is an acid and the other end is a methyl group

Which are food sources high in saturated fat?

cheeseburger and whole milk

What is the description of sterol? cholesterol or lecithin?

cholesterol

As fatty acids are absorbed from the lumen of the small intestine, they are packaged as what for transport through the lymphatic system?

chyomincrons

What is the chemical structure of saturated fatty acid?

contains no carbon-carbon double bond

What is the general structure of a phospholipids?

contains phosphorous, fatty acids, and nitrogen-containing base

The American Heart Association recommends using plant oils rather than animal fats in food preparation to increase or decrease saturated fat intake?

decrease

Why are triglycerides ideal for fat storage?

they eat energy dense and chemically stable

What allows the carbon chain to remain straighter?

trans fatty acid

Due to their high energy density (9kcal per gram) what are the ideal form of energy storage for the body triglycerides or chylomicrons?

triglycerides

True or false HD removes cholesterol from cells and returns to the liver for excretion.

true