Nutrition Midterm

the DRI's identify the amounts of each nutrient that people in a specific life stage need to consume to maintain good health, prevent chronic diseases, and avoid unhealthy excesses. EAR is the average daily amount of a nutrient needed by 50 percent of the individuals in a similar age and gender group. RDA is the recommended daily amount of a nutrient that meets the needs of nearly all individuals (97-98 percent) in a similar age and gender group. RDA is set higher than EAR. AI is the approximate daily amount of a nutrient that is sufficient to meet the needs of similar individuals within a population group. The Food and Nutrition Board uses AIs for nutrients that do not have enough scientific evidence to calculate an RDA. UL is the maximum daily amount of a nutrient considered safe in a group of similar individuals AMDR is the healthy range of intakes for the energy-containing nutrients-carbs, proteins, fats-expressed as a percentage of total daily energy. The AMDR's for adults are 45-65 percent carbs, 10-35 percent protein, and 20-35 percent fat. EER is the amount of daily energy to maintain a healthy body weight and meet energy needs based on age, gender, height, weight, and activity level.

What are the DRI's? What are EAR's, RDA's, AI, UL, AMDR's, EER's? Be able to calculate AMDR's. Know what is needed to calculate the EER's.

salivary glands, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas

What are the accessory organs?

1. benefits of soluble are helping to reduce blood cholesterol, improve appetite control, and normalize blood glucose levels. insoluble stimulates peristalsis, which speeds up the movement of feces through the large intestine. 2. soluble: pectins, beta-glucans, some gums, mucilages.

What are the benefits of fiber(soluble and insoluble)? Give examples of soluble and insoluble fiber. What type of fiber can lower blood cholesterol levels and give an example.

healthier fats, limit foods with cholesterol, eat plenty of soluble fiber, fruits and veggies, fish.

What are the best foods to include to lower blood cholesterol levels?

carbohydrates, lipids(fats), and proteins are the energy-yielding nutrients. they provide energy to the body to fuel physiological functions. CHO- 4kcal, PRO-4kcal, FAT- 9kcal

What are the energy yielding nutrients? How many kcal per gram of CHO, PRO, and FAT?

nine amino acids that the body cannot synthesize; they must be obtained through dietary sources.

What are the essential amino acids?

Linoleic acid(omega-6 fatty acid) alpha-linoleic acid(omega-3 fatty acid) Linoleic acid can be found in vegetable oils such as sunflower, safflower, soybean, corn, and canola oils as well as nuts and seeds. Alpha-linoleic acid can be found in flaxseeds, flaxseed oils, canola oil, soybeans, soybean oil, pumpkin seeds, pumpkin seed oil, perilla seed oil, tofu, walnuts, and walnut oil. They reduce cardiovascular morbidity and mortality, infant development, cancer prevention, optimal brain and vision functioning, arthritis, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and neurological/neuropsychiatric disorders.

What are the essential fatty acids and what foods can they be found in? What are the health benefits of the essential fatty acids?

ascending, transverse, descending, sigmoid colon

What are the four sections of the colon?

carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and vitamins are organic. minerals are inorganic. Organic describes compounds that contain carbon or carbon-carbon bonds. Inorganic describes elements or compounds that do not contain carbon.

What are the inorganic and organic nutrients(categories)? And what does organic vs. inorganic mean?

the essential nutrients include water and the energy-containing carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins that the body needs in large amounts. Micronutrients are essential nutrients the body needs in smaller amounts: vitamins and minerals.

What are the macronutrients and micronutrients?

colon, rectum, anal canal

What are the sections of the large intestine?

duodenum, jejunum, ileum villi: tiny hair-like projections that line the inside of the small intestine microvilli- tiny projections on the villi in the small intestine

What are the sections of the small intestine? What is villi and micro villi?

1. heart disease 2. cancer 3. respiratory disease 4. accidents 5. stroke 6. Alzheimer's disease 7. diabetes 8. influenza and pneumonia 9. kidney disease 10. suicide heart disease, cancer, stroke, and diabetes

What are the top 10 leading causes of death in the US and which of these can a person reduce the risk of getting by leading a healthy lifestyle?

2,000 calorie diet

What calorie amount are the DV's based on?

food that is acidic or high in fat. The LES is affected by heartburn. Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) chocolate, fried or fatty foods, coffee, soda, onions, and garlic

What causes heartburn, what sphincter is affected by heartburn, and what is GERD? What foods should be avoided with GERD?

people with diabetes should consume a combination of predominantly high-fiber carbohydrates from whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, along with low-fat milk, adequate amounts of lean protein, and unsaturated fats.

What foods are recommended to control diabetes?

sugar, salt, fat, bacon, red meat, soda, baked goods, processed meats, white rice, bread, pasta, pizza, etc.

What foods should people avoid if they are at risk of heart disease?

measurement calculated using the metric formula of weight in kilograms divided by heigh in meters squared; used to determine whether an individual is underweight, at a healthy weight, overweight, or obese.

What is BMI?

Genetic disease in which a hyperimmune response damages the villi of the small intestine when gluten is consumed. abdominal bloating, cramping, diarrhea, gas, fatty and foul-smelling stools, weight loss, anemia, fatigue, bone or joint pain, painful skin rash. treatment for celiac disease is a strict, lifelong gluten-free diet. all breads, pasta, cereals, and other grain products made with wheat, rye, or barley must be eliminated.

What is Celiac disease, what are the symptoms, and what foods must be avoided with celiac disease?

intestinal disorder resulting in abdominal discomfort, pain, diarrhea, constipation, and bloating; the cause is unknown

What is IBS?

Kwashiorkor: State of PEM in which there is a severe deficiency of dietary protein Marasmus: State of PEM in which there is a severe deficiency of kilocalories, which perpetuates wasting, also called starvation.

What is Kwashiorkor and Marasmus?

soft mass of chewed food

What is a bolus?

protein that provides all the essential amino acids, along with some nonessential amino acids. soy and quinoa

What is a complete protein? Give examples of complete plant proteins.

the amount of energy required to raise the temperature to 1 kilogram of water 1 degree centigrade; used to express the measurement of energy in foods; 1 kilocalorie is equal to 1,000 calories.

What is a definition of kilocalorie?

Functional foods are foods that may provide additional health benefits beyond their basic nutrient value. Phytochemicals are non-nutritive plant compounds, found in fruits and vegetables, that may play a role in fighting chronic diseases. zoochemicals are non-nutritive animal compounds that play a role in fighting chronic diseases

What is a functional food, phytochemical, and zoochemical?

micelle- transport carrier in the small intestine that enables fatty acids and other compounds to be absorbed. chylomicron- type of lipoprotein that carries digested fat and other lipids through the lymph system into the blood LVDL(very-low density lipoproteins)- lipoproteins that deliver fat made in the liver to the tissues. VLDL remnants are converted into LDLs. LDL(low-density lipoproteins)- lipoproteins that remove cholesterol in the walls of the arteries. Because this can lead to heart disease, LDL is referred to as the "bad" cholesterol. HDL(high-density lipoproteins)- lipoproteins that remove cholesterol from the tissues and deliver it to the liver to be used as part of bile and/or to be excreted from the body. Because of this, HDL is known as the "good" cholesterol.

What is a micelle, chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, and HDL?

an essential nutrient are those that must be consumed from foods because they cannot be made in the body in sufficient quantities to meet its needs and support health. A nonessential nutrient are those that can be made in sufficient quantities in the body to meet the body's requirements and support health

What is an essential nutrient and nonessential nutrient?

Fat oxidation refers to the process of breaking down fatty acids. It promotes weight loss in the body.

What is an oxidized fat in the body and what does it promote in the body?

an ulcer is a sore or erosion of the stomach or intestinal lining spicy foods, stress, a bacterium Helicobacter pylori. burning pain, vomiting, fatigue, bleeding, general weakness

What is an ulcer, what causes most ulcers, and what is the most common symptom of an ulcer?

semiliquid, partially digested food mass that leaves the stomach and enters the small intestine

What is chyme?

constipation is the infrequent passage of dry, hardened stools high-fiber, high-liquid diet, daily exercise, laxatives

What is constipation and what is the treatment for constipation?

diabetes is a condition related to an inadequate regulation of blood glucose. obesity is linked to an increase in diabetes. Type 1 is an autoimmune form of diabetes in which the pancreas does not produce insulin. Type 2 is a form of diabetes characterized by insulin resistance. Gestational is a form of diabetes that may develop during pregnancy in women who were not previously diagnosed with diabetes. Pre-Diabetes(impaired glucose tolerance) is a condition whereby a fasting blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as having diabetes mellitus. Insulin is a hormone secreted from the beta cells of the pancreas that stimulates the uptake of glucose from the blood into the cells. Glucagon is a hormone secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas that stimulates glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to increase blood levels of glucose Pre-Diabetes is the most common form of diabetes

What is diabetes? What has been linked to an increase in diabetes? What is the difference between Type I, Type II, Gestational and Pre-Diabetes? What is insulin? What is glucagon? What is the most common form of diabetes?

diverticula is small bulges at weak spots in the colon wall. it is linked to increased pressure in the colon that causes weak spots along it's walls. to eat a diet with adequate fiber.

What is diverticula and what is linked to diverticula? What foods are beneficial in preventing the formation of diverticula?

the capacity to do work

What is energy?

hyperglycemia(high blood sugar levels) is a blood glucose level that rises to higher than 125 mg/dL. hypoglycemia(low blood sugar levels) is a blood glucose level that drops to lower than 70 mg/dL.

What is hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia?

difference between nitrogen intake and nitrogen excretion

What is nitrogen balance?

peristalsis is the forward, rhythmic muscular contractions that move food through the GI tract. segmentation is muscular contractions of the small intestine that move food back and forth, breaking the mixture into smaller and smaller pieces and combining it with digestive juices

What is peristalsis and segmentation?

the spoiling of lipids through oxidation

What is rancid or rancidity of fats?

name of the food, the net weight, name and address of the manufacturer or distributor, a list of ingredients in descending order by weight, with the heaviest item listed first. a nutrition facts panel, serving sizes, an indication of how a serving of the foods fits into an overall daily diet, uniform definitions such as "light" and "fat free", health claims that are accurate and science based, the presence of any of eight common allergens that might be present in the food, including milk, eggs, fish, shellfish, tree nuts, peanuts, wheat, and soybeans.

What is required to be on the food label? How has the food label changed (what is removed and added)?

short and medium fatty chains can be absorbed directly into the bloodstream from the intestinal microvillus because they are water-soluble. long-chain fatty acids take longer to digest and absorb because short and medium chain fatty acids are more water-soluble than fatty acids with more carbons Long chain fatty acids are fat-soluble and are absorbed by the lymphatic system.

What is the difference in digestion and absorption of short, medium, and long chain fatty acids?

enriched grains are refined grain foods that have folic acid, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and iron added. whole grains are grain foods that are made with the entire edible grain kernel: the bran, the endosperm, and the germ. whole grains are nutritionally superior

What is the difference in enriched grains and whole grains? What grains would be nutritionally superior?

a vegan diet excludes all meat and animal products, whereas a vegetarian diet excludes meat, poultry, fish, and seafood. lacto-vegetarian avoids meat, fish, poultry, and eggs lacto-ovo vegetarian avoids meat, fish, and poultry ovo-vegetarian avoids meat, fish, poultry, dairy foods

What is the difference in the diet of vegetarians and vegans?(include laco and ovo)

trans fats raise your bad (LDL) cholesterol levels and lower your good (HDL) cholesterol levels. Eating trans fats increase your risk of developing heart disease and stroke. It is also associated with a higher risk of developing type 2 diabetes.

What is the effect on the body of commercially produced trans fatty acids?

it is a diet-planning tool that groups foods together based on their carb, protein, and fat content. One food on the list can be exchanged for another food on the same list. It was developed in 1950 to give people with diabetes a structured, balanced eating plan. It grouped foods according to their carbohydrate, protein, and fat composition and provide specific portion sizes for each food. The six food groups are starch, fruit, milk, vegetable, meat, and fat. starch-potatoes fruit- watermelon, strawberry milk- low-fat vegetable- cucumber meat-cheese fat-peanut butter

What is the exchange system? Why was it developed? What was utilized in determining the food groups for the exchange system? What are the food groups and what foods are in the food groups?

primary function is too salvage energy from carbohydrate not digested in the upper gut. it also helps further digest some material, creating gas. also makes Vitamin K.

What is the function of bacteria in the large intestine and how is it beneficial?

more than 35 percent

What is the percentage of obese people in the US?

the small intestine finishes the process of digestion, absorbs the nutrients, and passes the residue on to the large intestine. the large intestine absorbs water and salts from the material that has not been digested as food

What is the primary function of the small and large intestine?

Carbohydrates supply simple sugar, called glucose, which is the primary source of energy for most body cells. Triglycerides are an important energy source for the body, especially during rest and sleep. The body stores excess energy as triglycerides in the adipose tissue, which insulates the body and cushions the organs. proteins contribute the basic building blocks, known as amino acids, to synthesize, grow, and maintain tissue in the body. Proteins also participate as neurotransmitters in the complex communication network between the brain and the rest of the body, and they play a role in the immune system and as enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions.

What is the role of carbohydrates, protein, and fat in the body?

lower esophageal sphincter(LES)

What is the sphincter between the esophagus and stomach?

ileocecal valve

What is the sphincter between the small intestine and the large intestine?

starch; in the mouth

What is the storage form of glucose in plants? Where does carbohydrates digestion begin?

transfer of an amino group from one amino acid to a keto acid to form a new nonessential amino acid.

What is transamination?

carbohydrates

What macronutrient supplies glucose?

the liver produces, the gallbladder stores

What organ produces bile and what organ stores bile?

soft drinks, other sugary beverages, and sweets and treats

Where do most of the added sugars come from in the american diet?

the stomach

Where does digestion of protein begin?

your body needs carbs because it is your body's main source of energy. it's main source is to provide energy to the body

Why does the body need carbohydrates? What is the primary function of carbohydrates?

moderate

diet principle of providing reasonable but not excessive amounts of foods and nutrients

balance

diet principle of providing the correct proportion of nutrients to maintain health and prevent disease.

the function of the stomach is to mix food with various gastric juices to chemically break it down into smaller and smaller pieces. a combination of hydrochloric acid, lipase, and pepsin

function of the stomach? What makes up gastric juices?

potato chips, fried foods, etc.

give some examples of energy-dense foods

fresh fruits and vegetables

give some examples of nutrient-dense foods

energy density

measurement of the kilocalories in a food compared with the weight (grams) of the food.

nutrient density

measurement of the nutrients in a food compared with the kilocalorie content; nutrient-dense foods are high in nutrients and low in kilocalories

the saliva in the mouth softens and lubricates food and begins the chemical breakdown of starch.

mouth(know function, saliva, amylase)

protein digestion begins in the stomach; carb digestion begins in the mouth

protein digestion begins where? Carbohydrate digestion begins where?

swelling in the veins of the rectum and anus

what is a hemorrhoid?

portion is the quantity of a food usually eaten at one sitting. a serving is a recommended portion of food that is used as a standard reference on food labels. satiety is the feeling of satiation, or "fullness", after a meal before hunger sets in again

what is a portion and what is a serving? What is satiety?

the production of excessive gas in the stomach or the intestines

what is flatulence?

chewing food

what is mastication?

the pyloric sphincter

what is the sphincter between the stomach and small intestine?

1. simple carbs are those that consists of one sugar unit(monosaccharides) or two sugar units(disaccharides) complex carbs are those that contain many sugar units combined(oligosaccharides and polysaccharides) monosaccharide- simple sugar that consists of a single sugar unit.(glucose, fructose, and galactose) disaccharide-simple sugar that consists of two sugar units combined(sucrose, lactose, and maltose) oligosaccharides-three to 10 units of monosaccharides combined polysaccharides-many sugar unites combined(starch, glycogen, and fiber) 2. starch- storage form of glucose in plants, fiber-a carb that cant be digested, glycogen-storage form of glucose in animals, including humans 3.glycogen is stored in the liver. 4. excessive amounts of glucose is stored as glycogen.

1. what are simple and complex carbohydrates? Include monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides. 2. What are starches, fiber, and glycogen. 3. Where is glycogen stored in the body? 4. Excessive amount of glucose in the body will be stored as what?

variety(vary)

Diet principle of consuming a mixture of different food groups and foods within each group

Heart disease and stroke, including obesity and metabolic syndrome

High triglycerides is associated with what disease?

trans-fats raise your bad (LDL) cholesterol levels and lower your good (HDL) cholesterol levels.

How do trans-fats in the diet affect HDL and LDL?

the structure of proteins is similar to that of carbohydrates and lipids in the all three nutrients contain atoms of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Protein is unique, however, because 16 percent of each protein molecule is nitrogen. Protein is the only food component that provides the nitrogen the body needs for important processes, such as the synthesis of neurotransmitters.

How is protein different from carbohydrates and fat?

200-300 grams daily. 45-65 percent AMDR of CHO's

How many grams of CHO's should a person consume each day? What is the AMDR for carbohydrates?

nuts or seeds with whole grains, peanut butter on whole wheat bread, whole grains with beans, beans and rice, hummus and pita bread. when incomplete proteins are eaten with modest amounts of animal proteins or soy, or combined with other plant proteins that are rich in the incomplete protein's limiting amino acids, the incomplete protein is complemented.

How would you combine incomplete plant protein to create a complete protein? complementary proteins.

1. iron, vitamin D, potassium, and calcium 2. added sugars, sodium, and saturated fat 3. fruits and veggies

In general, what is lacking in the American diet and what are Americans getting too much of? What do Americans need to consume more of?

beans, lentils, broccoli, berries, avocados, popcorn, whole grains, apples, dried fruits. grains, fruits, and legumes and other vegetables, dairy products, nuts and seeds eggs and most meats, non-starch veggies, fats and oils

Know high fiber foods. Know foods that are rich sources of carbohydrates (foods and food groups). What foods do not contain carbohydrates?

a. contains 20% or more of the DV of the nutrient in a serving b. a serving of the food provides 10-19% of the DV of the nutrient c. Can be used on seafood and meat that contains less than 10 g of fat, 4.5 g or less of saturated fat, and less than 95 mg of cholesterol per serving d. can be used on seafood and meat that contains less than 5 g of fat, less than 2 g of saturated fat, and less than 95 mg of cholesterol per serving.

Know the Nutrient Content Claims on the food label: a. High, Rich in, or Excellent b. Good source of c. Lean d. Extra lean

woman's palm: the size of approximately 3 ounces of cooked meat, chicken, or fish The "O" made by a woman's thumb and forefinger is the size of about 1 tablespoon of vegetable oil. A woman's fist is the size of about 1 cup(a man's fist is about 2 cups) The tip of the finger is about 1 teaspoon of margarine or butter

Know what a portion size is in correlation to a woman's hand

Vitamin C and E, Garlic, Green and Black Tea. they may protect your cells against free radicals.

What are some antioxidants and what is the function of antioxidants in the body?

carbs are found in most food. ex: breads, cereals, nuts, fruits, legumes(dry beans, peas, and lentils), other vegetables, and dairy products. Lipids are found in margarine, butter, oils, and animal products. proteins are found in a variety of of foods, including meats, dairy products, nuts, seeds, and soy.

What are some food examples of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins.

Vitamin B12, Vitamin D, Omega-3 fatty acids, zinc, and iron

What are some nutrients that might be missing(or of concern) to a vegetarian or vegan?

saliva, mucus, hydrochloric acid, enzymes, and bile

What are some secretions of the digestive tract?

sucrose, dextrose, maltose, fructose, lactose, glucose, honey

What are some ways sugar is "hidden" in our food?

phospholipids, sterols, and triglycerides

What are the 3 types of lipids?

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, vitamins, minerals, and water

What are the 6 classifications(categories) of nutrients?