Nutrition Test

Why is there an insulin deficiency in people affected by type 1 diabetes?

The body has had an autoimmune response against its beta pancreatic cells.

Which term is used to describe the test subjects in an experiment who do not receive treatment?

The control group.

Why are macronutrients special?

The macronutrients are carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. They are somewhat unique because they are the only nutrients that provide your body with energy, which is measured in calories.

All of the following are sources of simple carbohydrates, EXCEPT _____.

whole wheat bread

What type of study is the following: Researchers gather a group of people and tell them to record what time (and how long after waking up) they first eat a full meal (500 calories or more). After 1 year researchers test blood sugar, and other health parameters of participants.

A cohort study has participants record what they do (or eat) and then look at results. Since these participants are required to record when they eat, and then at the end blood sugar is measured it is a cohort study.

To fool a control group member into thinking he is receiving the full treatment he might be given a fake product with no effect. What is this called?

A placebo.

Approximately how many essential nutrients does the human body require to function properly?

40

Sergio needs to consume 2,600 calories per day to maintain his current weight. How many of these calories should come from carbohydrates?

1,170 to 1,690 calories

What is a good hypothesis based on?

A good scientific question

Which of the following is NOT a nutrient, but provides the body with empty calories?

Alcohol

Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the eating habits of Americans?

Americans tend to eat too many simple sugars and refined carbohydrates.

What would be your response to the following research results: scientists fed one group of rats apples and another group of rats bananas. They determined that the group of rats that ate apples were healthier than the ones that ate bananas.

Animals studies cannot definitively show results for humans, because not all results translate the same to humans. These studies can be a stepping stone for further research, but they are not necessarily applicable to humans.

What is a possible outcome of long-term deficiency of vitamin A in children?

Blindness

Fiber helps to reduce the risk of all of the following EXCEPT _____.

Fiber may help to prevent cancer, heart disease, diverticulitis, and diabetes. Fiber may also help with constipation, not diarrhea, a dissimilar bowel difficulty.

Which of the following is an artificial sweetener? I. Aspartame II. Sucralose III. Saccharin

I, II and III

Choose the statement that is NOT true about DRIs.

DRIs are a set of ten recommendations for the proper intake of nutrients.

Which of the following is NOT a disaccharide?

Galactose

Which of the following roles do lipids NOT play in our bodies?

Generate heat.

How can you tell if nutritional research is good research?

If it follows the scientific method and is based on good research

What's the link between artificial sweeteners and cancer?

In general, there is no clear-cut evidence linking artificial sweeteners to cancer in people.

Which organ(s) regulate blood sugar levels by secreting insulin and glucagon?

The pancreas secretes both

Which of the following is a disorder involving high blood sugar levels?

Type 2 Diabetes

What's the link between artificial sweeteners and digestive health?

Unusually sensitive people may have diarrhea or nausea but that's about it for concrete evidence linking artificial sweeteners to any serious digestive problems in people.

If the word calorie is spelled with a capital C, then it indicates that it is _____.

a kilocalorie

A hypothesis is

a proposed explanation for a scientific observations

Soluble fiber _____ while insoluble fiber _____.

reduces the absorption of cholesterol; adds bulk to stool

The word 'science' comes from Latin meaning __

to know

Which of the following is a function of carbohydrates?

All answers are correct.

Which of the following is a criterion for a good hypothesis?

All are correct

Which type of research is considered 'ideal' if followed correctly?

As long as participants properly follow the prescribed treatments then randomized trials are ideal, because they are randomized and have control.

Why do dental caries form?

Bacteria on your teeth metabolize carbohydrates, leaving behind an acid that destroys the tooth.

Carbohydrates are your body's first choice of immediate energy because they are easily converted to energy. Some of the foods that your body obtains carbohydrates from are:

Carbohydrates, which you obtain from foods like grains, fruits and vegetables, are easily converted to energy in your body.

What is a case-control study?

Case-control studies takes two groups of people, one with a condition and one without the condition, and ask them about past activities/diets to determine what led to this condition.

During a biochemical assessment, what is used to determine a patient's nutritional status?

Completing blood and urine tests.

What type of reaction causes the formation of sugar molecules larger than monosaccharides?

Dehydration

What is the functional group that is formed when glycerol reacts with carboxylic acids to form triglycerides?

Ester

Which of the following values is defined as the intake levels for nutrients estimated to meet the needs of half of the healthy individuals in a particular group?

Estimated Average Requirements (EARs)

Lawrence wants to eat a food that is high in energy before she starts training for her tennis competition. Which of the following types of food will give her the most energy per pound?

Fat

If your lunch meal had 14 grams of fat, how many Calories of your meal came from fat?

Fats provide 9 Calories/gram, therefore a meal with 14 grams of fat has 14x9 =126 Calories from fat.

What term describes a part of plant foods that helps foods pass through the digestive tract, though it cannot be digested?

Fiber

If you go for an extended period of time without eating, your body begins to release fatty acids for energy. However, your brain still needs glucose and begins to break down protein to be converted to glucose. This process of forming glucose from a source other than carbohydrates is called _____.

Gluconeogenesis

Carlos just finished an exhausting workout. Which of the following carbohydrates can be readily used by his body as a source of fuel?

Glucose

Linking which two monosaccharides together will create sucrose?

Glucose + Fructose

A young patient who has recently been diagnosed with type 1 diabetes might present with which of these?

Glycosuria

Which set of functional groups is always found in sugars?

Hydroxyl groups and ethers.

What does an elevated glycosylated hemoglobin value indicate?

Hyperglycemia

Which of the following values are used by institutions such as schools and hospitals to create nutritious meals?

Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs)

An obese patient comes into a clinic presenting with blurred vision, a fasting blood glucose level of 110 mg/dL, and some fatigue. Based on these symptoms alone, what would you tell her?

She is showing symptoms of prediabetes and recommend she watch her diet, increase her activity level, and return to the clinic for testing in a month.

The type of fiber that forms a gel when ingested is known as _____.

Soluble fiber turns into a gel when mixed with water in the gastrointestinal tract and delays stomach emptying, which causes a feeling a fullness.

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of type 1 diabetes?

Hypoglycemia

Glucose is a simple sugar that is used as energy by your body and brain. Which hormone would be called into action if there was too much glucose in the blood?

Insulin

Which hormone is secreted from the pancreas that controls the amount of glucose in the blood?

Insulin

How does insulin promote fat storage?

Insulin moves excess sugar out of the blood and into fat cells.

How is water different from other nutrients?

It is a single substance.

Why is glucose important to the body?

It is used for energy by your body and brain.

Which is true of ketosis?

It occurs when fat stores are broken down for energy, and ketones are high in the blood

The waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is used to determine a person's risk for developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease. How is the ratio calculated?

It's the waist measurement divided by the hip measurement.

Ketones will most likely be present when?

Ketones are formed in the absence of carbohydrates to serve as an energy source in the body.

Which of the following statements correctly explains why lactose intolerance occurs?

Lactose intolerance occurs when people do not produce enough lactase, which is the enzyme that breaks down lactose into glucose and galactose.

Which of the following is NOT a risk factor for type 2 diabetes?

Low levels of triglycerides

Which disaccharide will be created when two glucose molecules are combined?

Maltose

Which class of food does NOT contain organic nutrients?

Minerals

Which of these is NOT a risk factor for type 1 diabetes?

Obesity

Which of the following would NOT be a good source of complex carbohydrates?

Steak

Why does soap remove grease from pans when we wash dishes?

Part of the soap molecule is polar and dissolves in water, while part is non-polar and dissolves in the lipids.

Which of the following is an example of a viable hypothesis?

Students who attend class do better on exams than students who do not attend class

Select the BEST way for describing nutrients.

Substances in foods that are critical to tissue growth, energy and the regulation of processes in the body

In which step of the scientific method is data collected?

Perform an experiment.

Which of these correctly describes and explains a symptom of type 2 diabetes?

Polyphagia is caused by cells not being able to use glucose, which, in turn, triggers the body's hunger response.

Which of the following is NOT one of the six classes of nutrients?

Probiotics

Which of the following nutrients is considered your body's last choice for energy because it is needed for other functions such as growth, development and repair of tissues?

Proteins

Melissa has made a resolution to eat cleanly. She understands the importance of getting enough fiber in her diet and is determined to get what she needs from the foods she eats. Melissa does not want to take supplements. A nutritionist has suggested that Melissa up her intake of grains, fruits, vegetables, and legumes. If Melissa is successful, she will rely solely on _____ to meet her daily fiber needs.

dietary fiber

What is most likely the result of carbohydrate deficiency?

difficulty in eliminating waste

Galactose is composed of a glucose molecule and a lactose molecule, therefore, galactose is classified as a _____.

disaccharide

When a lactose intolerant person consumes dairy products he or she may experience all of the following symptoms, EXCEPT _____.

headache and sore throat

Why do many people in some areas around the world, despite having plenty of food, suffer from malnutrition?

They have easy access to unhealthy fast and processed food.

Chronic hyperglycemia directly contributes to all of the following problems EXCEPT:

hyperinsulinemia.

Total fiber is a combination of _____.

Total fiber is the sum of dietary fiber, which is obtained naturally in the diet, and functional fiber, which has been extracted from natural sources and is often made in a lab. Most people do not get enough fiber in the foods they eat, so doctors often recommend supplementing the diet with functional fiber.

Which of the following classes of nutrients are categorized as micronutrients?

Vitamins and minerals.

1.These nutrients are necessary for energy metabolism. 2.These nutrients help convert calories to energy. 3. These nutrients perform other functions in the body, such as assisting with the clotting of blood. The 3 statements above describe _____.

Vitamins do not contain calories, so they do not directly supply your body with energy, but they are indirectly linked to it. This is because certain vitamins are necessary for energy metabolism, which means they help your body convert calorie-containing nutrients into energy. Vitamins serve other roles as well, such as maintaining your vision, protecting your cells from damage and helping your blood clot.

All of the following statements are true, EXCEPT _____.

sugars are found only in plants

When carbohydrate intake is low, which of the following is most likely to result?

your body will break down other nutrients for energy

After eating a big meal, the carbohydrates are broken down into glucose and passed into your bloodstream. Your pancreas tells the body to move the excess glucose out of the blood and into the cells. Some of the sugar is used for immediate energy. The rest is converted to glycogen. Which of the following best describes glycogen?

A stored form of glucose

If an experiment is repeated by other scientists, and similar results are observed, what does the hypothesis become?

A theory.

What's an artificial sweetener?

A zero-calorie sugar substitute

If a health professional is examining a person's hair and nails to uncover clues about their nutritional status, which element of the nutritional assessment is he performing?

Clinical assessment

Sonia is a nutritionist and she has observed that people who eat more than two apples a day lose more weight than those who don't. She wants to conduct an experiment to see if this is true. Sonia already has the _____ for her experiment.

Hypothesis

Which of the following persons has an increased risk of developing diabetes and cardiovascular disease?

If we calculate the BMI of each of the 4 person, Mariam's is 60/(1.12^2) = 48 A BMI of 30 or greater indicates obesity and this has been linked to an increased risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease.

If it has been several hours since your last meal and your blood glucose level drops, which hormone does the pancreas secrete to move sugar into the blood?

If your blood glucose level begins to drop your pancreas needs to let more glucose into your bloodstream. To do this, your pancreas secretes a different hormone called glucagon. Glucagon is a hormone that moves sugar into the blood and raises your blood sugar level back to normal

Which of these explains the presence of polyphagia in type 1 diabetes?

Insulin's job is to mediate the passing of glucose into cells.

Which nutrient deficiency is linked to the creation of goiters?

Iodine

Which of the following methods is NOT used to conduct a dietary assessment?

Lab tests to indicate food intake.

How are organic and inorganic nutrients different?

Organic nutrients contain carbon while inorganic nutrients do not contain carbon.

In which of the following countries would you predict to find over-nutrition prevalent?

Over-nutrition is most prevalent in high-income, developed countries, such as the United States and regions of Europe.

Which of the following statements about minerals is FALSE?

They are nutrient-rich vitamins.

Why does your body need lipids?

They provide sustainable energy for your body

Exceeding the _____ could lead to toxicity.

Tolerable Upper Intake Levels (ULs)

How would you characterize the relationship between artificial sweeteners, obesity, diabetes and heart disease? I. Judicious use of artificial sweeteners might help a person lose weight II. The use of artificial sweeteners might increase weight gain III. The use of artificial sweeteners might make healthy food unpalatable

When used appropriately, they can help a person lose weight and decrease the chances of heart disease and diabetes. However, for some people artificial sweeteners can actually lead to weight gain and thus increase their risk of diabetes and heart disease. One potential reason: the potentially addictive and overly-sweet nature of these sweeteners might cause people to make poor dietary choices.

How is Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) linked to Adequate Intake (AI)?

Whenever there is not enough data to set an RDA for a nutrient, the AI is used.

All of the following statements are true about lipids, EXCEPT that _____.

all lipids are fats