Nutritition Infancy to Adoloscence: Chapter 15

Soy-based formula

Contains soy protein

Bowel movements Consistency more important than frequency. TRUE or FALSE

True

Breastfed infants whose mothers follow a vegan dietary pattern should also receive a vitamin B-12 supplement.

Vitamin B-12

AAP: All infants and children should consume 10 micrograms of vitamin D. Supplement needed if breast milk/formula less than 1 quart a day.

Vitamin D

Since 1970s: overweight and obesity more than _____________. More than __________--third of U.S. school children classified as overweight or obese. About ______% of obese children and about _____% of obese adolescents become obese adults.

tripled one 40 80

Reversing Trends for Overweight and Obesity Physical Activity Guidelines recommendation:

-60 minutes or more of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity daily for children and adolescents. -Limit excessive screen time. -Limit high-calorie foods, sugared soft drinks, and whole milk. -Include more vitamin- and mineral-dense foods and healthy snacks. -If weight loss needed—gradual, 0.5 to 1 pound per week.

AAP Infant Dietary Guidelines

-Build to a variety of foods. -Pay attention to infant's appetite to avoid overfeeding or underfeeding (responsive feeding). -Encourage adequate intake of dietary fat. -Choose fruits, vegetables, grains but do not overdo high-fiber foods. -Use sugars in moderation. -Skip heavily seasoned and processed foods. -Choose foods containing iron, zinc, and calcium.

Readiness for Solid Foods—Developmental Factors Physical ability:

-Disappearance of extrusion reflex. -Better head and neck control. -Ability to sit up.

For Good oral health what are good Nutrition-related tips?

-Drink fluoridated water, moderate soft sugary options. -Use small amount of fluoridated toothpaste twice a day. -Snacks in moderation. -Make wise snack choice: crunchy fruits and vegetables. -If chewing gum, use sugarless gum.

What Not to Feed an Infant

-Excessive formula or human milk. -Foods that tend to cause choking. -Potential food allergens before 4 months of age. -Cow's milk, as a replacement for human milk or infant formula. Goat's milk (low in some nutrients). Other plant-based milk alternatives. Excessive fruit juice (none for infants). Added sugars. Heavily seasoned and processed foods. Food safety hazards Excessive nutrient supplementation.

Expanding Infant's Mealtime Choices 6 months:

-Infant ready for table food. -Add to, not replace human milk or formula. -Challenging in first attempt.

Dietary Guidelines 2020-2025: New Recommendations for Infant Feeding About 6 months

-Introduce infants to nutrient-dense complementary foods. -Introduce infants to potentially allergenic foods along with other complementary foods. -Encourage infants and toddlers to consume a variety of foods from all food groups. Include food rich in iron and zinc, particularly for infants fed human milk. -Avoid foods and beverages with added sugars. -Limit foods and beverages higher in sodium. -As infants wean from human milk or infant formula, transition to a healthy dietary pattern.

Readiness for Solid Foods—Developmental Factors Physiological capabilities:

-More mature digestive system (especially for starch). -Increased kidney function.

Signs of Dehydration

-More than 6 hours without a wet diaper -Dark-yellow or strong-smelling urine -Unusually tired and fussy -Dry mouth and lips -Absence of tears when crying -Eyes and soft spot on the head appear sunken -Cold and splotchy hands and feet

Formulas

-Must follow strict quality control guidelines. -Fortified with vitamins and minerals (except fluoride).

Readiness for Solid Foods—Developmental Factors Nutritional needs:

-Need additional calories. -Replenish iron stores.

Children born in North America have access to some of the best health care in the world; even so:

-Numbers with obesity and type 2 diabetes on rise. -More time on electronic devices. -Less time in active play. -More soft drinks and energy drinks. -Intake of fruits, vegetables, whole grain short of recommendations. -Room for improvement in dietary patterns of American children.

Early Signs of Cardiovascular Disease

-Overweight -High blood pressure -Smoking -Diabetes -Family history of cardiovascular disease -Family history is unknown -Abnormal blood lipids in 7% of children.

Causes of childhood obesity:

-Role models -Dietary patterns and inactivity contribute. -Physical activity decreases as screen time increases.

Medical treatment to alleviate constipation are:

-Rule out medical causes -Enemas -Laxatives

Expanding Infant's Mealtime Choices 1st year:

-Should be eating protein sources, fruits, vegetables, grains. -Respond to infant's cues of hunger.

Develop dexterity by:

-Using utensils -Drinking from cup -Express autonomy by refusing certain foods -Test boundaries

Vegetarian Dietary Patterns for Young Children focus on:

-Variety of plant sources of protein (beans, nuts, and grains). Synthetic source of vitamin B-12 (supplement or fortified cereal). -Plenty of plant sources of iron (beans, dried fruits, fortified grains). -Good sources of zinc (whole grains, beans, nuts, and seeds). -Foods fortified with vitamin D (fortified orange juice), and sun exposure. -Rich plant sources of calcium (fortified milk or juice; almonds; some tofu; and green, leafy vegetables).

what are food choices that should be focused on from infant to adolescent stage of life?

-Whole grain breads and cereals -Fruits and vegetables -Lean sources of protein -Low-fat milk and milk products

Readiness for Solid Foods—Developmental Factors Allergy prevention:

-Whole proteins can readily be absorbed from birth until 4 to 5 months of age.

Fluid needs from _________to _____liters per day.

1.5 2.5

Low iron stores or iron-deficiency anemia: Affects __________% of teenagers

10

Teenage Height growth Girls: approximately _____ inches. Boys: approximately ______ inches.

10 12

Teenage Years: Nutrition Concerns Rapid growth spurt: Girls: between ages _____and _____. Boys: between ages _____ and ______.

10 13 12 15

Teenage Years: Less than _____% of girls and _____% of boys meet calcium intake recommendations. ____% of children are deficient in vitamin D. Soft drinks and energy drinks replacing _________ as preferred beverage.

10 25 20 milk

Teens use caffeine for quick pick-me-up. AAP advises a caffeine limit of ____________ milligrams per day.

100

Calcium requirement for 14- to 18-year-olds _____________ milligrams per day.

1300

_______-% increase in sugar-sweetened beverages. Paralleled rise in childhood ____________ Linked to increased levels of ______________________and worsened blood _________profiles.

135 obesity inflammation lipid

Fat Need _____% of total fat should be essential fatty acids. Also consider ____________________________acid (DHA) and ___________ acid.

15%, docosahexaenoic, arachidonic

Pediatric constipation

2 or more weeks of delayed or difficult bowel movements.

Caffeine content: Soft drinks: ______ milligrams per serving Energy beverages: ______to _______ milligrams per serving Coffee, tea: __________milligrams per serving

25 100 200 100

Fluid Needs About _____ cups per day. Via human milk or formula.

3

Dietary Guidelines recommend _____ servings from dairy or alternative calcium sources for all teenagers. Nondairy sources of _________________: almonds, legumes, some green vegetables, and fortified foods (for example, nondairy milks, fruit juices, cereal, and granola bars).

3 calcium

How many grams of fat are needed per day?

30 grams per day

Fat intake ranges: 1- to 3-year-olds: from _______% to _______% of total kilocalories. Older children and teenagers: from ________% to ____% of total kilocalories.

30,40,25,35

Compared to home meals: Yields _______ extra kilocalories, _________ grams extra fat, ________ milligrams extra sodium.

300 14 400

Carbohydrates provide ______% to ________% of calories.

35,40

Toddlers and Preschool Children: Growth rate tapers off to average gain of: __________ to _________pounds per year. _______ to __________ inches per year. Leads to reduction in ______________.

4.5 6.6 3 4 appetite

_________% of nations youth eat fast food daily. Reason for popularity: _____________________, _______________, _____________________. Friends work there

40,Convenient, casual, inexpensive

After first year of infancy: It takes _________ more years to _________weight seen at 1 year. Height is typically __________________ by age _____.

5, doubles, maximized, 19

Autism spectrum disorder—range of problems Affects 1 in every _____ children, higher in boys May experience: Constipation, diarrhea, or ____________disease. __________________problems related to developmental impairments. __________________ foods or food groups.

59 reflux feeding Rejecting

BMI-for-Age Percentile for Healthy weight

5th to 85th percentile

Iron-deficiency anemia: Most likely to appear in children aged _______ to ________months. _____________ stores of gestation run out. Decrease _____________, learning ability. Low ___________ supply to cells. ___________ has helped decrease anemia.

6 to 24 Iron stamina oxygen WIC

Carbohydrate Needs Age 0 to 6 months __________ grams per day. Age 7 to 12 months ________ grams per day. First _____months of life Breast milk or formula, containing no fiber, is adequate nutrition.

60, 95,6

Iron RDA: 1 to 3 years old: _____ milligrams per day. 4 to 8 years old: ______ milligrams per day. Provide foods that are adequate sources of _____________, including animal products.

7 10 iron

Calcium RDA 1 to 3 years old: _________ milligrams per day. 4 to 8 years old: ____________ milligrams per day. Dietary patterns of children usually fall _________.

700 1000 short

Alarming increase of type 2 diabetes in children. ______% overweight at diagnosis _______________ physical activity

85 decreased

BMI-for-Age Percentile Overweight

85th to 95th percentile

Protein Needs __________ to ______ grams per day (based on age) Half should be from essential____________acids. Human milk or formula provides sufficient protein.

9,11 ,amino

BMI-for-Age Percentile for Underweight

<5th percentile

Nutrients needed to support proper growth: C____________ P_____________ C____________ I________ Z______

Calories, protein, calcium, iron, zinc.

Nutrients needed to support proper growth: _____________, ____________, ____________, ____________, and _______________.

Calories, protein, calcium, iron, zinc.

What Nutrients are needed to support proper growth?

Calories, protein, calcium, iron, zinc.

Food allergy symptom: Low blood pressure* and rapid heart rate* affects the ___________________________. *Indicates very rapid, potentially fatal anaphylaxis.

Cardiovascular System

Early Signs of Cardiovascular Disease American Academy of Pediatrics recommends:

Children should be screened between 9 and 11 years old.

Toddlers need special toddler drinks or "transition formulas" to meet their nutrient needs. True or False

False

period of time during which a toddler will eat only a limited variety of foods.

Food jags:

Food allergy symptom: Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, intestinal gas, bloating, pain, constipation, and indigestion affects the____________.

GI Tract

Hydrolyzed protein formula

If allergies to milk and soy

Transition formulas

Introduced after 6 months of age

Nutrients of concern:

Iron, calcium, and sodium.

_______________ is main carbohydrate. Tastes sweet and easily _________________. ______________________have prebiotic effect in infant's gut.

Lactose, digested ,Oligosaccharides

Reduce sodium intake by: ____________________ salt added during cooking. ___________________ number of processed foods. Rinsing canned ______________. Consume fruits, vegetables, whole grains instead of _______________ snacks.

Limiting Decrease vegetables prepackaged

Most Common Allergenic Foods

Peanuts Tree nuts Milk Eggs fish Shellfish Wheat Soy

_______________supplies less than 10% of calories.

Protein

Food allergy symptom: Runny nose, wheezing, congestion, and difficulty breathing* affects the _______________

Respiratory System

Food allergy symptom: Itching, tingling*, redness, hives, and swelling affect the____________

Skin

Constituents of certain foods: Red wine, tomatoes, pineapples. _________________ compounds added to foods. Sulfites, food-coloring agents, monosodium glutamate (MSG). Food contaminants: Antibiotics, chemicals in livestock, crops, insect parts. Toxic contaminants: _____________ botulinum. Deficiencies in digestive enzymes: ____________.

Synthetic Clostridium lactase.

About 5% to 10% infants and children do not grow as expected. True or False

TRUE

Dairy Up to 2 years, whole milk for extra fat, energy. After 2 years, reduced fat or fat-free preferred. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

Nondairy beverages can supply enough calcium. Soy, almond, orange juice. TRUE or FALSE

TRUE

Supplemental water Not recommended during first 6 months (even in hot climates). TRUE or False

TRUE

The Dietary Guidelines Provide a framework for healthy vegetarian dietary patterns for children, starting at 12 months of age. These patterns illustrate lactoovovegetarian eating patterns. Inclusion of dairy foods ensures nutrient-dense sources of protein, calcium, vitamin D, and vitamin B-12. TRUE or False

TRUE

Up to 6 months Best to rely on breast milk or infant formula for fluid needs. TRUE or False

TRUE

Child nutrition experts do not advocate regular use of these products. These sweet beverages may blunt the appetite and further decrease the child's acceptance of foods at meals; most provide added sugars and have less protein than cow's milk. True or False

True

Goals harder to achieve as children grow older: Added pressures of peers, health messages from the media, and an increasing desire for independence. True or False

True

Place to learn about healthy eating habits.

USDA's Team Nutrition: Supports nutrition programs in schools. 2010 Healthy Hunger-Free Kids Act: Extended National School Lunch and Breakfast Programs. New standards for foods served in schools.

Routinely given as injection at birth. Intestinal bacteria then begin to synthesize vitamin K.

Vitamin K

Early Signs of Cardiovascular Disease Treatment:

Weight management —dietary modification and increased physical activity. -limit added sugar intake to 25 grams per day.

Infant is allowed to self-feed from the first complementary food; also called ___________________.

baby led weaning

Calcium Vital to maximize childhood and adolescent ____________ mass. Periods of rapid bone growth and ____________________.

bone mineralization

Excessive intake of fat can impact development of organ systems, especially ______________, _____________ system.

brain, nervous

Fat provides up to 55% of ______________.

calories

Sufficient ____________________ provided by breast milk or infant formula provide sufficient ________________.

calories, kilocalories

Choosing Healthy Fats Emphasize: Low-fat _________ products (from age 2 onward). Broiled or baked _________ and leaner cuts of meat. Trimming visible _________from meats, and removing the ___________ from poultry.

dairy fish fat skin

Babies are easily ______________. Severe dehydration can damage _________________.

dehydrated, kidneys

Excess fat intake may lead to poor fat ________________.

digestion

Risk factors (besides obesity and sedentary lifestyle): -Close relative with the __________________ -Belonging to _____________population

disease non-white

Fat Needs Fat provides half of ______________ supplied by human milk and formula. Vital _______________system development.

energy, nervous

Highest _____________ needs of any life stage ________________ and high ______________ ________.

energy, rapid growth, metabolic rate

Sodium __________________ sodium intake a concern. Fast and processed foods _______________ sodium intakes. About ______________milligrams per day more than needed.

excessive elevate 1000

Teenage Muscle and Fat Girls gain _______ and lean tissue. Boys gain __________tissue.

fat lean

Anemia Leads to __________________ and decreased concentration: Academic and ______________ performance suffers

fatigue physical

15% of total fat should be essential _________ acids.

fatty

AAP Guidelines for management of type 2 diabetes in children: Include monitoring of blood ____________, use of medications, weight management, and physical activity. If overweight or obese: Screen for at-risk children every____ years.

glucose 2

Reduce Lead Poisoning Results in: Long-term ________________ and ________________impairments.

intellectual behavioral

Teenagers need to eat ________-rich foods. Lean meats, whole grains, and enriched cereals.

iron

Vegetarian dietary patterns pose several risks for children. Deficiencies of ________, vitamin ________, and vitamin ______ and inadequate intake of _______________.

iron B-12 D calories

High-protein dietary pattern Stress on _______________. Excess ___________ and _____________ exceed infant's immature kidney abilities.

kidneys,nitrogen, minerals

Cow's milk-based formula Contains _____________/____________, heat-treated proteins from cow's milk, plant oils. Cow's milk not tolerated by infants because ___________ and ______________ too high.

lactose/sucrose protein and minerals

Consequences can be longstanding and devastating. Physical, emotional, and intellectual Effects of alcohol on the ___________, ___________, and _______________system can start early.

liver brain cardiovascular

Lifestyle Changes to alleviate constipation Set aside toilet time after each meal. Eat more ____________. Drink more ______________. Toddlers: ______ cups per day. Children: ______ cups per day. Increase physical activity and decrease ______________ activities.

meal fiber fluids 4 5 sedentary

Fat is concentrated source of calories. Small volume of __________ can meet energy needs. ____________- and _________________-chain fatty acids easily digested. Contains essential ________ acids.

milk,short, medium, fatty

Choose wisely, eat ___________ portions. Choose reduced-fat or fat-free milk or opt for water. Pizza: choose ___________ toppings, _____________cheese, and ____________ crust.

moderate veggie low-fat whole grain

Excessive caffeine intake: Could affect normal _______________ and _____________________ development. Causes disturbances in sleep patterns—can alter _____________ and ______________. Caffeine poisoning: thousands of reports and some deaths from _______________drinks.

neurological cardiovascular growth learning energy

As many as _________-_________ school children do not eat breakfast. Miss out on nutrients to fuel __________and body. Breakfast ____________ obesity risk. Fortified breakfast cereal offers good nutrition. Best source of iron, vitamin A, and____________for children aged 2 to 18.

one-third brain reduces folic acid

Important part of __________ and ____________ development. Explore environment through ______________ and _____________ of foods.

physical cognitive taste texture

Infancy: most _________ growth rate. Weight: doubles by ______to ____months. ________by 1 year. Length: increases _________ by the end of first year.

rapid, 4, 6, Triples ,50%

Alcohol Exposure ___________ brain mass in area involved in decision-making, learning, and memory . Abuse in adolescence predictor of use in adulthood Should not be viewed as ____________ part of growing up

reduces normal

For energy and ____________ Combine ______________ foods with source of protein, such as low-fat cheese, nuts, or eggs. Prepare convenient grab-and-go breakfast.

satiety carbohydrate

Toddler's drive to eat not so intense. Growth rate _____________ after infancy. More interested in playing and exploring than eating. Wary of new tastes, taste buds more ______________ than adults'.

slows sensitive

Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics: ____________________ generally are not necessary. Better to ________________ good foods. Focus on good food choices. Use fortified cereals: foods high in _________and _________________.

supplements emphasize iron zinc

Reduce Lead Poisoning Caused by: Contaminated drinking _______________. Consuming or inhaling __________dust. Contaminated dietary __________________.

water lead supplements

Reduce Lead Poisoning Protection: Balanced meals. -Variety of _____________,lean ____________ , and ______________ dairy products. Let cold water run _____to ______ minutes. When it has not run for long period.

whole grains, meats ,low-fat 2-3 minutes

BMI-for-Age Percentile for Obese

≥95th percentile