nutriton exam 2
What is an effect that can occur if taking a supplement of an individual amino acid such as arginine? A. Protein synthesis may be enhanced. B. Excess amino acids may be stored as fat. C. The body utilizes additional amino acid transport systems. D. Absorption of competing amino acids may be slowed which can upset amino acid balance in the body.
Absorption of competing amino acids may be slowed which can upset amino acid balance in the body.
The remains of chylomicrons: A; bind to LDL receptor B: are converted to glycerol C: travel to the liver to be disassembled D: consist of mostly free fatty acids
travel to the liver to be disassembled
After long-chain fatty acids have been absorbed into the mucosal cells, they are re-assembled into A: triglycerides B: micelles C: fat- soluble vitamins D: cholesterol
triglycerides
Animal products provide B vitamins and readily absorbable sources of minerals, such as iron, zinc, and calcium. A. True B. False
true
Chylomicrons carry diet-derived fats from the small intestine to the cells of the body. A: true B: false
true
Diets high in saturated fatty acids have been shown to increase the risk of heart disease. A: true B: false
true
If there is a shortage of an essential amino acid in the body, the absence of that amino acid limits protein synthesis. A. True B. False
true
Omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids are unsaturated. A: true B: false
true
Rancidity is the spoilage of fats and oils. A: true B: false
true
Small amounts of trans fatty acids occur naturally in meat, dairy products and oils. A: true B: false
true
The ability of the body to store excess triglycerides is theoretically limitless. A: true B: false
true
To be labeled "low cholesterol" a food must contain less than or equal to 20 mg of cholesterol per serving and less than or equal to 2 g saturated fat per serving. A: true B: false
true
Trans fatty acids not only raise LDL cholesterol levels but are also believed to increase the risk of breast cancer. A: true B: false
true
When the diet does not provide enough energy to meet the body's needs (e.g., consuming a very-low-calorie-weight-loss diet), body protein is used to provide energy. A. True B. False
true
Most of the nitrogen we lose is lost in/through our A. skin. B. urine. C. feces. A. sweat
urine
Amino acids are used to make all of the following EXCEPT A. histamine. B. creatine phosphate. C. vitamin D. D. melanin.
vitamin D.
Kidney beans are an example of an incomplete dietary protein. A. True B. False
True
Most Americans consume more protein than they need each day. A. True B. False
True
Some amino acids that our body needs must be obtained from dietary sources because the body cannot make them in sufficient quantities to meet our body's needs. A. True B. False
True
The shape of a protein is essential to its function. A. True B. False
True
Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids in the body? A: absorption of water- soluble vitamins B: source of energy C: structural component of cell membranes D: insulation from changes in temperature
absorption of water- soluble vitami
Foods are denatured by all of the following means EXCEPT by A. heat. B. chilling. C. the addition of acid. D. mechanical agitation.
chilling
________ is needed in the body to make vitamin D, bile acids, and cortisol. A: lipase B: cholesterol C: phospholipid D: triglyceride
cholesterol
Gary had the following blood levels (mg/100 mL): cholesterol 245, HDL 35, LDL 99. Which of these blood lipid levels put him at risk for heart disease? A: cholesterol and LDL B: HDL and LDL C: cholesterol and HDL D: cholesterol, HDL, and LDL
cholesterol and HDL
There are certain conditions under which some of the nonessential amino acids cannot be synthesized to meet the body's needs. When this occurs, these amino acids are referred to as ________ amino acids. A. equally essential B. nonessential C. essential D. conditionally essential
conditionally essential
Compared to animal proteins, plant proteins are an excellent source of ________, but they are lacking in ________. A. iron and calcium; unsaturated fats B. vitamin B12 and iron; calcium C. fiber and phytochemicals; vitamin B12 D. fiber and unsaturated fats; all B vitamin
fiber and phytochemicals; vitamin B12
When your diet is high in iron, the gene that codes for the protein ferritin, which stores iron, is turned on. This scenario best describes which of the following processes? C. energy production B. mineral synthesis C. gene expression D. transamination
gene expression
In general, plant proteins are ________ animal proteins to build proteins in the human body. A. not used as efficiently as B. used quicker than C. used more efficiently as D. used as efficiently as
not used as efficiently as
The Nutrition Facts panel shows the amounts of all of the following EXCEPT A: saturated fats B: trans fat C: total fat D: omega-3 fats
omega 3- fats
The current U.S. diet contains a higher ratio of which fatty acid than is optimal for health? A: omega-3 B: omega-6 C: EPA D: DHA
omega-6
Based on the type of fat found in the following foods, which would be the healthiest choice for dinner from the vegetable group? A: mashed potatoes with cheddar cheese B: deep fried zucchini C: organic peas with butter D: tomatoes with olive oil and balsamic vinegar
tomatoes with olive oil and balsamic vinegar
The AMDR for fat for children ages 1 to 3 is A: 30-40% of calories. B: 35-45% of calories. C: 20-35% of calories. D: 25-35% of calories.
30-40 % of calories
To maintain a healthy body weight, Shaundra needs to eat 1850 calories per day. To be within the DRI recommendations for total fat intake, which of the following amounts of total fat should be her upper limit? A: 71 grams B: 45 grams C: 31 grams D: 21 grams
72 grams
Each gram of fat from the diet contains ________ calories. A: 2 B: 7 C: 4 D: 9
9
How does a lack of protein impact immune function and increase susceptibility to infections? A. Amino acids are not available to make antibodies to fight off infection. B. Changes to pH create an acidic environment that halts the production of antibodies. C. Low hemoglobin levels prevent cells from getting adequate oxygen to initiate an effective immune response. D. The breakdown of muscle mass leaves the body too weak to initiate an effective immune response.
Amino acids are not available to make antibodies to fight off infection.
Why is protein-energy malnutrition more common in children than adults? A. The child's stomach cannot digest protein from the diet. B. Because children are growing, their protein needs per unit body weight are higher. C. Adults eat protein sources from the diet that have a higher absorption rate. D. Children do not eat enough total calories so that protein must be used as an energy source.
Because children are growing, their protein needs per unit body weight are higher.
How do the protein requirements for infants and children compare to those for adults? A. Children need 2 times the total protein. B. Children need more total protein. C. Children need more protein per unit of body weight. D. Children need less protein per unit of body weight.
Children need more protein per unit of body weight.
Which of the following is a correct statement about protein complementation? A. A variety of grain products can provide all essential amino acids needed. B. One of the proteins eaten must be from an animal source. C. Complementary proteins do not have to be consumed in the same meal. D. Complementary proteins must be consumed in the same meal
Complementary proteins do not have to be consumed in the same meal.
Which lipoprotein contains the highest proportion of cholesterol? A: LDL B: VLDL C: HDL D: chylomicron
LDL
Why does heart disease risk for women generally increase a decade after the risk for heart disease in men increases? A: Men are usually less active than women. B: Women eat healthier diets compared to men. C:Estrogen levels appear to have a protective effect until menopause, when levels decline. D: Testosterone levels are higher in men which increases risk.
Estrogen levels appear to have a protective effect until menopause, when levels decline.
Which lipoprotein picks up cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells and returns it to the liver? A: LDL B: HDL C: VLDL D: chylomicron
HDL
which lipoprotein contains the highest proportion of protein A: HDL B: VLDL C: chylomicrons D: LDL
HDL
Which of the following is a correct statement about HDLs? A: HDLs return cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells to the liver. B: HDLs function similarly to chylomicrons, transporting lipids away from the liver. C: HDLs are formed in the mucosal cell. D: HDLs contain a high proportion of cholesterol.
HDLs return cholesterol from other lipoproteins and body cells to the liver.
Which lipoprotein contains the highest proportion of cholesterol? A: HDL B: LDL C: Chylomicron D: VLDL
LDL
Which of the following is a characteristic of essential fatty acids? A: The body cannot make these at all or in sufficient quantities to meet the body's need. B: All omega-3 fatty acids are essential fatty acids. C: Cholesterol is an example of an essential fatty acid. D: They are metabolized at an extremely high rate as compared to other compounds.
The body cannot make these at all or in sufficient quantities to meet the body's need.
Why are vegans at risk for vitamin B12 deficiency? A. This vitamin is found almost exclusively in dairy products. B. This vitamin is found almost exclusively in animal products. C. Vegans often have a lower absorption rate of this vitamin. D. Vegan diets are higher in fiber, and fiber binds to this vitamin to prevent digestion and absorption.
This vitamin is found almost exclusively in animal products.
A diet that provides 10% of calories from protein will meet the RDA for protein, but this is a relatively low-protein diet compared with typical eating patterns in the U.S. A. True B. False
True
Enzyme supplements that function inside body tissues provide no benefit because the enzyme is broken down into amino acids during digestion. A. True B. False
True
Acid group
What structure does B refer to in the picture? A. amino acid group B. Acid group C. amino group D. side chain
C
What structure in the picture is responsible for giving different amino acids unique properties? A. A B. B C. C
C
Which letter indicates the location where protein-digesting enzymes are released from the organ that aids brush border enzymes to break down protein? A. D B. C C. A D. B
Which of the following is an example of protein complementation? A. tortilla chips with guacamole and salsa B. a peanut butter sandwich C. hummus with carrot sticks D. rice pilaf made with brown and wild rice
a peanut butter sandwich
Bile is A: produced by the liver B: realized into the small intestine C: stored in the gallbladder D: all of these
all of these
Plant foods generally are excellent sources of A. fiber. B. all of these choices. C. unsaturated fats. D. phytochemicals.
all of these choices.
All of the following foods contain cholesterol EXCEPT A: a boiled egg B: an avocado C: a salmon filet D: a hamburger cooked on the grill
an avocado
Which of the following is NOT a component of lipoproteins? A: protein B: cholesterol C: phospholipids D: bile
bile
Marasmus is a form of malnutrition that can have devastating effects on the developing A. teeth. B. kidneys. C. liver. D. brain.
brain
When salivary amylase enters the stomach, the acid causes the structure of this enzyme to change so that it is no longer able to function. This change in structure is called A. denaturation. B. deactivation. C. deamination. D. deformation.
denaturation
The role of hydrochloric acid in protein digestion is to A. break down polypeptide chains. B. slow peristalsis C. denature the protein. D. stimulate production of digestive enzyme in pancreas
denature the protein.
All of the following increase risk of kidney stone formation EXCEPT A. eating a diet high in animal proteins. B. eating a diet high in sodium. C. inadequate fluid consumption. D. eating a diet high in potassium.
eating a diet high in potassium.
Metabolic reactions would occur too slowly to support life without A. antibodies. B. glucose. C. hemoglobin. D. enzymes
enzymes
Chylomicrons and high-density lipoproteins transport triglycerides and deliver them to body cells. A: true B: false
false
Obesity and high blood pressure increase heart disease risk, but diabetes does not. A: true B: false
false
Which of the following are absorbed without being digested? A: phospholipids B: fat-soluble vitamins C: long-chain fatty acids D: triglycerides
fat-soluble vitamins
Lipoprotein lipase breaks down the triglycerides in chylomicrons into A: amino acids and glycerol B: glucose and glycerol C: cholesterol and fatty acids D: fatty acids and glycerol
fatty acids and glycerol
A food allergy is differentiated from a food intolerance by the fact that A. there is a genetic predisposition for food allergies unlike food intolerances. B. it stimulates an immune system response which eventually leads to a reaction. C. its symptoms are primarily respiratory while symptoms of an intolerance are primarily associated with the GI tract. D. its symptoms are always much more severe compared that of an intolerance.
it stimulates an immune system response which eventually leads to a reaction
The best-known phospholipid used by the food industry to prevent oil from separating from other ingredients is A: lecithin B: egg yolk C: cholesterol D: bile
lecithin
In general, plant sources of protein contain ________ of iron, zinc, and calcium as compared to animal protein sources. A. minimal amounts B. less absorbable forms C. highly absorbable forms D. much larger amounts
less absorbable forms
Since chylomicrons are too large to enter the blood capillaries in the small intestine, they pass into the A: gallbladder B: lympahtic capillaries C: large intestine D: stomach
lymphatic cappilaries
Which of the following nutrients would you expect intake to be low in when following a ketogenic diet? A: essential fatty acids and fiber B: magnesium, vitamin C, and fiber C: vitamins A, C, D, and E D: B vitamins, iron, and protein
magnesium, vitamin C, and fiber
Intake of fish, nuts, and whole grains ________ heart disease risk. A: may decrease B: has no impact on C: may increase D: None of these are correct.
may decrease
Particles formed in the small intestine when the products of fat digestion are surrounded by bile acids are A: Chylomicrons B: emulsifiers C: lipoproteins D: micelles
micelles
Someone whose nitrogen output is greater than their nitrogen intake is said to be in A. negative nitrogen balance. B. There is insufficient information provided to determine the status. C. nitrogen balance. D. positive nitrogen balance.
negative nitrogen balance
Which enzyme digests lipids? A: salivary amylase B: pancreatic amylase C: pancreatic lipase D: pancreatic protein
pancreatic lipase
Which of the following foods does NOT contain any cholesterol? A: peanut butter B: low-fat yogurt C: salmon D: chicken
peanut butter
Which of the following is an enzyme produced in the stomach that breaks some of the peptide bonds in polypeptide chains? A. amylase B. dipeptidase C. pepsin D. denaturase
pepsin
The majority of ________ is located in cell membranes, but is also a part of myelin, the insulating coating on nerve cells. A: cholesterol B: phospholipids C: triglycerides DL omega-3 fatty acids
phospholipids
Consuming ________ can help reduce blood cholesterol levels. A: animal fat B: vitamin D C: plant sterols D: calcium
plant sterols
The amino acid pool is comprised of A. protein molecules only consumed in the diet. B. only molecules that have been broken down from body proteins. C. protein molecules only consumed in the diet and from the breakdown of body glycogen. D. protein molecules consumed in the diet and from the breakdown of body proteins.
protein molecules consumed in the diet and from the breakdown of body proteins.
Lipids that are consumed in the diet are absorbed into the intestinal mucosal cells. From here, all of the following molecules, with the exception of ________, are NOT soluble in water, and are thus packaged for transport. A: small chain fatty acids B: cholesterol C: fat-soluble vitamins D: long- chain fatty acids
small fatty acids
The majority of lipid digestion occurs in the A: gallbladder B: stomach C: large intestine D: small intestine
small intestine
Most protein digestion occurs in the A. small intestine. B. mouth. C. stomach. D. pancreas.
small intestine.
Adipose tissue is best described as A: stored triglycerides B: stored protein C: stored cholesterol D: stored glucose
stored triglycerides
Which of the following symptoms is characteristic of kwashiorkor? A. energy deficiency B. swollen belly C. muscle wasting D. decreases in intelligence and learning ability
swollen belly