OAE School Counseling Exam

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One of the most important ways to help alleviate misunderstandings and misconceptions about school counseling is through effective and ongoing: a. Communication b. Collaboration c. Consultation d. Caring

Parent education programs a) can be developed by the counselor or can come from commercial products. b) should only be offered in the evening so they do not interfere with daytime services of the counselor. c) are the least important service of a school counseling program. d) are popular, yet ineffective services.

Reflection is both a ______________ and _________________process. a. external; internal b. internal; individual c. individual; supportive d. None of the above

School counselors have responsibility to help their schools a) stay ahead of career trends and the technological advances influencing these trends. b) teach all the guidance classes in the curriculum. c) provide teachers with breaks from classroom instruction. d) keep students in ability groups.

Studies suggest that the rules of the_____________ dominate our educational institutions. a. middle class. b. lower class. c. upper class. d. upper-middle class.

The __________ give structure to the day-to-day work of the school counselor. a. elements b. mission c. themes d. philosophy

The best mentoring relationships evolve naturally between: a. a novice and a seasoned professional. b. a novice and novice administrator. c. a seasoned school counselor and new administrator. d. two seasoned professionals.

The statement, "Working together with others, cooperating" defines: a. Collaboration b. Advocacy c. Leadership d. Systemic Change

To help student clients gather information about their potential talents in specific areas, counselors might suggest that they take a. aptitude tests. b. intelligence tests. c. achievement tests. d. interest inventories.

"Letting go" involves an additional concept inherent in counseling in general—that of: a. time. b. courage. c. trust. d. unconditional positive regard.

Among the proposed advantages of qualitative assessment strategies such as work samples and observation over quantitative strategies is a. a more active role for clients. b. more precise information. c. the need for counselors to have high levels of assessment sophistication. d. they are more readily available from commercial vendors.

Aspiring school counselors who do not have prior teaching experience could gain such experience through: a. substitute teaching or working as a teacher's aide in the classroom. b. coaching. c. parenting. d. all of the above.

Clinical records in the form of private notes kept in the sole possession of the counselor: a. are not subject to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) even thought administrative records are. b. are subject to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act (FERPA) c. should be kept in a separate folder in the counselors' office d. should be kept in files on the counselors' office computer

Consulting relationships for counselors in schools include problem-solving, informational, and a) instructional situations, b) therapeutic conditions, c) profit-making arrangements, d) administrative duties.

Consulting relationships for counselors in schools include problem-solving, informational, and a) instructional services. b) therapeutic conditions. c) profit-making arrangements. d) administrative duties.

Core Team Student Assistance Programs a. may include school counselors. b. do not include school counselors. c. are not as cost-effective as other approaches. d. are not able to provide aftercare services.

Demonstrating respect for students' personal and intellectual integrity involves: a. Engaging with students as collaborators and co-creators of their own learning. b. Organizing and preparing your learning community in a traditional factory based model of education. c. Creating a learning environment that ensures that students will follow the rules and expectations of the classroom. d. Implement Love and Logic.

Differences between delivery models lie in how each articulates __________ and __________ around the 3 domains. a. goals; objectives b. goals; implementation c. implementation; objectives d. delivery; needs

External evaluations of school counseling programs a) can complement internal evaluations and avoid parochial perspectives. b) are best be performed by counseling psychologists. c) should only be done with the counselors' approval. d) are the only way to arrive at clear results.

When writing a grant, successful grant writers (Education World, 2004) encourage new writers to provide balanced attention to each of the three parts of the grant: a. the application, the narrative, and the budget. b. the proposal, the literature review, and the timeline. c. the statement of need, the rationale, and the goals and objectives. d. the prospectus, the data, and the analysis.

ASCA National Model practices that support the planning, implementation, and evaluation of specific interventions and activities of the program including "curriculum" (preventative classroom-based lessons), "small groups," and "closing-the-gap." Action plans include a description of goals, procedures, and evaluation methods.

Action plans

Activities are the components of a program that are intended to result in learning and behavior change and consequently are responsible for creating benefits for program participants. School counseling program activities include both direct (e.g., group counseling) and indirect services (e.g., teacher consultation).

Activities in a logic model

Common error in judgments about program impact based on statistical analysis of quantitative evaluation data where a difference is mistakenly judged to be real when in fact it is due to chance variation. For example, with a significance level set at .10, an alpha error will occur 10% of the time.

Alpha error

An important part of program planning for school counseling is a) performance appraisal, b) needs assessment, c) professional development activities, d) evaluation of counseling services.

As counselors we promote what we believe helps students make _________ choices and we discourage what we believe to be __________ choices. a. good; bad b. healthy; unhealthy c. strong; weak d. popular; unpopular

Baker and Gerler believe that the best strategy for assessing consumer needs is a. to employ experienced consultants to conduct surveys b. a combination of open-ended measures and those with predetermined questions. c. to use open-ended measures. d. to use surveys with pre-determined questions.

Guidance first appeared in the schools as a (an) a. program to provide vocational guidance for out-of-school youths. b. subject in the curriculum. c. testing program to help students determine appropriate jobs. d. outreach mental health program.

In general, it is most helpful to think of confidentiality as: a. the need to keep private the details of a counseling session under any and all circumstances b. the need to keep private the details of a counseling session, unless compelling reason exits to reveal those details c. the need to keep private the details of a counseling session from everyone except parents, if the client is a minor d. the need to keep private the details of a counseling session except those involving drug or substance abuse

In using computer-assisted career information systems, school counselors a) should adopt only commercially produced programs. b) should stay up-to-date through professional associations, journals, and other media. c) are reluctant to use commercial programs. d) should use only programs produced by the National Occupational Information Coordinating Committee (NOICC) and its state divisions.

Leadership that involves being realistic about what the leader wants and what she or he can get, being able to assess the distribution of power, building linkages to important stakeholders, and using persuasion and negotiation is referred to as: a. Symbolic leadership b. Political leadership c. Structural leadership d. Human resource leadership

Luongo (2000) is cited as reporting that the overlap in services to children by core institutions such as schools and mental health agencies is a. 10 to 20%. b. 30 to 40%. c. 60 to 80%. d. zero

Most states ___________ name counselors under the protection of privileged communication. a. always b. do not c. sometimes d. None of the above

Needs assessments a) are usually cumbersome and unnecessary. b) are an essential part of program planning. c) should be performed only to evaluate existing services. d) should only be gathered on students.

One difference between group counseling and group guidance is that a) they focus on different age groups. b) group guidance activities can be presented to large audiences. c) leadership skills are not as important in group counseling. d) guidance groups are confidential.

One factor that guides a school counselor's decision to refer a student to another professional for counseling is a) permission from the school principal. b) the counselor's knowledge and training in the specific area of concern. c) an Advisory Committee's recommendation. d) the student's academic achievement.

Parental involvement in schools a) is not an area of concern for counselors. b) has been related to higher student achievement. c) should be discouraged if professionals are to maintain control of our schools. d) is not as important in upper grades as it is in elementary schools.

Parental involvement in schools a) is not an area of concern for counselors. b) has been related to higher student success in school. c) should be discouraged if professionals are to maintain control of their schools. d) is not as important in the upper grades as it is in elementary schools.

Planning, Organizing, Implementing, and Evaluating are a) steps to diagnosing students' problems. b) four phases of a comprehensive program. c) four levels of evaluating school counselors. d) aspects of marketing services.

Process data provide information about a. cost-effectiveness. b. the tasks and functions that one performs. c. consumer satisfaction. d. consumer needs.

Scheduling group services for students a) is relatively easy in schools. b) requires planning with teachers and administrators. c) is the responsibility of the administrator. d) is only necessary for classroom guidance.

School counselor evaluation is different from teacher evaluation because a) nothing counselors do can be adequately observed. b) there are so many possible methods of data collection. c) we are not sure exactly what counselors are supposed to do. d) it is difficult to measure counselor effectiveness.

School counselors need access to ______________ to function effectively as child advocates and consultants in the school system. a. Free and reduced lunch data b. diagnosis and treatment of childhood psychiatric disorders c. student demographics d. academic data

Sociograms a) are fun activities for students, but useless as assessment tools. b) help teachers and counselors assess student relationships. c) are inappropriate to use in school settings. d) should only be used by licensed psychologists.

Standardized assessment began as a scholarly enterprise conducted in laboratories and universities by scholars who primarily were interested in a. diagnosing mental illness. b. assessing individual differences. c. predicting success in military, educational, and work endeavors. d. comparing the performance of students across the nation's schools.

Students need community to feel safe academically, socially, and emotionally. What is the basis of community? a. Discipline b. Respect c. Caring d. Sense of belonging

Students of color and linguistic diversity are expected to comprise ___________of all students by the year 2020. a. under 25% b. more than 50% c. less than 50% d. 50% or half

Temporary economic hardships experienced by the family us referred to as: a. Generational poverty. b. Situational poverty. c. Systemic poverty. d. Acute poverty.

The authors believe that the full time professional staff members in the schools most likely to be trained to provide counseling interventions for personal and social problems manifested by students are a. school administrators. b. school counselors. c. school psychologists. d. school social workers.

The authors encourage school counselors to view termination as a. a sign of something having gone wrong in the counseling relationship. b. an interruption in the counseling interventions and as a stage in the counseling process. c. the end of the relationship with counseling interviews to be left open-ended. d. the most likely option for counselors when confronted with resistant student clients.

The differences between counseling and therapy a) have been clearly delineated in literature and research. b) are still debated among helping professionals. c) are the same as the differences between education and counseling. d) are only important when considering school counseling.

The documentation of one's entire professional developmentis referred to as a: a. Presentation portfolio. b. Working portfolio c. Assessment portfolio. d. Evaluation portfolio.

Which of the following delivery models is based on the assumption that, "human nature moves individuals sequentially and positively towards self-enhancement?" a. Essential services b. Developmental c. Results-based d. Domains/Activities/Partners

_____________________ is when one person takes initiative for engaging in the change process, and s/he recruits others with similar vision and dedication to work together toward shared goals. a. Distributed leadership b. Participatory leadership c. Structural leadership d. Coercive leadership

According to this text, classroom guidance is a) not an important service of a comprehensive counseling program. b) best done by the school counselor. c) a form of instructional consultation used by counselors. d) an outdated function of school counselors.

By helping schools design equitable programs, policies, and procedures, counselors demonstrate a) their administrative skills. b) a superior knowledge of curricula issues. c) advocacy for all students. d) an awareness of school and community politics.

Learning effective methods and approaches to collaboration begin with school counselors are: a. Applying for their license b. Beginning their new position c. In their graduate education and training programs d. Planning their professional development activities

Of the four leadership contexts presented by Dollarhide, the on presented as "a more nontraditional role for many counselors [that] may cause anxiety and dissonance is a. structural leadership. b. human resource leadership. c. political leadership. d. symbolic leadership.

One advantage of group counseling is that it a) can focus on serious pathological problems. b) is quick and efficient. c) uses controlled peer pressure to encourage students. d) does not require much training.

One of the most difficult lessons for new counselors is learning: a. when to advocate. b. when to report suspected abuse or neglect. c. to let go. d. setting boundaries.

Prevention efforts are often associated with: a. classroom developmental curriculum b. school wide efforts to improve the school environment c. a. and b. d. none of the above

Projective techniques in student appraisal are a) more reliable than self-assessment questionnaires. b) more structured than standardized inventories. c) rarely, if ever, used by school counselors. d) easier to use than introspective techniques.

School counselors who provide counseling services to parents and teachers a) are practicing unethically and should be reported to their professional association. b) should discontinue such service, because school policies usually forbid this practice. c) use their best professional judgment and ethical standards to determine if they are the appropriate person to provide these services. d) should consult with their principals about these cases.

Small-group counseling is an effective means of implementing prevention and intervention services within comprehensive school counseling programs. Likewise, the research suggests that _______________________ can be as meaningful and provide interventions as powerfully as small group counseling. a. Seminars and workshops b. Individual counseling c. Developmental classroom curriculum d. Large-group guidance

Some evidence suggests that a college education a) is absolutely related to personal satisfaction. b) will no longer be recommended for the majority of students in the 21st Century. c) may not necessarily equate to career satisfaction. d) will be obsolete in the future.

Some studies have indicated that high school counselors a) are less prepared than elementary and middle school counselors. b) do more group counseling than other counselors. c) spend much time in clerical and administrative tasks. d) should have doctoral degrees in counseling.

Student Assistance Programs were originally designed to identify and intervene in the lives of a. ineffective school counselors. b. all school counselors. c. high-risk students. d. all students.

Students are protected from "unreasonable searches" under the a) child abuse reporting law. b) 1st Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. c) 4th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. d) Family Rights and Privacy Act of 1974.

Students will be able to identify at least three healthy responses when someone challenges them to a fight (all age groups) is an example of a: a. Needs assessment. b. Competency. c. Learning objective. d. Curriculum standard.

Systemic issues can affect students' efforts to learn, grow, and prosper. When intervening with adult partners, the most common scenario school counselors use involves: a. assessment, treatment planning, and in-depth therapy b. informing administration, contacting a local mental health agency, and transporting the adult partner to the facility c. stabilizing the situation, brief counseling toward solutions, and an appropriate referral d. none of the above

The authors, citing the American School Counselor Association position, believe prevention programming should be a. delivered by experienced school counselors. b. delivered by specialists in group work. c. available to all students. d. available only to at-risk students.

The conceptual aspects of integrating the developmental and academic curricula are facilitated by the concept of: a. Multiple leanring outcomes. b. Multifaceted pedagody. c. multiple intelligences. d. student-centered learning.

The most effective way for school counselor to meet the needs of students in the school is to: a. Wait for students to come to them with their concerns. b. Employ strategies reactively as a way to reach every student. c. Rely on the classroom as a primary venue for reaching students using a variety of strategies. d. Focus on implementing a wide-range of intervention efforts in order to reach all students.

The most notable personal qualities of a professional school counselor are: a. passion, intelligence, creativity, imagination, and adaptability. b. flexibility, adaptability, creativity, vision, and passion. c. creativity, imagination, flexibility, courage, belief, and passion. d. none of the above.

The philosophy of education that hold the primacy of subject matter, mastery of content, and preservation of the existing national cultural heritage is referred to as: a. Progressive Education. b. Administrative Education. c. Traditional Education. d. Social Learning Education.

The skills used in counseling relationships are a) identical to those used in teaching, b) unique from any other helping relationship, c) similar to skills needed in consulting, d) all psycho-dynamically related.

The spread of students' scores across the group is measured by a) the mean score. b) a standard score. c) the standard deviation. d) a bi-modal distribution.

The statement, "To plead in favor of; to defend by argument; to recommend publicly; to support or vindicate" defines: a. Leadership b. Collaboration c. Advocacy d. Systemic Change

The term "old ghost" that was coined by Shertzer and Stone in 1963 refers to a. the lack of school counselor accountability. b. a large number of legal proceedings against school counselors. c. role confusion within the school counseling profession. d. the inability of school counselors to work well with other human service professionals..

What type of leadership style assesses programs to determine if their programs yield measureable results and ways in which to improve their services? a. Participatory leadership b. Distributed leadership c. Accountability leadership d. None of the above

Developmental counseling is a) an approach that uses Maslow's hierarchy of needs. b) the antithesis to behavioral therapy. c) a euphemism for play therapy. d) designed to help students develop skills to reach healthy life goals.

In a consulting relationship where an elementary school counselor recommends a token economy program designed to reduce acting-out behavior by students after having received a request for help from a frustrated, puzzled teacher, the mode is a. initiation. b. mediation. c. arbitration. d. prescription.

In a proactive and preventive effort, school counselors would educate __________ in the warning signs of crisis. a. school staff and teachers b. parents c. students d. all partners and stakeholders

In general, what rights do students have? a. The right to information b. the right to choose c. the right to privacy d. all of the above

Elementary students in the intermediate grades are characterized by: a. the development of same-sex peer relationships. b. integration and solidification of prior learning. c. development of fine motor skills. d. exploration of nonfamily adult relationships. e. All of the above.

In the absence of clear policy statements, Talbutt would probably advise counselors working with pregnant minor students to a. consider the advantages and disadvantages of both the right-to-life b. and pro-choice viewpoints. c. report the situations to the parents. d. help the students carry our their wishes. e. encourage the students to discuss the pregnancy with their parents.

In the developmental internal asset section in the category of Positive Identity, which entities are included? a. Positive view of personal future & personal power b. Cultural competence & interpersonal competence c. Sense of purpose & self-esteem d. a. and c. e. a. and b.

Students' mental health is one of the most critical issues for school counselors because of: a. the prevalence of mental health issues. b. The lack of seeking mental health assistance. c. the increasing reliance on psychotropic medication for youth. d. All of the above.

The American School Counseling Association (2005) views school counselors as: a. leaders b. monitors c. advocates d. all of the above

The authors believe that tentativeness is most important when counselors are a. paraphrasing student client verbal presentations. b. maintaining eye contact with student clients. c. asking clients closed questions. d. confronting student client discrepancies, distortions, and conflicting messages.

The authors believe that the ASCA National Model is a. a nearly perfect paradigm that is ready to be used as is. b. fraught with many problems. c. just another fad.. d. analogous to a theory that should be continuously tested.

The authors believe that the best way for school counselors to be involved in scheduling is a. a hands-off policy.. b. serving as one who controls the scheduling decisions. c. being responsible for recording schedule changes and keeping the system efficient. d. informing others about the system and helping in decision-making.

The authors believe the best approach to keeping motivated professionally is a. changing jobs when feeling burned out. b. going back to school. c. to ask one's employer for more inservice training. d. being responsible for motivating oneself.

What principle of primary importance emerges in an effective school setting? a. A caring environment b. An emphasis on holistic development c. Overall safety d. a and b e. a and c

Mentoring provides opportunities for mentees to learn: a. communication skills b. risk-taking behaviors. c. political skills. d. specific professional skills. e. All of the above

Secondary school counselors generally focus more of their attention on: a. Academic issues. b. Personal/social issues. c. Career issues. d. A. and b. e. A. and c. f. All of the above.

Which of the following describes a multiculturally sensitive counselor? a. is aware of her/his own biases b. values diversity c. advocates for diverse students d. are agents of social justice e. all of the above

Success in school counseling leadership includes, but is not limited to: a. engaging in ongoing growth and self-reflection. b. developing a self-defined role. c. having the courage in the face of doubts. d. being a visionary for future directions for the program. e. a. and b. f. All of the above.

School counselors need to be able to assess: a. students' attention span b. students' level of insight c. students' level of emotional intelligence d. students' clarity of values e. students' level of decision-making f. students ability to understand cause and effect g. all of the above.

When considering the process of educating adult partners, which of the following might hinder the experience. a. Knowing your audience. b. Being surprised by resistance. c. Not being informed and trying to "fake it." d. Being enthusiastic and passionate. e. Lecturing. f. a., c., and d. g. b., c., and e.

Which of the following is not one of Gardner's multiple intelligences? a. Logical b. Naturalistic c. Global d. Interpersonal

Which of the following provides information about a student's movement through the educational system, such as, enrollment Achievement data b. Attainment or access data c. School culture and climate data d. Relational data

Which of the following response categories is designed to enhance resilience and percent at-risk characteristics? a. Intervention b. Prevention c. Treatment d. All of the above

"Chairing a committee on campus climate, serving as an advisor to a student group, and serving on a school wide student issues committee" are all examples of: a. Accountability b. Advocacy c. Leadership d. Delivery System

"Hold one individual conference with each student during the year" is an example of a) a learning strategy. b) one way to mandate individual counseling. c) a service-related goal. d) limiting a counseling program.

The six types of community involvement directly linked to the school's academic mission statement aimed at increasing students' academic achievement and school success is known as: a. Einstein's Theory b. Service-Learning c. Epstein's Theory d. Community Asset Mapping

1. A high school counselor would like to create an environment at school in which students regularly and comfortably form positive relationships with peers from various racial and cultural groups. To create such an environment, the school counselor should sponsor activities that motivate students primarily to: a. Increase their awareness of the traditional practices associated with various cultures. b. Challenge others who express biases attitudes to explain and defend those attitudes. c. Share other thoughts and feelings about historical events caused by racial conflict. d. Collaborate with others from diverse backgrounds to achieve common goals.

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the effects of culture, language, and family on students' development and learning. Activities that motivated students to collaborate with peers from diverse backgrounds to achieve common goals will help the students comfortably form positive relationships with one another. By giving students opportunities to work together with a shared purpose, the high school counselor will enhance the students' awareness of the contribution made by each individual toward achieving a common goal, thus enhancing the students' positive perceptions of each other.

1. A significant benefit of discovery learning is that it: a. Enables students to receive immediate feedback regarding their own efforts and performance. b. Minimizes the significance of student differences in cognitive development and level of academic achievement. c. Allows students to simultaneously pursue social-emotional and academic competencies, d. Prompts students to construct their own knowledge through direct interaction with objects and environments.

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of theories of learning, the instructional implications of students' varied learning modalities and the characteristics of different types of learning environments. Discovery learning is a component of constructivist approaches to learning, which are based on the theory that learners must construct knowledge in their own minds. In discovery learning, teacher facilitate students' discovery of concepts and principles through direct experience and experiments, rather than by lecturing.

The underlying promise of the various models of emotional intelligence involves an individual's ability to: A. Generate creative learning experiences B. Predict and explain motivations C. Develop independent thinking skills D. Recognize and regulate behavior

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of various theories of development and the characteristics processes and variations of physical, cognitive social, emotional, and language development from early childhood throughout young adulthood. Emotional intelligence is generally perceived to encompass the ability to recognize and monitor one's own and others' emotions. Emotionally intelligent people are able to control their emotions and can regulate how they behave in response to their own emotions or the emotions of others.

1. A HS counselor would like to advocate for systemic changes in the school's course placement process to address the needs of students who are ELL. To effectively develop and implement program changes, the counselor should begin by creating a working relationship with which of the following stakeholders? a. Parents/guardians b. Teachers c. Students d. Administrators

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to identify the SC's role in the development, implementation, and management of the SC program and in working with administrators to develop SC management systems that align with the school's goals. Before developing and implementing systemic changes in a school's course placement process, a SC should create a working relationship with school administrators, who have the authority to approve and support the development and implementation of new processes, procedures, and programs.

1. For a counseling program faced with a large caseload and limited counseling staff availability, which of the following would likely be the best strategy for maximizing services to the greatest number of students? a. Holding extra office hours after school b. Focusing on large-group counseling session c. Eliminating non-core counseling activities d. Analyzing program usage data and set priorities

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to identify ways in which SCs can model fairness, lead proactively in issues of equity, and advocate for school policies and practices that provide equitable and fair access to opportunities that allow each student to succeed. Before taking any drastic steps, such as extending after-school office hours or cutting certain services, counseling staff should assess or analyze how their services are currently being used. For example, if the greatest demand is for career development programs, then addressing that need should be the top priority. As the top priority, this aspect of the counseling program would receive the most resources and thus would benefit the greatest number of students.

1. A SC has just begun working in a MS with a highly diverse student population. To ensure that culturally sensitive services are provided for all students, it would be most important for the counselor: a. Take advantage of every opportunity to attend workshops or classes on multiculturalism b. Keep informed about political and social changes in cultures around the world c. Maintain careful records regarding the cultural and demographic makeup of the student body d. Understand that the members of every cultural group are unique individuals

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to recognize methods for obtaining knowledge about diverse populations and counseling students from diverse backgrounds, ways in which the counselor's personal characteristics and behaviors can benefit or hinder the helping process, and the importance of multicultural competence and self-awareness for effective SC. A SC working at a school with a highly diverse student population should be knowledgeable about students' cultural backgrounds and recognize that members of certain groups are likely to share common values, beliefs, perspectives, and traditions. At the same time, however, the counselor should avoid making assumptions about individual students based on their cultural backgrounds, remembering that each student is a unique individual with unique needs.

1. A HS senior who has been admitted to a 2 year electrical engineering program learns that she does not qualify for need-based financial aid. She asks her SC about how to find merit scholarships for which she may qualify. Which of the following methods should the counselor recommend that the student use to optimize her results? a. Creating an engineering and technologies blog b. Checking the program's website for a listing of scholarships c. Sending email inquiries to various engineering firms d. Searching free online scholarship databases

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to recognize strategies for facilitating students' postsecondary planning, including students' understanding of costs of postsecondary options and resources for meeting those costs. Searching for free online scholarship databases for information about merit scholarships would optimize the student's chances of finding a scholarship for which she might qualify. Scholarship databases serve as clearinghouses for information about thousands of available scholarships. A postsecondary electrical engineering program's website might list a limited number of merit scholarships funded by traditional sources such as the program itself, state and federal governments, local businesses, and alumni of the program. An online database can offer information about merit scholarships from private individuals or their estates. Merit scholarships may be offered by trade unions to students who are traditionally underrepresented in the field of electrical engineering or corporations that wish to fund the educations of prospective employees.

1. A school counselor is working with an 8th grade student who participates regularly in class, does well on in-call assignments, and consistently completes homework. However, the student performs poorly on tests involving essay response, primarily because of feelings of stress and anxiety that the student experiences just before and during each test. Which of the following methods would likely be most effective for helping the student overcome this anxiety. a. Encouraging the students to form a study group in which members drill one another with mock test questions b. Exposing the student to situations that involve increasing levels of stress and advanced critical-thinking skills c. Providing the student with confidence-building strategies and techniques for maintaining a positive attitude d. Engage the student in activities that involve relaxing the body, focusing the mind, and visualizing success

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to recognize sources of stress or anxiety that affect the learning of children and young adults. A student who is capable of successfully completing many academic tasks may still experience test anxiety, which may negatively affect test performance. For some students, test anxiety is a complicated phobic response that requires treatment by a specialist. School counselors can treat some cases of test anxiety with strategies such as relaxation techniques and cognitive self-instructions. In cognitive self-instruction, students replace negative self-talk (e.g. "I'm terrible at word problems," "I always fail my spelling tests") with positive thoughts. Visualizing success on a test would be a form of positive thinking.

1. To optimize a career development program for middle school students, a SC would have to: a. Create an accessible, easy-to-use resource center for the students b. Invite various guest speakers to describe for the students the nature of their professions c. Use aptitude tests to help identify career paths and goals for the students d. Provide a range of enrichment experiences to help the students learn about themselves

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to recognize strategies for enhancing students' career awareness, providing developmentally appropriate career guidance to students, and facilitating students' development of career plans using information about career opportunities, labor-market trends, and local and global economics. Middle school students are experiencing challenging physiological and social changes that can leave them feeling insecure, fearful, and anxious. They have conflicting needs to be independent and to be accepted by peers. Therefore, the primary focus of a MS career development program should be on helping students define their own identities by exploring their interests, skills, and values. Middle school students can consider how these aspects of their self-identities relate to future career options.

A counselor's Advisory Committee a) helps guide the planning and development of a comprehensive program. b) alerts the principal to problems in the counseling program. c) takes the place of an assistant principal. d) determines which students should receive warnings each grading period.

A first step in designing a comprehensive program of services is to a) examine the current program that is in place. b) do research about school counseling services. c) let teachers tell you what they want the counselor to do. d) ask the principal what should be done first.

A focus on growth-oriented counseling over problem-solving best describes: a. Mental Health Emphasis. b. Comprehensive School Counseling. c. Developmental Guidance. d. All of the above.

A guidance curriculum is a) a guide for teachers to integrate guidance into daily instruction. b) a manual that counselors must follow in doing classroom guidance. c) the result of a law that says schools must have guidance. d) mandated for all teachers in all grade levels.

A major guide to help schools use students' records appropriately is the a) Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974. b) Record Keeping Annual of the National Principals' Association. c) ruling of the Tarasoff Case in California. d) Counselor's Handbook of Record Keeping by the American School Counselor Association.

A major historical event that created an atmosphere for propelling the school counseling profession was the a) launching of the Soviet Sputnik I in 1957. b) invention of television. c) invention of the personal computer. d) development of the Army Alpha Examination during World War I

A school counselor proposes a small group experience involving group interaction and spontaneous experiences that occur as members learn to negotiate the natural progression of relationship development. The counselor is most likely proposing a: a. process group b. structured group c. support group d. task group

A select portion of the working portfolio that is used for a specific purpose (a job interview or a consulting presentation, for example) is referred to as a: a. presentation portfolio. b. working portfolio. c. assessment portfolio. d. evaluation portfolio.

A student comes to the counselor because her parents are overly strict. The student asks for help in showing her parents that she is trustworthy. The counselor provides consulting in a systems context (i.e., helping the family "work" more effectively from the student's perspective). The counselor helps the student understand families, and then they brainstorm ideas for proving her trustworthiness to her parents. The goal is that the parents will allow the student to take on more responsibilities and privileges, thereby improving the functioning of the family. This scenario is an example of: a. consulting. b. counseling. c. advocacy. d. collaboration.

According to Baker and Gerler, the best single source of criteria for appropriate professional behaviors is a. ethical codes. b. federal, state, and local legislation. c. professional journals. d. other professionals.

According to DePauw, the major concerns associated with termination of counseling relationships are determining whether the relationship is still productive and a. submitting one's work to review and evaluation. b. assuming responsibility for the student client's welfare. c. determining whether one is qualified to serve. d. keeping accurate records.

According to Haettenschwiller (1971) and Willower, Hoy, and Eidell (1967), traditionally the power status of school counselors has been a. weak. b. strong. c. mixed. d. necessary.

According to the authors' review of the professional literature, school counselors most often serve as consultants for a. teachers. b. administrators. c. students. d. parents.

According to the ethical codes that govern the professional behavior of school counselors, when a student client declines a suggested counselor-initiated referral, the counselor is a. not obligated to continue the relationship. b. obligated to continue the relationship. c. required to report the incident to a supervisor. d. required to note the decision in the student client's cumulative record.

Baker and Gerler believe accountability reports should be designed and presented in a manner that is understood by a. professionals and laypersons. b. professionals. c. children, laypersons, and professionals. d. children.

Bolman and Deal (1997) identified four frames of leadership. They are: a. structural, human resource, political, and symbolic. b. systemic, collaborative, adminstrative, and support. c. structural, collaborative, political, and administrative. d. systemic, human resource, administrative, and symbolic.

Caplan (1970) identifies four sources of difficulties that consultees face, with increasing levels of anxiety and resistance. They are: a. lack of knowledge, lack of skill, lack of confidence, and lack of objectivity. b. lack of resources, lack of skill, lack of confidentiality, and lack of objectivity. c. lack of integration, lack of time, lack of confidence, and lack of objectivity. d. None of the above.

Clifford Beers was instrumental in the mental health movement as a) a hospitalized patient who wrote the book A Mind That Found Itself. b) founder of the Illinois Institute of Juvenile Research. c) developer of client-centered therapy. d) first president of the American Mental Health Association.

Collaboration is valuable because of its capacity to: a. can engage parents, guardians, and families to promote the academic, career, and personal/social development of students. b. identifies problem, gathers information and a reviews available resources necessary for promoting student success. c. Implements and evaluates interventions at four primary levels of services for students, parents and families, educators, and the community. d. empowers families through presentations and forums that include such topics as curriculum, school practices, assessment and placement, parent-teacher relations, and educational administration.

Finding our moral center as counselors involves: a. reflection and insight. b. exercise and health eating habits. c. supervision and consultation. d. participating in wellness workshops and retreats

Fostering multiculturally meaningful education requires school counselors to embrace and articulate the following five aspect of safety, which are: a. academic, emotional, social, behavioral, and physical safety. b. Academic, career, and personal/social safety. c. Academic, co-curricular, social, and developmental safety. d. Educational, transitional, remedial, and environmental safety.

Future projections suggest that American society will a) continue to become more diverse. b) regress to a more homogeneous culture. c) be drug free. d) be guided by extreme affluence in most all segments of the population.

Future school counselors can expect that cultural, gender, and racial stereotyping will a) continue to be barriers to consider during career planning. b) gradually become less important factors to consider. c) emerge in school texts. d) become more acceptable in public schools.

In a CSCP, reflection is necessary to improve the program and the counselor's function within that program. In the case of families and students experiencing poverty, it is important that counselors: a. examine their own assumptions and class-bound hidden prejudices. b. attend workshops and seminars on poverty and working with impoverished families. c. seek supervision. d. All of the above.

In devising a schedule of services, school counselors a) are wise to seek suggestions from their teaching colleagues. b) should assert their professional autonomy as non-teaching personnel. c) never see students when they are in classes. d) should spend most of their time in classroom guidance.

In spite of how difficult advocacy may be, one of the most important ways school counselors can work to mitigate the problems of the profession is through: a. enhancing the identity and professionalism of the counseling profession in general, and the school counseling profession in particular. b. joining professional organizations. c. earning continuing education credits. d. obtaining additional licenses and certifications.

In terms of educating students, the ASCA National Model articulates important student competencies with the goal of a. helping all students to maximize their academic, career, and personal/social development. b. addressing transitional issues that students encounter in school. c. Increasing the number of students who graduate from high school and go on to post-secondary options. d. meeting the developmental needs of students and articulating grade-level benchmarks.

In the Russell Sage Guidelines, data such as legal or clinical findings should be a. destroyed as soon as their usefulness has ended. b. maintained perpetually. c. maintained under conditions of anonymity. d. kept in the counselor's confidential file.

In which of the following areas of service delivery do counselors help students to define their academic, career, and personal goals and to make plans based on those goals? a. Individual student planning b. Responsive services c. Systemic support d. School guidance curriculum

Journaling, making up jokes, poetry, and storytelling are counseling strategies used for which of the following multiple intelligences? a. Verbal/linguistic intelligence b. Bodily/kinesthetic intelligence c. Visual/spatial intelligence d. Naturalist intelligence

Leadership that involves the use of symbols to capture attention, they frame experience in meaningful ways for the follower, and they discover and communicate a vision is referred to as: a. Symbolic leadership b. Political leadership c. Structural leadership d. Human resource leadership

Learning-related goals are selected a) to target specific learning objectives for students. b) by students and parents. c) to evaluate teacher performance. d) after service-related goals are selected.

Moraccco, Butcke, and McEwen found that, for school counselors, occupational stress was due to a. numerous stressors. b. alienation. c. feeling incompetent. d. feeling isolated.

Most programming designed to prevent child abuse has been targeted toward a. children. b. parents. c. teachers. d. school counselors and administrators.

Of the following, the one that least influenced the "boom era" in school guidance was the a. activist guidance movement. b. National Defense Education Act. c. creation of the American Personnel and Guidance Association. d. booming birth rate after World War II.

Once the school counselor has analyzed the data what is the next step? a. Organize and distribute data to stakeholders b. Develop and administer a needs assessment c. Perform a program audit d. Locate necessary interventions

One important characteristic of effective schools is that they: a. Are developmentally appropriate. b. Dehumanize. c. Have the newest facilities. d. Have the most vigorous academics.

One procedure counselors use in selecting tests and inventories is to a) order and examine specimen sets. b) have teachers choose the tests they think are best. c) buy the least expensive instruments to save money for more important instructional materials. d) purchase instruments with the oldest copyright dates because they are "tried and true."

One theory describing the etiology of cutting suggests that the intent of the behavior is not to die; rather, it is in response to: a. a numbing dissociative state associated with psychological trauma. b. depression from being teased or bullied. c. repressed anger. d. guilt from not doing well in school.

Parental involvement at the high school level a) seems to be increasingly important in U.S. society. b) is unnecessary unless there is some specific need or problem. c) should be discouraged to enhance students' independence. d) has minimal effect on the success of students.

Preparation, presentation, feedback, and evaluation are a) processes and skills used in instructional and informational consultations. b) four steps to problem-solving. c) processes taught to parents for tutoring their children. d) behavioral techniques taught to students who have poor study habits.

Privileged Communication is: a. privileged communication is a legal concept protecting the content of therapy sessions from compelled testimony in court that must be spelled out in state statue. b. the right for counselors to share client information with only licensed professionals. c. the commitment of the counselor to keep confident what is shared in counseling within the prescribed limits. d. the rights for minor student and the student themselves after they reach the age of 18 to have access to all school records.

Professional school counselors a) will want to be cultural mediators in the future. b) are not as well-trained as mental health counselors. c) can expect to be replaced by "guidance technicians." d) will need doctoral training to be successful in the future.

Program assessment that attempts to measure the results of counseling services is a) called outcome evaluation. b) futile because counseling effectiveness cannot be measured. c) usually not a productive use of counselor's time. d) is the only true way to do program evaluation.

Recognizing the existence of pervasive social problems in contemporary America, Baker and Gerler recommend that school counselors respond a. planfully. b. aggressively. c. demandingly. d. mildly.

Regarding the five consulting modes presented, Baker and Gerler believe school counselors should be proficient in a. all of them. b. one specialty mode. c. two or three most often used modes. d. mediation and collaboration primarily.

Reliability of test results is a) essential for a test to have validity. b) an illusive construct. c) not as important as internal consistency. d) not as important as external consistency.

Research on effective schools demonstrates that a) parental involvement and school climate are both related to academic success. b) students learn best when grouped by their ability. c) students' intelligence is more important than parental involvement in schools. d) parents' level of education is more important than their participation in their children's education.

School counseling is a part of two larger applied professions: counseling and a. education. b. psychology. c. sociology. d. anthropology.

School counselors should create methods of accountability in their programs a) to demonstrate the value of their services and professional credibility. b) because politics demand it. c) so other people do not try to tell them what to do. d) because it is part of a national movement to make schools more effective.

Students are protected from discrimination on the basis of gender according to a) Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972. b) Sex Fair Act of 1956. c) Family Rights and Privacy Act of 1974. d) the Fifteenth Amendment to the US Constitution.

Survey instruments that assess the satisfaction of students, parents, and teachers with a school counseling program are a) examples of perceptual measures. b) a waste of time. c) norm-referenced evaluation instruments. d) too cumbersome for most school counselors to use beneficially.

System support is comprised mostly of: a. management activities. b. counseling services. c. developmental curriculum. d. responsive services.

Taking into consideration the community, culture, schools, families, and peers of student will create a program that is _____________. a. systemic b. holistic c. balanced d. proactive

Taylor and Adelman view collaboration as: a. multidisciplinary, interdisciplinary, and transdisciplinary. b. multifacted and systemic. c. ecological, naturalistic, and community-centered. d. multidisciplinary and interdisciplinary.

The ASCA National Model emphasizes that a program of effective leadership, collaboration, and advocacy will result in: a. systemic change b. homeostasis. c. inclusive excellence. d. academic achievement.

The ASCA National Model is considered a ____________ model. a. Prescriptive b. Non prescriptive c. Essential Services d. Results Based

The ASCA National Model recommends that the majority of a school counselor's time should be spent a. in direct service to all students. b. in counseling intervention. responses to the most needy students. c. in secondary prevention programming to at risk students. d. responding to administrative assignments from school administrators..

The Foundation of the Model addresses the school counseling program's: a. values, beliefs, and philosophy. b. vision, beliefs, and philosophy. c. passion, values, and beliefs. d. values, ethical standards, and philosophy.

The National Credentials Registry is designed to a. provide national licensure reciprocity for counselors.. b. make the CACREP standards universal. c. ensure that all school counselors are licensed appropriately. d. provide counselors with a national credentials data bank.

The authors believe that school counselors should be a. the schools' mental health expert. b. balancing both mental health expertise and group prevention programming.. c. addressing the academic and social needs of large groups of children. d. performing what ever tasks their administrators request of them..

The authors believe that, in schools, discipline is a. an administrative function. b. everybody's responsibility. c. a teaching function. d. a counseling function.

The concept of mandated reporter means that school counselors, when designated as mandated reporters, a. must report all suspected cases of child abuse. b. should report those cases of child abuse they can document. c. must inform parents of their intentions to report suspicions of child abuse. d. should avoid asking questions that their student clients do not wish to answer.

The ethical principle that is the foundation of trust in counseling, consulting, assessment, school-to-work transition, and record keeping is a. confidentiality. b. privileged communication. c. need to know. d. informed consent.

The four phases of the mentoring relationship are: a. initiation, cultivation, separation, and ending. b. inclusion, integration, individuation, termination. c. introduction, nurturing, separation, closure. d. involvement, development, independence, conclusion.

The intent of due process, as provided by the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution is to protect a) students from actions and regulations that are inherently unfair. b) schools from law suits that have no merit. c) parents from being prosecuted for the misbehaviors of their children. d) students from physical punishment in schools.

The major strengths of the program, the areas in need of improvement, short-range and long-range goals for improvement are all addressed under which component of accountability? a. Program audit b. Results report c. Action plans d. Management agreements

The personal/social domain focuses largely on: a. identity development b. risky behavior c. family development d. romantic relationships

The philosophy of education that arose from the need to organize education ot be more cost-effective in times of rapid growth in enrollment is referred to as the: a. Administrative Progressive Movement. b. Social Progressive, or Social Reconstructionist Movement. c. Traditional Administrative Movement. d. Traditional Progressive Movement.

The primary purpose for comprehensive school counseling programs is to assist with a) the educational, career, personal and social development of students. b) test administration and identification of exceptional students. c) family counseling services and referrals to community agencies. d) school discipline by helping students improve their behavior.

The rapidly advancing computer technology a) is having tremendous impact on the delivery of counseling services in schools. b) has stagnated counseling programs. c) has had little noticeable impact on delivery of counseling services for students. d) is not likely to be important in school counseling.

The single biggest problem with out-of-balance clerical and administrative work is: a. time. b. resources. c. space. d. support.

The statement that best depicts the theme of school counseling futurists is a. traditional counseling services will no longer meet the needs of students. b. traditional counseling services are as useful as they ever were.. c. professional school counseling is a dying profession. d. that unionization is the wave of the future.

The text in this course takes the position that comprehensive counseling programs at the elementary, middle, and high school levels a) are similar because the overarching major functions of school counselors are similar, b) are totally different because of the needs of students and these three levels, c) cannot be compared because they are so different, d) should be identical because they all work with students, parents, and teachers.

To evaluate the effect of a classroom lesson, a. Rely on the lesson's learning objectives to assess the extent of their learning. b. Rely on the ASCA National Standards to assess students' learning. c. Rely on the goal of the lesson to determine the effectiveness of the lesson. d. Rely on student surveys to assess students' learning.

Today, the American School Counselor Association is an independent division of this national organization: a) the American Counseling Association (ACA) b) the American Psychological Association (APA) c) the National Guidance and Counseling Association (NGCA) d) the Association for Counseling Psychology (ACP)

Trait and factor or directive guidance proved to be too narrow of an approach to school counseling in the changing times after World War II, giving way to a. an eclectic approach that was more directive than nondirective in practice. b. a medical approach. c. a psychoanalytically-based approach. d. a brief-therapy or solution-focused approach.

What are the three areas in which school counselors should strive to build effective working relationships? a. Outside Community, School System, and Student Services Professionals b. Student Services Professionals, Parents, and Outside Community c. School System, Outside Community, and Principles d. Principles, Nurses, and Teachers

What type of leadership do Torbert and Rook (2005) state is a more advanced, more democratic, and more effective model of leadership that harnesses diversity, builds community, and creates shared responsibility for action? a. Participatory leadership b. Distributed leadership c. Accountability leadership d. None of the above

What were the goals of schools, as described by the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education in 1918? a. Worthy home membership, citizenship, ethical character, vocational preparation, and worthy use of leisure time. b. Provide education in fundamental behaviors such as problem solving, friendship building, and decision making. c. For students to learn basic knowledge, such as reading, writing, and math d. Personal, social, and civic responsibility, honesty and integrity, and the ability to monitor one's own choices.

When participating in prevention programming, counselors engage in activities a. that are similar to those of b. teachers. c. psychotherapists. d. principals. e. medical doctors.

When school counselors engage in a number of public relations activities to help make various constituent groups aware of programs and services and to build support for and involvement in their programs, they are implementing: a. system support. b. collaboration. c. consultation. d. delivery system.

Whether or not there is a formal gender achievement gap, attending to differences between males and females may help school counselors to: a. differentiate instructional and counseling strategies to maximize achievement and success for both genders. b. ensure that an equal number of males and females are enrolled in all courses. c. ensure that there are an equal number of male and female teachers employed within the school. d. advocate for equity and equality regarding gender practices within schools.

Which is of the following is not an activity of the Domains/Activities/Partners model? a. Conferencing b. Consulting and Collaborating c. Counseling d. Advocacy

Which model is based on Brown and Trusty's (2005) trait and factor approach? a. Essential services b. Developmental c. Domains/Activities/Partners d. Results-based

Which of the following delivery models tends to rely more on aligning the role and function of school counselors and school counseling programs with the needs of the school and the student body? a. Non prescriptive models b. Essential services models c. Results-based models d. Prescriptive models

Which of the following documents who, what, where, when, and how long students receive services or interventions? a. Process data b. Results data c. Perception data d. Qualitative data

Which of the following is not a key element of the ASCA National Model? a. Advocacy b. Accountability c. Management System d. Delivery System

Which of the following is not an essential service according to the Essential Services Model? a. Conducting b. Counseling c. Coordinating d. Consulting

Which of the following provides important information when a school counselor is designing their master calendar? a. Action plans b. Outcome research c. Program audit d. Job descriptions

Which of the following statements is not a school counselors' responsibilities pertaining to suspected child abuse or neglect? a. Investigating allegations b. Reporting when there is a reason to suspect abuse or neglect c. following up to ensure reports are made by designed individuals d. a. & c. e. All of the above

Which of the following targets learning outcomes, such as grades and performance and standardized test scores? a. Achievement data b. Attainment or access data c. School culture and climate data d. Relational data

While the research does not support any particular approach to counseling, there is some indication that a crucial aspect of successful counseling is the a) skillfulness of the counselor. b) major theory followed by the counselor. c) age and experience of the counselor. d) number of years the counselor has taught school.

_______________ and _______________ are essential to your professional survival as a school counselor. a. consultation; networking b. supervision; mentoring c. reflection; supervision d. professional development; continuing education

___________________ is contextualized in the realization that multiple leaders exist in the schools, and that leadership practices are stretched over them. a. Distributed leadership b. Participatory leadership c. Structural leadership d. Coercive leadership

A comprehensive developmental school counseling program that focuses on enhancing students' academic achievement and that includes the foundation, management, delivery system, and accountability practices endorsed by the American School Counselor Association (ASCA, 2012).

ASCA National Model

The process of showing publicly the extent to which taxpayer money was spent wisely and that intended outcomes were achieved. Accountability is usually associated with summative evaluation, which is often conducted by an external evaluator. However, formative evaluation conducted by school counselors, for example, can also be viewed as a form of accountability, particularly when the evaluation is implemented in a transparent manner and reported publicly.

Accountability

a representative group of stakeholders that advises on the implementation of the school counseling program. The advisory council is a necessary component of the ASCA National Model. Meetings are typically held twice per year. A chairperson is elected, terms for membership established, and meeting agendas and minutes are established and recorded.

Advisory council

The decision point made by the school counselor in order to make the claim that because the probability of an observed difference is so low, the difference is more likely to be due to the program intervention. The traditional alpha level in research is .05. A common alpha level in program evaluation is .10. In order to make the claim of program impact (statistical significance), the observed difference, once subjected to a statistical test, must have a probability of .10 or less. The alpha level is established prior to computing the statistical test. The alpha level, sometimes referred to as significance level, also signals alpha error, the probability of claiming that a program has had an impact when in fact the difference found is simply due to chance.

Alpha level

"How are students different because of what they have learned?" This is a question one might ask based on which of the following delivery models? a. Developmental b. Results-based c. Essential services d. Domains/Activities/Partners

"Providing evidence that what school counselors do makes a measurable difference in students' academic achievement and success in school" defines: a. Advocacy b. Accountability c. Audit d. Data

A limitation of group counseling is that it a) cannot be done when students have class. b) requires a high level of leadership skill and energy. c) is only useful with acting out students. d) requires parent permission.

A primary goal of school counseling programs is to a) encourage students to behave the way teachers want them to act. b) assist students with educational planning and career decisions. c) help students resist the rigid policies of educational institutions. d) demonstrate for parents appropriate ways to help their children learn.

A school counselor proposes a small group experience involving role-playing, behavior rehearsal, and curriculum materials used to move the group toward a psychoeducational goal. The counselor is most likely proposing a: a. process group b. structured group c. task group d. support group

A school counselor that views the world through a single cultural lens demonstrates: a) cultural acceptance b) cultural encapsulation c) spiritual rejection d) assimilation

A school counselor's portfolio a) should only be completed by school principals. b) includes many different methods of data collection. c) uses the same procedures and methods as teacher evaluation. d) is limited to paper and pencil documentation.

A student comes to the counselor with a problem with a teacher. The counselor provides counseling for the student to help him understand his feelings about the teacher's actions; they talk about perspective-taking to help the student understand the teacher's perspective better. Then they brainstorm ways that the student can adjust his behavior to allow better interaction between teacher and student. This scenario represents: a. consulting. b. counseling. c. collaboration. d. advocacy.

A well-organized counseling program identifies goals and a) expects the counselor to provide all related services. b) assigns responsibility to those who will provide services. c) designates all instructional services to teachers. d) requires student participation.

According to Baker and Gerler, consulting and counseling a. share the same helping modes. b. share many similar competencies. c. have independent sets of competencies. d. require different sets of stages.

According to Baker and Gerler, test interpretations should be a. computerized. b. part of the counseling process. c. the responsibility of those student clients who took tests and received the results. d. conducted in groups.

According to Baker and Gerler, writers are divided on the issue of a. providing helpful information to referees if permissions have been granted. b. whether or not counselors should make arrangements for the first meeting between a student client and a referee. c. treating student clients as counselors would like to be treated. d. assessing student client readiness before making a referral suggestion.

According to Sink (2009), what must school counselors be able to do understand fully the impact of their programs? a. Build collaborative relationships throughout the building and district as needed. b. Weave literature-based best practices with qualitative and quantitative data c. Take responsibility for initiating change. d. Purposefully and constantly connect day-to-day action with vision and strategy.

According to UCLA's School Mental Health Project for Mental Health in Schools (1999), society desire each of these outcomes for its youth: a. Vocational direction, self-direction, and athletic ability. b. Communication skills, academics, and health and safety behaviors. c. Character education, academics, and athletic ability. d. Communication skills, academics, and romantic relationship education.

According to the 2009 Stands of the Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP), school counselors must be able to: a. become nationally certified. b. demonstrate professional school counselor competencies. c. encourage students to remain in school. d. accurately diagnose students' mental health issues and disorders.

According to the CACREP standards, individuals who are graduates of CACREP accredited programs who pass the NCE are eligible to become a. Licensed Professional Counselors. b. National Certified Counselors. c. Licensed School Counselors. d. Licensed Mental Health Counselors.

According to the authors, the ultimate goal of prevention programming is a. high rates of consistent-attendance by participants. b. transfer or generalization of training to one's natural environment. c. a passive classroom. d. evidence through objective measures that the participants learned what was taught.

According to the authors, when determining what to do, school counselors most often a. act instinctively because their training has been comprehensive and thorough. b. must respond to the expectations of others. c. do as they wish. d. rely on statements published by professional counseling associations.

According to the textbook, a comprehensive school counseling program a) is more effective than services in private practice. b) is a planned component of the larger school purpose and mission. c) includes medical services for all students. d) is a new term for classroom developmental guidance programs.

Baker and Gerler believe that the most legitimate assessment function in secondary schools is to a. evaluate instructional curricula. b. help individuals with personal decision-making. c. diagnose problems as a prelude to counseling, consultation, or referral and coordination. d. help students acquire information about and take various placement tests.

Baker and Gerler view evaluation and accountability as a. one of the profession's strongest functions. b. different but compatible concepts. c. synonymous concepts. d. hopeless.

Because individual counseling relies largely on the verbal skills of both the counselor and client, it is a) the most important service offered by school counselors. b) not an appropriate service for every student. c) best left to school psychologists. d) only effective with students in middle grades and above.

By using monthly report forms that indicate how many students received counseling, how many consultations with parents were held, and how many group sessions were presented, school counselors a) demonstrate that their services are more important than other student services. b) are able to quantify how they spend their time. c) illustrate the quality of their services. d) demonstrate teacher satisfaction with the counseling program.

Career as the outcome of schooling and directive guidance and advisement best describe school counseling known as: a. Developmental Guidance. b. Vocational Guidance. c. Comprehensive School Counseling. d. None of the above.

Career planning is a vital service of a) elementary teachers and counselors. b) high school counselors. c) special education teachers. d) Advisory Committees.

Clark and Breman (2009) created a collaborative inclusion model of collaboration that: a. Anticipates a strong and viable school counseling program that thrives from the investment and "wide" commitment of the represented partnerships. b. relies on an inclusive intervention process; meaning, the teacher and counselor collaborate, plan, implement, and evaluate interventions in the classroom where all students can benefit. c. is very broad-based, suggesting how services can be meshed, and how collaboratives can be transdisciplinary. d. proposes an ecological and culturally-sensitive model of collaboration between school counselors and school psychologist to increase cultural competence in schools.

Community asset mapping is a type of collaboration that: a. outlines the missions of the community organizations and agencies located school district. b. pulls together existing community resources that all stakeholders can access. c. lists the services that local area agenices and organizations provide. d. enables school counselors to work more efficiently.

Competent multicultural counselors a) develop their own theories of racial identity b) recognize their biases and personal readiness to engage in multicultural counseling c) help students move beyond their race toward assimilation d) seek supervision from similar race supervisors.

Components of a comprehensive school counseling program such as the mission statement, philosophy, goals, and standards/competencies are critical aspects of the: a. Goals and objectives b. Foundation. c. Management. d. Delivery System.

Consultation differs from counseling in that: a. the consultant provides direct service to the client and consultee. b. the consultant provides direct service to the consultee in and indirect service to the client. c. The consultant provides indirect service to the consultee and the client. d. None of the above.

Coordination is a: a. administration initiated role in which the counselor is directed to help organize and manage aspects of the comprehensive school counseling program. b. counselor initiatedleadership process in which the counselor helps organize and manage the comprehensive guidance program and related services. c. passive or second-rate function of the comprehensive school counseling program. d. being in touch with the climate of the school in terms of inclusion/exclusion.

Discussions, debates, quiet reflection and writing, artwork, journaling, role playing, demonstrations, experiments, and field trips are all examples of: a. Small group counseling techniques. b. Curriculum delivery methods. c. Outcomes results. d. Class activities.

Dougherty (1990) identified four major phases of consultation: entry, diagnosis, implementation, and disengagement. This model of consultation is known as the: a. Collaborative Model of Consultation. b. Generic Model of Consultation. c. Schien's Model of Consultation d. Caplan's Model of Consultation

Educating as compared to teaching implies: a. Giving instruction using traditional models of instruction b. Development, discovery, and relatedness c. Ta advance the mental, physical or moral of individuals d. To guide the studies of individuals

Elementary counselors ideally spend _____ percent of their time in developmental guidance in the classroom and ______ percent of their time involved with responsive services. a. 25-35; 45-55 b. 35-45; 30-40 c. 30-40; 35-45 d. 40-50; 25-35

Ensuring adequate and appropriate interpretation of test results to students, parents, and teachers is a) the sole responsibility of the school psychologist. b) an essential responsibility of the school's testing coordinator. c) not as important as ensuring test security. d) best performed in group procedures.

Establishing a relationship, exploring concerns, taking action, and ending the relationship are a) stages of student social development. b) general phases of a counseling relationship. c) developmental stages of a healthy personality. d) a decision-making model for social intercourse.

Ethical standards for the school counseling profession a) provide current legal guidelines for professional practice. b) offer a general framework for professional practice and responsible behavior. c) are absolute guidelines counselors must adhere to. d) prohibit private practice.

Everything that teachers, administrators, counselors, and others do in the name of education relates to the concept of a) Progressive Education. b) guiding students. c) discipline. d) self-directed learning.

Future technology a) will be used mostly by high school counselors. b) could have professional and practical implications for school counseling programs. c) will have little implication for the practice of counseling in schools. d) raises too many ethical questions for counseling with young students.

Ideally, school counseling centers should a) be located as far away from the principals office as possible. b) have ample space to provide the responsive services of a comprehensive program. c) have private restrooms for the counselor. d) be located away from the flow of traffic in the school.

If the prediction of having more school-based services comes true, a) fewer school counselors will be needed. school counselors will be assisted by in-school medical, psychological, and social services staff members. c) the role of the teacher will be diminished. d) parents will no longer need to search for services outside the school.

If the school counselor becomes aware of a problems seem to reside with the professional educator, a school counselor would use _______________________to help that person deal more effectively with all students by working on that person's attitudes or behaviors. a. client-centered consultation b. consultee-centered consultation c. problem-focused consultation d. student-centered consultation

In developmental school counseling programs, the goals of a guidance curriculum link to a) a student's academic record. b) the therapeutic goals of counseling services. c) parental consent. d) legislative mandates for character education.

Informational services can include information about community resources, career and educational opportunities, and a) problems discussed with students in counseling. b) financial assistance sought by students for college. c) a teacher's effectiveness in classroom instruction. d) students' views about teacher performance.

Informed consent involves consent for _________itself, as well as consent for ________ within the limits and conditions of counseling. a. the counselor; client b. counseling; services c. counselors; the counseling center d. None of the above

Jesse B. Davis, Frank Goodwin, Anna Reed, Eli Weaver, and Frank Parsons were a) early theorists in the counseling profession. b) leaders of the early guidance movement. c) philanthropists who established grants for school counseling development. d) the first four presidents of the National Vocational Guidance Association.

Krumboltz's accountability system is designed to organize and present a. only time-on-task data. b. time-on-task and results-based data. c. results-based and perception data. d. perception and time-on-task data.

Leaders arise from: a. maintaining the status quo. b. finding new ways to address old problems. c. cohersing individuals into seeing things their way. d. passively articulating a vision of change and advocacy for all.

One factor that will be a major influence on schools of the future will be the a) political elections at the local school level. b) success or failure of the U.S. to address the problem of poverty. c) return to community schools. d) student outcomes from end of course testing.

One of the first steps in writing a lesson for the developmental curriculum is to: a. Look for ways to educate the students in the three domains of comprehensive school counseling. b. Look for ways to engage students in experiences that facilitate discovery and in conversations that allow them to process their existing and emerging truths. c. Seek out teachers who can assist in developing the lesson according to state benchmarks. d. Conduct a needs assessment to determine exactly what the students most need to learn.

One of the more vital relationshps within schools involves: a. School board and distrcit adminitration b. Pupil services professionals c. Parent teacher organizations d. Community liaisons

PL 94-142 states that exceptional, handicapped, or disabled children must a. receive vouchers for four years of college education at the school of their choice. b. be provided equal access to free, appropriate public education in some form or setting. c. be provided equal access to all educational settings. d. be allowed to do the same things that abled children are doing in schools.

School counselors may provide more direct services than usual a) when teachers do not have the time. b) in rural communities where there are few public or private agencies. c) if teachers need counseling. d) when the principal is out of the building.

School counselors strive to facilitate school conditions that facilitate academic, emotional, social, behavioral, and physical safety. Academic safety involves: a. Creating a safe learning environment. b. giving students the room for imperfection. c. Regulating the curriculum to meet state and local safety standards. d. Ensuring that students learn safely without risk of being wrong.

Serving as a voice for those who are marginalized or excluded from decision-making describes the role of: a. counseling b. advocacy c. collarboration d. leadership.

Technology is exists to provide counseling online there is a _________ reason to believe that counseling must be delivered using the internet. a. always b. never c. sometimes d. none of the above

Test-reaction-punishment cycles of classroom management are best replaced with connection-choice-empathic consequence cycles using approaches such as: a. Multiple Intelligence b. Love and Logic c. RTI d. PBS

Tests that report a student's relative standing in a sample population are referred to as a) criterion-referenced tests. b) norm-referenced tests. c) mastery tests. d) population driven tests.

The ASCA National Standards for School Counseling Programs are the centerpiece of the a. No Child Left Behind Legislation b. National Model for School Counseling. c. National School Counselor Training Initiative. d. School-Community Collaboration Model.

The National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC) a) is a division of the American Counseling Association. b) recommends eight core areas of knowledge as the base of study for all specialties in the counseling profession. c) is affiliated with the American Psychological Association. d) only certifies mental health counselors.

The National Defense Education Act of 1958 highlighted the importance of assessment in the schools because of the federal government's interest in a. mental health. b. identifying gifted students. c. determining which military recruits were fit for military service. d. vocational guidance.

The National Standards highlight three content areas that summarize the development themes of schools. The order of these themes is: a. academic, personal and social, career. b. academic, career, personal and social. c. personal and social, academic, career. d. career, academic, personal and social.

The _________ of the ASCA National Model constitute the environment in which school counselors conduct their work. a. elements b. themes c. rationale d. philosophy

The authors believe that children and adolescents are more likely to refer themselves for counseling interventions if they a. think of themselves more than the needs of others. b. know their counselors maintain confidentiality. c. think their needs are simple and easily met. d. know that good advice will be offered.

The differences between counseling and therapy a) have been clearly delineated in literature and research. b) are still debated among helping professionals. c) are the same as between education and counseling. d) are only important when considering school counseling.

The establishment of the National Vocational Guidance Association was the beginning of a) the merger of educational and psychological professions. b) the unification of the counseling profession. c) the American Psychological Association (APA). d) vocational education in this country.

The federal law that guides schools in monitoring their collection and use of students' records is the a) National Record Keeping and Paper Reduction Bill of 1977. b) Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974. c) Mental Health Records Act of 1964. d) Title IX of the Educational Amendments of 1972.

The foundation of our profession and our partnership with students is: a. Assessment b. Counseling c. Consultation d. Collaboration

The logic behind the authors' presentation on constructive action in counseling is that school counselors should a. have a command of the basic challenging counseling skills which should help them deal with the goals of most student clients. b. have a repertoire of strategies appropriate for helping the majority of student clients. c. know one strategy extremely well in order to help school counseling student clients receive counseling interventions from an expert. d. know something about all published action strategies in order be able to respond to virtually all student client needs.

The need to nurture both the personal needs and the professional needs of the counselor and to the benefit of both aspects of existence is referred to as: a. Holistic health. b. Balance. c. Wellness. d. Mental Health.

The philosophy of education that hold the primacy of the child, active learning, recognition of students' individual differences, the drive to relate school to real life, and an agenda that includes transforming the national cultural heritage is referred to as: a. Social Learning Education. b. Progressive Education. c. Administrative Education. d. Traditional Education.

The professional association most likely to have services that appeal to the higher-order needs of school counselors is the a. National Counselors Association. b. American School Counselor Association. c. American Federation of Teachers. d. National Education Association.

The referral function coordinating ideas credited to DeVoe and McClam are examples of a. a foolproof referral system. b. partial referrals. c. coerced referrals. d. complete referrals.

The school counseling profession a) is in serious trouble due to the loss of thousands of positions across the country. b) is represented in the U.S. by the American School Counselor Association c) is less able and proficient than other counseling specialties. d) will no longer be important as other helping specialties enter schools in larger numbers.

The strongest stress triggers are the emotions of: a. hurt and pain. b. anger and fear. c. hopelessness and helplessness. d. loneliness and sadness.

The term ethnicity a) has a single and precise definition b) usually refers to commonality of shared cultural views c) always relates to racial heritage d) refers to a pluralistic society

The type of school counseling that focused on developmental rather than remedial goals and brought school counseling to the elementary and middle school levels is known as: a. Vocational Guidance. b. Developmental Guidance. c. Comprehensive School Counseling. d. Mental Health Emphasis.

Three counseling approaches that are often practiced by school counselors are: a. Adlerian therapy, psychodynamic therapy, and reality therapy b. Adlerian therapy, solution-focused or brief therapy, and reality therapy c. Client-centered therapy, REBT, and CBT d. Adlerian therapy, solution-focused, and REBT

Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 provides students with protection against: a. invasion of privacy b. discrimination on the basis of sex, exclusion from participation in, or denial of benefits, or discrimination under any education program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. c. discrimination on the basis of culture, race, or ethnicity. d. discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation. e. None of the above.

Treatment consisting of in-depth, intensive, or medication-assisted therapy is most often: a. conducted in the schools b. not conducted in the schools c. conducted in the schools through consultation d. conducted collaboratively

What is the first step in helping at student to understand what the life-long career process is like? a. Reality Testing b. Understanding of one's self c. Career preparation d. Evaluation and renewal

What type of leadership is shared among professionals in a school in both formal and informal contexts and roles? a. Participatory leadership b. Distributed leadership c. Accountability leadership d. None of the above

When counselors establish an expectation for excellence and identify their accountability, they are: a. Creating measurable goals and objectives. b. Setting standards. c. Gathering data. d. Evaluating their programs.

When implementing Caplan's model of consultation, school counselors are cautioned to be sensitive to: a. the needs of the organization. b. the consultee's personal and professional context (i.e., culture) c. the dynamics within the school. d. the dimensions of the consultation process.

When school counselors "give away" their knowledge through prevention programming, the usual beneficiaries are a. administrators. b. students. c. counseling colleagues. d. teachers.

When school counselors meet to review school system data on particular students identified on the basis of certain risk factors including suspensions, failed courses, and achievement on state exams, they are engaging in the process of: a. system support. b. accountability. c. advocacy. d. collaboration.

When sharing information with principals, counselors a) must abide by the requests of the principal. b) are careful to follow ethical and legal guidelines. c) should always have a third party present. d) should be guarded and say as little as possible.

Which component of the management system provides critical support, input and recommendations for program development and improvement? a. Results report b. Advisory council c. Management agreements d. Action plans

Which element of the ASCA National Model includes the writing of the mission statement? a. Management and Delivery System b. Foundation c. Advocacy d. Accountability

Which is not a competency that school counselors are expected to demonstrate? a. Establish the foundations of a school counseling program aligning with the ASCA National Model. b. Acquire the attitudes, knowledge, and skills demonstrated in the ASCA National Model. c. Plan, organize, implement, and evaluate a comprehensive, developmental, result-based school counseling program that aligns with the ASCA National Model. d. Deliver and manage a school counseling program aligning with the ASCA National Model.

Which is the set of guiding principles that everyone agrees on for implementing the school counseling program? a. Mission statement b. Program philosophy c. Program framework d. Program goals

Which of the following demonstrates whether the program services and interventions we are implementing with students are having a positive effect on their ability to use attitudes, skills, and knowledge to change their behavior? a. Process data b. Results data c. Perception data d. Qualitative data

Which of the following is data that describes frequency, percentages, and ratio and is presented as numbers? a. School culture and climate data b. Quantitative data c. Attainment or access data d. Qualitative data

Which of the following is not a component of accountability? a. Program audit b. Action plans c. School counselor performance standards d. Results report

Which of the following is not a domain of the Domains/Activities/Partners model? a. Personal/social b. Collaboration c. Academic d. Career

Which of the following is not a key theme for the ASCA National Model? a. Systemic Change b. Accountability c. Collaboration d. Advocacy

Which of the following is not an educating activity in the Domains/Activities/Partners model? a. Facilitating transitions b. Solving c. Advisement d. Placement

Which of the following is not descriptive of what counseling is? a. Counseling is both an art and a science, requiring intellect and intuition. b. Counseling is an unintentional, unambiguous relational process. c. Counseling is unique in its focus. d. Counseling is a helping relationship with certain specific qualities.

Which of the following is not included in responsive services? a. consultation. b. collaboration. c. personal counseling. d. crisis counseling. e. referrals to community services.

Which of the following is useful in locating interventions? a. Needs assessment b. Outcome research c. Formative evaluation d. Implementation evaluations

Which of the following legal issues protects student information even from the student's parents (under applicable state law)? a. Title IX of the education Amendments of 1972 b. The Drug Abuse Office and Treatment Act of 1976 c. The American with Disabilities Act d. The Buckley Amendment

Which of the following models emphasizes the importance of creating effective environments for students to learn and develop? a. Developmental b. Strengths-based c. Results-based d. Domains/Activities/Partners

Which of the following seeks to answer questions and provide answers that informs and strengthens our work as school counselors? a. Needs assessment b. Action research c. Achievement gaps d. Outcome evaluation

Why is there a need for greater collaboration among student services professionals, such as school psychologists, school social workers, school counselors, and school nurses? a. To help facilitate career exploration. b. To enable students to become healthy, resilient, and successful. c. To facilitate referrals. d. To ensure that other professionals understand the importance of school counselors.

Common error in judgments based on statistical analysis of quantitative evaluation data. The error in judgement occurs when a real difference is mistakenly judged to be due to chance variation.

Beta error

A continuous challenge for schools is to a) indoctrinate students about particular career choices. b) help all students assimilate cultural mores. c) connect learning objectives to the broader goals of student development. d) discourage parents from becoming too active in career planning with the children.

A crucial piece of being able to understand ourselves and, by extension, our students and partners is: a. focusing on our health and well-being. b. setting clear boundaries and maintaining health relationships. c. being aware of our own values and morals. d. exercise and daily meditation.

A developmentally appropriate comprehensive developmental curriculum is carefully planned, thoughtfully executed, and consistent with the core concepts of: a. truth, diversity, conformity, and excellence. b. academics, career, and personal/social. c. Respect, conversation, discovery, and inclusion. d. Engagement, excellence, expectations, and equality.

A difficulty in organizing group counseling in schools is a) getting students who are interested in participating. b) keeping the group topics secret. c) setting a schedule for group sessions. d) finding trained counselors.

A major barrier to public recognition and acceptance of school counseling as a profession is a) lack of training for school counselors. b) school administrators' disrespect for counselors. c) school counselors' avoidance of program evaluation and professional accountability. d) teachers who undermine the school counselor's role.

A primary competency for school counselors who wish to be effective in counseling diverse students is to a) embrace one of the European oriented theories of practice b) learn basic attending skills, especially eye contact c) become aware of their own cultural values and biases d) be accepting of all student behavior no matter how anti-social.

A relationship between school counseling and social reform can be traced to the a. 1960s. b. publication of Wrenn's The Counselor in a Changing World. c. guidance curricula of the early part of the twentieth century. d. National Defense Education Act.

According to Baker and Gerler, basic leadership competencies a. are simple to identify. b. rarely found behaviors. c. complex combinations of many specific behaviors. d. primarily derived genetically.

According to Baker and Gerler, grade equivalent scales are a challenge for counselors because a. they are predictive of future performance. b. they take into account developmental changes in test takers over periods of several years. c. many consumers misinterpret their meanings. d. they entail more sophisticated and challenging scales then do other test scores.

According to Baker and Gerler, perhaps the most important ingredient in achieving leadership and collaboration in schools is a. selecting future leaders for training programs. b. getting principals and teachers to accept the idea. c. the desire and will to do so. d. employing more school counselors.

According to the Family Educational Rights and Privacy Act of 1974, authorized access to school cumulative records must be approved by a. the state's governor. b. the locality's mayor. c. parents of students under 18 years of age. d. students under 18 years of age.

According to the authors, eclectic school counseling is a. being flexible and spontaneous when working with student clients. b. similar to long-term psychotherapy. c. a systematic, studied, and intelligent assimilation of ideas from differing theoretical perspectives. d. learning to excel in the application of the theory of one's choice.

According to the national average ratio, how many students could you expect to serve as a counselor? a. 206 b. 316 c. 475 d. 361

Adequate knowledge about the standard normal distribution concept should lead counselors to understand that information indicating that average intelligence test scores for Euro-Americans are higher than those of African-Americans means a. generally, African-Americans are more intelligent than Euro-Americans. b. African-Americans will perform more poorly than Euro-Americans. c. the averages differ but there are greater differences within these groups than between them. d. generally Euro-Americans are more intelligent than African-Americans.

An effective strategy for behavior that relies on insights from special education, effective classroom instruction, learning theory, and educational psychology is referred to as: a. Love and Logic b. RTI c. PBS d. Reactive Discipline

An important effort in transforming the school counseling profession in the twenty-first century is the a) name change of ACA b) increase of mental health counselors in schools c) publication and promotion of the ASCA National Model® d) amount of federal funding for school counseling

Approximately ________ percent of young people need mental health assistance, indicating how prevalent the need is for mental health services for young people. a. 10 b. 15 c. 20 d. 25

As a professional school counselor, you must follow which ethical codes, and other codes as applicable to your work. a. ACA and ASGW b. NCDA and ASCA c. a. and b. d. None of the above

As a school counselor, you identify a student as having socioeconomic demographics that are under the national average, a lack of positive family, school, and peer interaction, while experience, and a high frequency of psychosocial and environmental stressors. What is this student's level of risk? a. Imminent b. High c. Remote d. Minimal

Baker and Gerler believe that all purposeful activities in which counselors engage are a. random. b. designed to achieve stated or implied goal. c. reactions to the momentary demands of the job. d. based on the knowledge acquired as graduate students.

Baker and Gerler believe that the key to using accountability data effectively is to a. have faith in one's own belief that good counseling services are being provided. b. be aware that stakeholders understand the role of school counselors clearly. c. realize that there are reasons for the services which are of a higher order than survival. d. depend on external entities to initiate accountability models.

Baker and Gerler believe that the ultimate purpose of cross-cultural counseling should be a. a common counseling model across cultures. b. same-type counselors for all student clients. c. appropriate counseling services for members of all cultures. d. improving counseling services for members of minority groups.

Baker and Gerler believe that time-on-task data are most useful a. if the hourly wage rates are deflated before determining cost-effectiveness. b. to those who wish to cut back on counseling services. c. when accompanied by results-based and perception data. d. when standing alone.

Baker and Gerler's recommendation for identifying consumers of counseling services as a prelude to collecting perception data is to a. include the entire population of the school community in one's surveys. b. concentrate on students, teachers, and building administrators. c. identify a broad range of stakeholders and survey samples of them d. try to identify stakeholders who have favorable opinions about school counseling.

Based on his experience, Ponzo recommends that, in order to be successful, school counselors who wish to make changes in the system must a. employ influential collaborators from outside the system. b. be incessantly demanding. c. learn how it works. d. be uncompromising.

Because of concerns that the spirit of mainstreaming is not being fulfilled, new legislation was passed in 1990 introducing a concept known as a. intrusion. b. modified mainstreaming. c. inclusion. d. reception.

Brammer and Shostrom think the most important ingredient in the referral process may be a. whether or not reciprocal agreements exist between counselors and referees. b. how cooperative the parents are going to be. c. the manner in which the referral suggestion is introduced and explained. d. whether or not counselors have access to a sufficient number of referral sources.

Classroom guidance, parent education programs, and teacher workshops are a) usually not effective use of a counselor's time. b) the most important functions of a school counselor. c) examples of instructional consultation. d) not generally found in comprehensive programs.

Collaborative culturally competent schools depend on collaborative partnerships between school counselors and school psychologists in the development, implementation, and evaluation of interventions at four primary levels of services for students, parents and families, educators, and the community. The four levels are: a. Academic, Responsive Services, Management, and System Support b. Academic, Career, Personal, and Social c. Student-Centered Interventions, Family Empowerment, Collegial Consultation, and Brokering Community Resources. d. Students, Parents, Teachers, and Administration

Early schools often reflected the society in which they were created. What model were schools initially based on? a. Human services b. Comprehensive Education c. Business d. None of the above

Effective leaders generally possess: a. drive and passivity. b. creativeness and dependency. c. a combination of innate qualities and leadership skills. d. All of the above.

Engaging in developmentally appropriate counseling with young people presents be important implications for both the __________ and the _________ of our counseling with students. a. purpose, ethics b. interventions, strategies c. manner, content d. intent, effectiveness

Genuineness, empathy, positive regard, and concreteness are a) self-concept traits essential for student development. b) not as important as behavioral outcomes in counseling. c) some of the "core conditions" of effective counseling. d) not necessary when doing behavioral counseling.

Goldman's claim that the marriage between tests and counseling had failed included a (an) a. accusation that test publishers are interested only in profit-making. b. recommendation that standardized tests remained good predictors of success in work and in educational endeavors.. c. opinion that many counselors lacked the necessary skills to use tests intelligently. d. listing of tests that are fool-proof.

If a counselor needs to provide information to the parent, the counselor is advised to inform and consult with __________ before gibing information to parents (ASCA Ethical Standards). a. principal b. teacher c. student d. counselor colleague e. None of the above

If a counselor wished to help a student client acquire information about the probability of being successful at a specific college after graduating form high school and entering that college, one assessment tool that could provide relevant information would be a. a card sort. b. results from a personality measure. c. an expectancy table. d. results from an interest inventory.

If the consultee is unable or unwilling to implement the intervention strategies recommended or proposed by the school counselor, the school counselor might need to implement the intervention directly. This mode of consultation is referred to as: a. Prescriptive. b. Systemic. c. Provision. d. Initiation.

In a comprehensive school counseling program, school counselors would attend to the student's _________ development while working to support the learning process. a. academic b. personal/social c. holistic d. life span

In assessing children's potential to be successful in counseling relationships, counselors assess students' a) academic achievement. b) socio-economic status. c) behavioral and cognitive development. d) psychosomatic history.

In assisting students of diverse cultures, counselors in schools a) promote the concept of encapsulation as a primary goal of counseling b) apply individualism as a philosophy for helping students progress c)understand the impact of converging constructs, many of which are socially constructed. d) advocate their worldview to help students make changes.

In cases of students from divorced parents, both the custodial and non-custodial parent have legal right to see their child's school records unless a) the child waives that right in open court. b) the school has legitimate objection. c) a judge rules otherwise. d) one parent is illiterate.

In cases of suspected child abuse, a) school counselors are exempt from reporting laws. b) school principals are the only school officials who may file reports. c) all school personnel are required by law to report. d) parents must be notified by the school if a teacher makes a report.

In terms of sexual diversity, schools have a legal obligation to address ________ to__________ sexual harassment, and schools that do not can be held liable for violating the federal civil rights law under Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. a. teacher; student b. principal; student c. student; student d. All of the above

In the future, school counselors might be expected to a) hold dual certification as administrations. b) teach psychology classes. c) work with younger populations, i.e., preschoolers. d) acquire doctoral degrees.

In the future, we can expect that school counselors will a) not need to be concerned about remedial issues. b) require less training in human development. c) continue to provide a balance of remedial, preventive, and developmental services. d) be replaced by technological advances.

In the natural consulting environment that exists for counselors in the schools, those who most likely are to be the clients in consulting relationships in which school counselors are the consultants are a. teachers. b. administrators. c. students. d. parents.

Issues that could require a counselor's involvement over a semester and often resolve themselves as the student matures and as time passes are considered: a. short-term issues b. high-level issues c. long-term issues d. surface-level issues

It is from our _________, that we find the spring from which creativity, imagination, flexibility, courage, belief, faith, and passion flow. a. minds b. hearts c. center d. wisdom

Joining with pupil services professionals on prevention initiatives or professional development workshops is an example of: a. Consultation b. Teamwork c. Collaboration d. Joint partnership

Keeping all persons safe, informed, and calm are integral components of an effective: a. curriculum delivery system. b. responsive services plan. c. crisis intervention plan. d. suicide contract.

Leadership that involves technical mastery, strategizing for change and growth, and implementation, is referred to as: a. Symbolic leadership b. Political leadership c. Structural leadership d. Human resource leadership

Licensure/certification for school counselors is a) a federal priority b) uniform across states c) a state's responsibility d) not as important as licensure for mental health counselors.

Middle school counselors generally spend their time: a. More on personal/social issues than career and academic issues. b. More an academic issues than career and personal/social issues. c. Equitability across all three domains. d. More on career issues than academic and personal/social issues.

One factor contributing to the school counseling profession's difficulty in establishing a clear identity has been a) failure of school counselors to be as well trained as other counselors. b) inability of the national association to bring counselors together. c) inconsistent use of terms to identify who school counselors are and what they do. d) psychological profession's clear identity.

Research has shown that school environments that are developmentally appropriate demonstrate increased levels of: a. work ethic among teachers b. better behavior c. academic achievement d. trust

Research on group guidance indicates that it a) is not effective in teaching appropriate behaviors. b) is more effective than group counseling in changing self-concept. c) can have a positive effect on students' attitudes. d) has little benefit for students in high school.

School counselors have the ______________ skills, _____________ skills, and ______________ skills to function as at the group process facilitator in a multisystemic view. a. individual counseling; family counseling; collaboration b. group facilitation; collaboration; building consensus c. collaboration; consultation; facilitation d. wraparound; group facilitation; family counseling

School counselors must recognize that the _______ and the ______ will affect how others perceive us and the groups to which we appear to belong. a. present; furture b. past; future c. present; past d. values; beliefs

School counselors strive to facilitate school conditions that facilitate academic, emotional, social, behavioral, and physical safety. Behavioral safety involves a. Taking turns, minding manners, and adhereing to the rules and policies of the school building. b. Behaving safely. c. respectful discipline. d. Behaving in a safe and respectful way.

Students do not learn well when they are not able to focus - when events from their community, families, school, or classroom interfere with their ability to attend to learning. Assessing barriers to learning requires that school counselors rely on a _______________ approach to viewing students and the context in which they live. a. direct, single-case assessment b. narrowly focused, detailed assessment c. multifaceted, systemic approach d. multiple perspective assessment

Teacher-advisor and peer facilitator programs would be part of which of the following delivery models? a. Domains/Activities/Partners b. Results-based c. Developmental d. Essential services

The ASCA National Standards for School Counseling Programs are the center piece of the a. No Child Left Behind Legislation b. National Model for Comprehensive School Counseling. c. National School Counselor Training Initiative. d. School-Community Collaboration Model.

The DSM-IV-TR a) is an instructional manual for classifying standardized tests. b) should only be used by licensed/certified counselors. c) is a diagnostic manual for classifying mental disorders. d) consists of 280 classifications, each called an Axis.

The Ethical Standards for School Counselors recommend that, when members think a specific school policy is wrong, they should a. conform with the policy because acceptance of employment implies agreement with policies and principles. b. report the situation to the state department of education. c. use available resources to promote necessary changes. d. terminate affiliations with the school.

The Self Directed Search, the Strong Interest Inventory, and the Kuder General Interest Survey are instruments generally used by school counselors to assess a student's development under which of the following domains? a. Personal/Social b. Academic c. Career d. Behavioral

The __________ of the model indicates the directionality of the elements and the manner in which feedback moves through the program elements to ensure the highest efficacy of the school counselor's work. a. themes b. elements c. domains d. philosophy

The author's suggestions for formalizing and specifying counseling prevention programming are presented as having four major ingredients: planning, delivering, transferring, and a. generalizing. b. concluding. c. evaluating. d. summarizing.

The authors believe that group counseling is a. similar to group guidance. b. something only therapists can offer effectively. c. appropriate for schools. d. inappropriate for schools.

The authors believe that school-community collaboration will be most important in helping student achieve a. academic goals. b. career goals. c. personal/social goals. d. school counselors' goals.

The authors believe that there will be little change in the non-counseling functions in which school counselor engage unless a. government certification agencies become more assertive. b. more money funding for increased staffing is made available. c. professional organizations become more assertive. d. individual counselors become more assertive.

The authors label Ivey and Ivey's paradigm as a system providing a. knowledge about various human ego defenses. b. insight about selecting appropriate theories for school counselors. c. a road map for the counseling process. d. a road map for student client development.

The authors think that school counselors who wish to proactively enhance the probability of preventing inappropriate referrals from parents and professional colleagues should a. refuse to respond to inappropriate referrals. b. correct inappropriate attitudes as such referrals are made, reactively. c. develop a system for referrals to the counselor(s) and present it. d. accept the referrals and do one's best to achieve the referee's goals.

The best classification of a situation where a school counselor designed a program a. to help all seventh grade students learn how to be successful students is b. early identification and treatment. c. remedial intervention. d. primary prevention. e. secondary prevention.

The desire of the profession to recognize and document professional competence is to: a. make sure that school counselors who have not been teachers are competent to serve as professional school counselors. b. increase the number of nationally certified school counselors. c. ensure that only the best professionals work in our schools. d. none of the above.

The ethical code for school counselors suggests that counselors are a) beholding to the administrators who hired them. b) absolutely obliged to keep information confidential when counseling students. c) responsible to both their clients and the institutions that employ them. d) prohibited from counseling parents and teachers.

The evidence from research about whether or not it is advantageous for school counselors to have teaching experience indicates that, when beginning careers as school counselors, a. former teachers face more challenges than those without teaching experience. b. those without teaching experience face more challenges than those who are former teachers. c. former teachers, as well as those without teaching experience face challenges. d. The evidence is inconclusive.

The manifestation of professional who brought health and other social services into the schools and the move to involve schools in community issues best describes the: a. Traditional Administrative Movement b. Traditional Progressive Movement. c. Social Progressive, or Social Reconstructionist Movement. d. Administrative Progressive Movement.

The primary accrediting body for counselor education in this country is the a) National Council for Accrediting Teacher Education (NCATE). b) American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD). c) Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs (CACREP). d) National Board of Certified Counselors (NBCC).

The primary purpose of privileged communication legislation is to protect a. parents. b. school districts. c. student clients. d. counselors.

The roles, expectations, and priorities of all activities in the program are articulated and disseminated through careful analysis of the data. A carefully designed action plan is part of which component of the management system? a. Results report b. Action plans c. Management agreements d. Advisory council

The school counseling profession has its origin in the a) psychoanalytic movement of the early twentieth century. b) testing of soldiers during World War I. c) vocational guidance movement in the early 1900s. d) philosophy of the ancient Greeks.

The term used to indicate that a person is protected from having confidential information revealed in a public hearing or court of law is a) common grounds. b) writ of certiorari. c) privileged communication. d) a writ of self-disclosure.

The three domains of ASCA's model for school counseling are: a. academic, career, and health b. health, social/emotional, and academic c. academic, social/emotional, and career development d. academic, career, and personal safety

Two types of group structures are a) limited groups and unlimited groups. b) classroom groups and small groups. c) open groups and closed groups. d) teacher-lead groups and student-lead groups.

Understanding a student's cultural values a) is not as important as understanding behavior b) should be done in the context of school goals c) requires exposure to a variety of individuals within the cultural group d) is best assessed through standardized instruments.

When addressing the issue of counselor evaluation, a critical question for the school counseling profession is: a) What benefit will students realize? b) How do we determine what students should learn? c) Who will evaluate counselors? d) How much time will be needed for evaluation?

When considering stress, it is important to understand that stress comes from the way in which we: a. plan our schedules b. manage our time. c. interpret and internalize events in our lives. d. set our boundaries.

When counseling students and families of diverse cultures, school counselors a) promote the concept of assimilation as a primary goal of counseling b) use individualism as a foundation for helping students make decisions c) understand the importance of language in the helping process d) use their own worldviews to help students make educational decisions.

When school counselors are articulating what they see their school can do for students and how their comprehensive school counseling program moves the school toward that goal, they are establishing a: a. Mission statement. b. Goal statement. c. Vision. d. Purpose and focus.

When school counselors meet with each senior for senior interviews during the first part of their senior year to begin to finalize postsecondary plans, the counselor is implementing: a. career development counseling. b. personal/social counseling. c. individual student planning. d. crisis counseling.

When utilizing the prescriptive mode of consultation, the school counselor: a. allows the consultee to decide on the best and more probably intervention strategy. b. recommends to administration an intervention strategy. c. prescribes an intervention strategy to the consultee that targets a needed change in a client. d. None of the above.

Which legislation requires schools to provide access to all school records to the parents of minor students and to the student themselves after they reach the age of 18. a. Family Educational Rights Privacy Act b. Buckley Amendment c. Grassley Amendment d. None of the above

Which of the following activities involves parent-teacher conferences, administrative conferences, and student services team conferences under the Essential Services model? a. Coordinating b. Individual Counseling c. Problem-solving consulting d. Appraising

Which of the following is data that is broken down by specific demographics of interest, which presents patterns, themes, and trends? a. Achievement data b. Aggregate data c. Disaggregate data d. Quantitative data

Which of the following is not an advantage of group counseling? a. developmental appropriateness b. efficacy c. confidentiality d. systems awareness

Which of the following occurs during the implementation process? a. Outcome evaluation b. Needs assessment c. Formative evaluation d. Outcome research

Which of the following provides evidence of what students learned, which are usually connects to standards and competencies? a. Process data b. Results data c. Perception data d. Qualitative data

Which of the following revealed the catastrophic state of public education and lead to major education reform, including school counseling? a. Closing the Achievement Gap b. The Accountable School Counselor c. A Nation At Risk d. Schools Without Standards

Which of the following reveals information about thoughts, feelings, behaviors, and attitudes such attendance rates, suspensions and expulsions, staff relations, campus morale, embracing diversity, and campus safety? a. Achievement data b. Attainment or access data c. School culture and climate data d. Relational data

Which of the following solidifies the counselor-teacher relationship and provides a practical solution for creating a collaborative, team environment between counselors and teachers? a. Consultation b. Teacher-advisor program c. School counseling advisory committee d. Peer facilitator program

Which of the following standards outline the professional activities and expectations as defined by the school counseling profession? a. Audit standards b. Results standards c. Performance standards d. Action standards

Which one of the following is not a category of the 40 Developmental Assets (Search Institute)? a. Support b. Empowerment c. Family values d. Commitment to learning

Which quality of the school counseling program might address the question, "How do we make a difference?" a. Systemic b. Holistic c. Reflective d. Balanced

Which types of stressors place more households and more children than ever at risk from the economic fall-out of world events? a. Ecological b. Developmental c. Systemic d. Cultural

Who is the primary partner in the Domains/Activities/Partners model? a. Parents b. Teachers c. Students d. Administrators

Capacity building refers to the development of professional knowledge and skills, expanding the types of tasks and activities or capacity of an individual. With respect to including stakeholders in the development of evaluation questions, the activity can expand the capacity of stakeholders to understand and participate in the evaluation.

Capacity building

Category of qualitative evaluation designs that involve the in-depth, holistic investigation of single individuals, programs, or policies in order to describe or explain them. Case studies typically involve the collection and integration of qualitative data from multiple sources (e.g., records, interviews, observations) in order to understand the operation of a program.

Case study evaluation designs

Statistical test used to determine the likelihood that an observed difference between two or more groups is due to chance variation. Best used with nominal level data.

Chi-square test

Survey questions where respondents choose their response from among a fixed set of pre-established alternatives. Closed-ended surveys are typically used in obtaining quantitative data for evaluations.

Closed-ended survey questions

A component of a school with its own curriculum, management practices, and program evaluation practices that focuses on the delivery of a variety of interventions and activities to promote the cognitive, personal/social, and career development of students.

Comprehensive developmental school counseling program

Conceptual use occurs when individuals read or hear about an evaluation and learn more about the program itself, other types of similar programs, and what could be possible within the boundaries of the various versions of the program.

Conceptual use

1. An elementary SC plans to establish a support group for parents/guardians of students who have been experiencing disciplinary difficulties at home and at school. The counselor's facilitation of the support group will be most effective if the counselor begins with which of the following assumptions? a. Parents/guardians have known their children longer than have teachers and the school counselor b. Children's disciplinary difficulties often reflect an unstable home environment c. Parents/guardians lack the counselor's academic credentials and profession experience d. Children may inherit genetic factors linked to metal or emotional disorders that influence behavior

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of methods for creating respectful, productive relationships with students, families, and school staff, facilitating communication between school and home; providing students and families with information and support; and working collaboratively with the adults in students' lives to remove obstacles to school success. A support group for parents/guardians of children who are experiencing disciplinary difficulties a home and at school would be most successful if the SC recognizes that p/g have known their children longer than the counselor and teachers have, and that they possess extensive knowledge of their children's personality and behaviors.

1. In planning a new guidance curriculum for a middle school, it would be most important for counseling staff to ensure that the curriculum: a. Aligns with defined school and district goals b. Reinforces content students will be learning in their courses in the core subject areas c. Emphasizes social-emotional and character development d. Reflects priorities established by the school's parent-teacher association

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of content that is developmentally appropriate for classroom guidance and approaches for creating and presenting developmental guidance lessons that align with the school curriculum, the needs of all students, and the goals of the school and district. Research shows that a key element shared by successful counseling programs is their organization as an integral part of the broader school mission. The ASCA National Model states that a school counseling program's mission statement should align with and be a subset of the school's and district's mission. Therefore, when planning a new guidance curriculum, counseling staff should ensure that the curriculum aligns with defined school and district goals, which may be aligned with goals set by the state department of education.

1. A school counselor is planning a classroom guidance lesson to promote academic development for a class of second-grade students. Which of the following topics would be most developmentally appropriate to address with the class? a. Identify effective study habits b. Establishing challenging learning goals c. Exchanging ideas with others d. Applying effective time-management skills

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of content that is developmentally appropriate for classroom guidance and approaches for creating and presenting developmental guidance lessons that align with the school curriculum, the needs of all students, and the goals of the school and district. Students in second grade are at a stage of development described by Erik Erickson as "industry vs inferiority." At this stage, children have greater powers of concentration and are capable of spending greater amounts of time on chosen tasks. They seek a sense of accomplishment and can derive pleasure from completing projects. Therefore, guidance lessons in identifying effective study habits would be appropriate at this stage of children's development because children would be receptive to learning about habits that would support their desire to complete task on their own.

1. A SC is facilitating a transition group for new HS students who recently transferred from different school districts. Which of the following strategies would be most effective for the counselor to use first in facilitating group participation? a. Meeting with students individually to discuss their expectations b. Allowing the group time to develop at its own pace c. Requiring each student to discuss at least one personal issue per session d. Discussing group behavioral expectations and goals

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of group counseling, including group dynamics, criteria for selecting group members, potential topics for small-group counseling, strategies for facilitating group counseling, and developmentally appropriate methods for presenting information to students about various issues. When counseling groups are topic-specific, students may volunteer and/or be invited to join a group. However, not every student who volunteers or is invited to join a group is a good candidate for group counseling. The ACA endorses the practice of interviewing prospective group members. Recent research suggests that individual interviews are most effective for this purpose. The counselor can use screening interviews to assess students' willingness and emotional readiness to be active and supportive participants in a group.

1. When discussing a student's standardized test scores with the student's parents, a SC should observe primarily which of the following guidelines? a. Explaining the limitations and significance of the student's scores in plain language b. Providing a brief overview of the validity and reliability of the test and the procedures for scoring the test c. Emphasizing the areas in which the student scored high and downplaying the low-score areas d. Describing the subject matter covered on the test and the overall format of the test

1. A middle SC is a member of a multidisciplinary team for a student who has specific learning disabilities. In recent weeks, the student's behavior has become so disruptive that suspension from school is being considered. Before making this decision, the team will conduct a functional behavioral assessment (FBA). This type of assessment is designed primarily to: a. Define the antecedents and consequences of the student's behavior across environments b. Identify the student's behavioral strengths and needs in each classroom c. Make the student's behavior and social skills at school compared with those of peers d. Determine the student's personality and interests that underlie the behavior

1. A HS math teacher meets with the SC to discuss how to manage a class in which four students dominate class discussions while the other students rarely, if ever, participate. To collect more data on the class dynamics, the counselor would likely find which of the following types of informal assessments more useful? a. Verbal interactions analysis b. Student attitude questionnaire c. Interest inventory d. Personality assessment

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of measurement and statistical principles of assessment; factors to consider when selecting and implementing assessments for individual and group use; and the uses, benefits, and limitations of a range of formal and informal assessment instruments. Verbal interactions analysis would provide the counselor with relevant information about which students participate in class discussions and what types of verbal interactions take place during the discussions (e.g. statements, restatements, questions). The teacher's verbal interactions with the students in the class would be included in the analysis. The counselor would be able to use the data to hypothesize about the reasons for the four students' domination of class discussion and the other students' lack of participation, and to suggest how the teacher could encourage participation by a greater number of students.

1. A HS counselor would like to collect data from teachers and administrators about their perception of the SC program's ability to make a positive change in students' academic performances. Which of the following methods would be most effective for the counselor to use to gather this type of information. a. Requesting that staff members complete a questionnaire b. Coordinate department meetings for staff members to share their opinions c. Conducting interviews with several individual staff members d. Creating a blog on which staff members can express their opinions

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of research methods used to identify information and opportunity gaps between different groups of students, the appropriate uses of data collection to improve school performance, and the use of program audits to address the accountability goals of the SC program. Asking teachers and administrators to complete a questionnaire would be the most effective method for collecting data about their perception of the SC program's ability to make a positive change in student's academic performance. The counselor can create a questionnaire that will provide the type of data that will be most useful to the counselor.

1. A HS counselor at a school with a record of low parental involvement and high dropout rate would like to encourage parents/guardians to become more involved in the academic advising process. Which of the following initial strategies would be most effective for the counselor to use for this purpose? a. Conducting a needs assessment to identify activities that would encourage parental engagement b. Posting information about the school's extracurricular programs on the school's website c. Sending a letter to p/g that describe in detail the academic options available to students d. Speaking to the parent-teacher association about how p/g can contribute to students' academic success

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for encouraging and maintaining parents'/guardians' involvement with school life; the comprehensive school counseling program; and the process of planning for their child's academic, career, and social/personal development. In a HS with a record of low parental involvement, the counselor should gather information about how to best involve p/g in the academic advising process. Conducting a needs assessment would help the counselor determine what types of activities (e.g. home visits, school conferences, lunch visits to targeted work sites, community meetings to address specific topics/concerns) would motivate p/g to become more involved in their children's academic development.

1. A school counselor is preparing an agenda for a study-skills seminar for middle school students. As part of the seminar, the counselor would like to draw the important distinction between studying and doing homework. Which of the following examples of student activities would best illustrate studying? a. Rewriting the day's notes from a short lecture and laboratory exercise in science class b. Reading the first 8 pages of a chapter in a social studies textbook c. Calculating the areas of three different triangles presented in math class d. Circling all the similes and metaphors that appear in a poem in a language arts workbook

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for helping students manage transitions; for facilitating students' awareness, development, and application of academic study skills; and for guiding students as they plan, monitor, and direct their own learning. Rewriting lecture and lab notes from a science class is an example of a self-motivated study activity that student engage in to enhance their understanding of content. This is an effective strategy to use to review material presented in class while it is still fresh, organize the material in a way that makes it more comprehendible, and identify gaps in understanding that students can address by asking a classmate or the teacher for clarification.

1. When serving on the school curriculum planning committee, a HS counselor provides the committee with information about prerequisites for technical schools, community colleges, state colleges, and universities. A primary benefit of this practice is that the curriculum committee will be better able to: a. Meet the academic needs of a wide range of students b. Prepare students for college entrance exams c. Plan AP and honors courses d. Select college-level textbooks for certain classes

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the SC's role within advisory councils, multidisciplinary teams, and multi-agency teams; and as liaison between the school and other service providers. By providing information about prerequisites for technical schools, community colleges, state colleges, and universities to a school curriculum planning committee, a HS counselor can help the committee plan curricula that will meet academic needs of a wide range of students.

1. School counselors are likely to work most effectively with students from culturally diverse backgrounds when the counselors base their actions and advice on which of the following premises? a. The strengths and needs of each students are unique and cannot be assumed based on his or her cultural background. b. Students whose home cultures differ greatly from school culture will have the most significant adjustment problems at school. c. The emotional and social development of each student is determined more by biological factors than by cultural ones. d. Students who come from the majority culture will require less assistance with issues related to self-identity and self-esteem.

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the effects of culture, language, and family on students' development and learning. School counselors working with students from culturally diverse backgrounds should be aware of the effects of culture on students' development and learning However, school counselors must always remember that each student is a unique individual, with unique strengths and needs that may or may not be a result of the students' cultural background. School counselors should base their actions and advice to an individual students on the student's individual needs.

1. An elementary SC holds a monthly information night for parents/guardians. The schedule of topics for each session is posted on the school's web site. Which of the following would be the most effective and efficient way to alert parents/guardians to upcoming sessions? a. Sending a reminder e-mail or automated phone message to all parents/guardian. b. Asking students during morning announcements to remind their parents/guardians of the event c. Adding update announcement to the school's website d. Asking teachers to phone parents/guardians who they think might be interested in the topic

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the principles, competencies, and benefits of advocacy used by SCs and effective methods of community outreach and public relations to support the educational system. The most effective and efficient way for the SC to alert p/g to each upcoming information session would be to send an e-mail or automated phone message to all p/g, reminding them when a session will be held and how to find out what will be covered during the session.

1. An elementary school counselor has planned a guidance lesson for a class of fifth graders. First, the students will be given a brief story to read about a child who is dealing with a problem common in the lives of fifth graders. Each student will jot down his or her thoughts about the child's situation and steps the child took to resolve it. Then the students will form small groups to discuss their ideas about the story. After the small-group activity, the counselor will lead a whole-class discussion about the story and what it can teach the students. Finally, the students will work individually or in pairs to create a drawing, posters or other product that reflects something they learned from the lesson. Which of the following describes the greatest strength of the counselor's lesson? a. It is responsive to a variety of student learning styles and preferences. b. It communicates high expectations for all students' learning and achievement. c. It promotes students' understanding and appreciation of various types of diversity. d. It provides students with opportunities to engage in self-directed learning.

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of theories of learning, the instructional implications of students' varied learning modalities, and the characteristics of different types of learning environments. The counselor's lesson includes independent reading and writing, small-group and whole-class discussion, and a creative project completed alone or in pairs. The lesson responds to students who prefer to learn through reading, writing, speaking, and drawing or other forms of creative expression. It responds to students who prefer working independently as well as students who learn my interacting with peers.

1. A student who is meeting with a school counselor mentions that a few students in her class sometimes cheats on tests. The counselor asks the student about her views on the issue. Which of the following responses would most strongly suggest that the student's ideas about right and wrong are bases on conventional moral reasoning as defined by Lawrence Kohlberg? a. "I don't think anyone should cheat because it's against the rules." b. "Cheating is unfair to others in the class who aren't cheating." c. "I wouldn't cheat because I don't want to get punished." d. "Cheating is wrong because I believe that it is."

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of various theories of development and the characteristics, processes, and variations of physical, cognitive, social, emotional, and language development from early childhood throughout young adulthood. Lawrence Kohlberg hypothesized that moral development occurs at three levels: preconventional, conventional, and postconventional. Kohlberg identified two stages within each level. During the fourth stage, at the conventional level, a student would respect authority by obeying rules against cheating.

1. A middle school counselor would like to use technology to help students further develop their writing skills and learn more about the world of work, career, and professional development. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate to use for this purpose? a. Conducting an e-mail mentoring project with various local business owners b. Using modeling software to enhance the application of science concepts c. Creating a virtual art gallery in which young aspiring artist may exhibit their work d. Setting up a blog for chronicling young job searchers

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of ways technology can be used to assist students in choosing and achieving academic, career, and personal/social goals. An e-mail mentoring project with local business owners would provide students with an opportunity to further develop their writing skills while learning more about the world of work, careers, and professional development. Communicating with business owners by e-mail would allow students to practice more formal writing style than one they might use in an e-mail to a friend. Mentors from the local business community could serve as role models as well as sources of information about work and careers.

1. A middle school counselor could most appropriately and effectively use the school's electronic bulletin board for which of the following purposes? a. Sharing strategies for promoting students' success in the classroom b. Discussing individual students' behavior with the students' teachers c. Informing parents/guardians of important changes to school policies d. Presenting the results of a schoolwide needs assessment survey

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of ways technology can be used to plan, organize, deliver, promote, and research the comprehensive school counseling program and strategies for collaborating with other school professionals. An electronic bulletin board uses interactive software that allows users to access and respond to information. School counselors and teachers could most appropriately and effectively use an electronic bulletin board to exchange ideas and strategies for promoting student success.

1. An elementary counselor will be collaborating with the schools 3rd grade teachers to implement a series of developmental guidance lessons in each teacher's classroom. The counselor can best help ensure the success of these collaborative efforts by: a. Meeting regularly with teachers to evaluate their efforts to date and make adjustments as needed b. Providing the teachers with a clear, comprehensive list of the roles and responsibilities they will be expected to assume for the lessons c. Observing the teachers during each lesson and providing them with constructive feedback d. Coming to agreement with each teacher beforehand on a single instructional philosophy that will guide their efforts

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate strategies for promoting staff involvement in guidance lessons and collaborating with teachers to deliver the guidance curriculum through classroom and school wide activities. To ensure the success of a collaborative effort to implement a series of guidance lessons with teachers, a school counselor should meet regularly with the teachers to discuss how well the lessons are meeting students' needs and to determine what changes should be made to enhance the lessons' effectiveness.

1. A high school counselor plans to meet with several teachers who have volunteered to help develop a new transitional program to teach ninth-grade students effective test-taking strategies. Which of the following strategies should the counselor use first when collaborating with these teachers to ensure that the new program is implemented successfully? a. Identifying clear methods of communication for the team b. Assigning each team member a specific task c. Establishing a consistent meeting schedule d. Providing each team member with data-based research

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to demonstrate strategies for promoting staff involvement in guidance lessons and collaborating with teachers to deliver the guidance curriculum through classroom and schoolwide activities. At the outset of a collaboration with a team of teachers, a school counselor can work with team members to identify which methods of communication (e.g. mail, telephone, team meetings) will be used by all team members to ensure that their collaboration can proceed efficiently and effectively.

1. Middle school students who have a strong sense of ethnic identity are most likely to possess which of the following additional traits? a. High degrees of self-esteem b. Commitment to preserving family and ethnic group traditions c. Hostility toward individuals from other ethnic groups d. Reluctance to think independently or critically

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to recognize environmental factors that influence children's development, the effects of these factors on children's attitudes and behavior, and ways in which development in any one domain may affect children's development and performance in other domains. Studies of middle school students have found a positive correlation between a strong sense of ethnic identity and high self-esteem. A student's sense of belonging in his or her ethnic group predicts a higher level of self-esteem.

1. The Occupational Outlook Handbook provides information about: a. Employment prospects and earnings potential for various types of jobs b. Health and safety codes of practice for both employees and employers c. Employment agencies and professional development training programs d. Wage incentive plans and benefits packages offered by employers

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to recognize strategies for enhancing students' career awareness, providing developmentally appropriate career guidance to students, and facilitating students' development of career plans using information about career opportunities, labor-market trends, and local and global economics. Every 2 years, the US Bureau of Labor Statistics publishes an updated edition of the Occupational Outlook Handbook, which provides information about hundreds of types of jobs, including training and education needed, earnings potential, expected job prospects, job descriptions, and working conditions.

1. It is recommended that a SC evaluate the effectiveness of a comprehensive SC program every: a. Year b. 2 years c. 3-5 years d. 7-10 years

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to recognize the need to continually reevaluate the SC program and goals based on changing demographics, societal issues, and cultural trends. According to the ASCA National Model, a SC should perform a program evaluation, or audit, yearly "to appraise the progress of the program development."

1. A 10th grade student is considering dropping out of school because of the financial difficulties that his family is experiencing. When meeting with the student, the school counselor could best help the student assess his situation by taking which of the following steps? a. Discussing with the student the options that are available and what the consequences of those options may be b. Arranging for the student to meet with peer who have also considered dropping out but who opted to stay in c. Providing the student with statistical and anecdotal evidence of the consequences of dropping out d. Encouraging the student to wait until the end of the school term or year before making a decision

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to recognize the relationships of academic development and performance to family, work, and community. If a 10th grade student tells the school counselor that he is considering dropping out of school due to his family's financial difficulties, the counselor can best help the student assess his situation by broadening the student's perspective. The counselor can present different options, such as staying in school while working part time, so the student sees that dropping out of school in not the only possible solutions to what may be a temporary problem. The student will be able to make a choice that takes into account his family's situation and his own future.

1. After a HS counselor refers a student to a creative drama program offered by a community agency, the program director with appropriate consent, speaks with the counselor about the student's participation in the program. Which of the following statements accurately describes a significant benefit of this reciprocal arrangement between the counselor and the agency? a. The counselor can make well-informed decisions about which students to refer to the program b. The agency can integrate the program with the school's academic curriculum c. The student can receive credits for participating in the program d. The teachers at the school can learn how to apply creative drama techniques in their classes

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to recognize the roles of other professionals, community agencies, and service providers in relation to students and families, and strategies for consulting with and making appropriate referrals to such individuals and entities. A significant benefit of the reciprocal arrangement between a HS counselor and the director of a creative drama program is that by speaking to the director about one student's participation in the program, the counselor will have a clearer idea of how participating in the program is helping the student and which additional students would be a good match for the program.

1. A MS counselor plans to refer a student to a private therapist while continuing a counseling relationship with the student. Which of the following statements best describe a primary benefit of this partial referral? a. The student will be able to receive greater continuity of care by maintaining a counseling relationship b. The SC will be able to determine whether the private therapist is an appropriate referral source for other stakeholders c. The private therapist will be able to speak with the SC about the student without violating the student's confidentiality d. The student's p/g will be more likely to accept advice from a private therapist than from the SC

Correct Response: A This question requires the examinee to recognize the roles of other professionals, community agencies, and service providers in relation to students and families, and strategies for consulting with and making appropriate referrals to such individuals and entities. After a MS counselor has established a counseling relationship with a student, the counselor may decide to refer the student to a private therapist who is better qualified to fulfill the student's counseling needs. If the counselor continues the counseling relationship with the student and works collaboratively with the private therapist, the student will receive greater continuity of care.

1. A student's parent tells a MS counselor that a science teacher assigned an unfairly low test grade to the student. To appropriately and effectively address the parent's concerns, which of the following steps should the counselor take first? a. Re-administering the test to the student in the counseling office and assigning a new grade b. Meeting with the teacher to discuss the student's test grade and to describe any attempts made to address the parent's concern c. Reviewing the student's academic record for information about the student's past performance in other science classes d. Mediating a discussion between the student, the teacher, and the parent to resolve the issue

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of methods for creating respectful, productive relationships with students, families, and school staff, facilitating communication between school and home; providing students and families with information and support; and working collaboratively with the adults in students' lives to remove obstacles to school success. After a student's parent tells a MS counselor that a science teacher assigned an unfairly low test grade to the student, the counselor should first determine whether the teacher is aware of the parent's concern. The counselor should discuss the parent's concern with the teacher and listen to the teacher's explanation of the test grade and of any attempts the teacher has made to address the parent's concern.

1. A HS counselor helps a student develop a list of objectives as part of the student's college selection and application process. An excerpt from the list appears below. i. School should be fully accredited ii. Large public university (18,000+ students); not small private college iii. Have co-ed, smoke-free, dormitories iv. Have a Division I women's soccer team v. Have a strong political science department vi. Located in Middle-Atlantic, or Southeast region of US vii. Near (no more than 30 miles from) a medium- or large-size city viii. Be situated on at least 400 acres ix. Total cost no more than $35,000 per year For the next step, the counselor should ask the student to: a. List 2 or 3 schools that match each objective b. Rank the objectives from the most to least important c. Replace any non-academic-related objectives d. Collaborate with peers to compare lists

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of methods for helping students identify and pursue postsecondary options by analyzing their own strengths and needs: using resources for determining aptitudes, knowledge, and interests; and creating a plan of study to maximize their academic abilities. After a HS counselor helps a student develop a list of objectives as part of the student's college selection and application process, the next step should be for the student to rank the objectives from most to least important. Ranking the objectives will help the student identify which characteristics of colleges the student considers essential and which are desirable but nonessential.

1. Several parents/guardians have suggested to a middle school counselor that their school should have a comprehensive substance abuse prevention program. The counselor's best initial response would be to: a. Survey other local middle schools b. Conduct a needs assessment c. Establish preliminary program goals d. Investigate funding needs

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of the ASCA National Model and how to create and implement a schoolwide needs assessment to develop a comprehensive guidance curriculum that covers academic, career, and personal/social competencies. A school counselor's primary responsibility is to address the needs of students. Therefore, if several parents/guardians tell a counselor that their school should have a comprehensive substance abuse prevention program, the counselor's initial response should be to determine whether such a program would address the needs of students at the school. A needs assessment would allow the counselor to determine whether students would benefit from a comprehensive substance abuse prevention program. If the counselor determines that such a program would benefit students, the needs assessment results would help the counselor set goals and objectives for the program, deliver the program, and evaluate its effectiveness.

1. A student who frequently experiences insomnia, heart palpitations, and shortness of breath and is often agitated and irritable is exhibiting the characteristics symptoms of: a. Asperger's syndrome b. An anxiety disorder c. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) d. A mood disorder

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of various exceptionalities and health conditions and their implications for students' development and learning. According to the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, some common physical symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder include difficulty sleeping, restlessness, fatigue, edginess, and irritability.

1. The effects of fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) on the development of a child's central nervous system most often lead to which of the following types of impairment? a. Orthopedic b. Cognitive c. Cardiovascular d. Repertory

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of various exceptionalities and health conditions and their implications for students' development and learning. FAS is caused by an unborn child's exposure to alcohol ingested by the mother. Because FAS affects brain structure and function, it increases a child's likelihood of subsequently developing cognitive impairments.

1. Sharon is a 7th grade student who has recently been diagnosed with a degenerative muscular disorder. Sharon's parents have asked the SC to help their daughter cope with her anxiety regarding this news. During the initial meeting with the counselor, Sharon sits with her arms folded, scowls, avoids eye contact, and refuses to engage verbally. Which of the following comments would me most appropriate for the counselor to make in this situation? a. "Here are some informational brochures for you to read about your disorder." b. "You look uncomfortable right now because we don't know each other that well yet." c. "There is a small group of students who have health issues that meets monthly." d. "You sit there until you feel comfortable while I finish my paperwork."

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of common problems that students face, interviewing skills for various situations, counseling theories and techniques, factors that affect a SC's decision to provide individual counseling, and appropriate strategies for individual counseling. A successful counseling experience is based on mutual trust and acceptance, which may take time to build. Children often doubt an adult's ability to help them. A student whose parents referred her to the SC may not be motivated to engage in a counselling relationship and may resist the counselor's attempt to establish rapport. Sharon's behavior during her initial meeting with the SC indicated that she has yet to trust or accept the counselor. By telling Sharon that she looks uncomfortable because "we don't know each other that well yet," the counselor indicated that she is giving her full attention to Sharon, and that Sharon's feelings, rather than her parents', are the counselor's priority. The counselor's statement is accepting, respectful, and nonjudgmental.

1. The parent of a MS student informs the SC that the student recently witnesses the accidental death of a close relative. The parent asks the counselor to recommend ways to support the student as home. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for the counselor to recommend? a. Urging the student to focus on schoolwork rather than on memories of the accident b. Explaining to the student the benefits of talking about any thoughts or feelings that cause stress c. Encouraging the student to post memories of the relative on social networking web sites d. Respecting the student's wish to be left alone to reflect on the accident and the loss of the relative

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of crisis counseling methods, including suicide assessment, and intervention strategies for students, families, schools, and communities facing emergency situations. After witnessing the accidental death of a close relative, a student would most likely experience feelings of shock, denial, anger, guilt, and hopelessness. Expressing, rather than suppressing, these feelings would be a healthy way for the student to begin to cope with the loss. By explaining the benefits of talking about thoughts or feelings related to the relative's death, the student's parents could encourage the student to move toward accepting the loss.

1. Three students are sent to the SC following a physical fight on the school bus. Using conflict resolution strategies, the SC is most likely to use which of the following intervention methods first? a. Engaging students in developing potential solutions to the problem b. Asking the students questions to clarify their understanding of the problem c. Asking students how they feel about the problem d. Encouraging the student to identify their individual needs that caused the problem

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of crisis counseling methods, including suicide assessment, and intervention strategies for students, families, schools, and communities facing emergency situations. The first intervention method that a SC would use as part of a conflict resolution process would be to ask questions of the 3 students involved in the fight to clarify their perspectives. After listening to each student, describe what led to the fight, the counselor would ask the students to discuss their feelings, develop potential solutions to the problems that caused the fight, and come up with ideas about how they can avoid fighting in the future.

1. A MS counselor is planning a series of small-group counseling sessions to address issues of peer pressure. The counselor has already screened and selected potential group participants. Before the sessions begin, the counselor's most ethical next step would be to: a. Inform each student's HR teacher about the schedule for the group's meetings b. Obtain permission form each student's p/g c. Verify that each student has an IEP d. Request a note from each student's physician

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of legal and ethical issues related to students, p/g, and school personnel (e.g. confidentiality and its boundaries). SC should seek the informed permission of p/g before intervening to counsel their children formally.

1. The legal guideline regarding using multiple formal and informal measures to assess a student's academic progress is based on which of the following rationales? a. Increasing eligibility for special education services b. Minimizing bias in the evaluation process c. Improving the quality of student resources d. Eliminating accountability of individual teachers

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of legal guidelines and key issues in student assessment (e.g. in relation to IEPs, 504 plans, and state-mandated assessments), the advantages of using multiple assessments, and methods for using diverse approaches to assess the needs of students. The legal guideline for using "multiple measures" originated with the Improving America's Schools Act (IASA) of 1994. The use of multiple measures of assessment minimizes bias against students in the evaluation process.

1. Which of the following would likely be the most effective first step for a new elementary SC to take in managing and coordinating the school's counseling program? a. Assuming a leadership role on the child study team b. Establishing a collaborative relationship with the principal c. Implementing a series of in-service teacher training sessions d. Developing a needs assessment of the student population

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of methods for managing and coordinating the services of the SC program, collaborating with school administrators and counseling colleagues, distinguishing between appropriate and inappropriate counseling and non-counseling-related activities, and organizing and managing time to implement an effective program. The success of a developmental guidance and counseling program is ultimately the responsibility of the elementary school principal, who is the chief administrator. As such, the first step that an elementary SC should take to effectively manage and coordinate a school's counseling program is to establish a collaborative relationship with the principal. By establishing this relationship, the SC will most likely be provided with adequate facilities, materials, and staff support to ensure the success of the counseling program.

1. In which of the following circumstances would it be most appropriate for a SC to initiate individual counseling sessions with a student rather than consider a referral to another agency? a. The counselor hears that a student may be committing violent crimes b. A student is having difficulty managing his school workload c. The counselor suspects that a student is the victim of abuse d. A student who has self-esteem issues appears to be bulimic

1. The guardian of a shy 7th grade student asks a SC how to help the student improve his interpersonal communication skills. Which of the following approaches would be most appropriate for the counselor to recommend? a. Visiting websites that offer helpful advice for parents/guardians of adolescents b. Encouraging the student to join a school club or athletic team that engages the student's interest c. Discussing with the student a book by a psychologist who specializes in interpersonal communication d. Asking the student's classmates to make a greater effort to engage the student in friendly conversation

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for encouraging and maintaining parents'/guardians' involvement with school life; the comprehensive school counseling program; and the process of planning for their child's academic, career, and social/personal development. Since a shy 7th grade student would most likely feel comfortable conversing with a small group of peers who share a common interest, the SC should encourage the student to join a school club or athletic team that appeals to him.

1. A school counselor discusses with an academically successful, motivated tenth-grade student the reasons that the student would like to enroll in two AP courses for the next school year. Which of the following reasons offered by the student for pursuing the AP coursework would be most appropriate for the counselor to reinforce? a. Enhancing the appeal of the student's transcripts to college admissions staff b. Providing the student with greater intellectual challenges c. Reducing the overall cost of the student's college education d. Providing the student's family with an opportunity to boast of the student

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for helping students manage transitions for facilitating students' awareness, development, and application of academic study skills, and for guiding students as they plan, monitor, and direct their own learning. Of the reasons offered by an academically successful, motivated tenth-grade student for taking AP courses, the reason that would be most appropriate for a school counselor to reinforce is the intellectual challenges offered by AP courses. ASCA's Ethical Standards for School Counselors state that a professional school counselor "is concerned with the educational, academic, career, personal and social needs and encourages the maximum development of every student." While the student's other reason for taking AP courses may include pragmatic considerations such as enhancing college admissions applications, reducing the cost of attending college, and making family members proud, the counselor should be most concerned with encouraging the student's continued intellectual and academic development.

1. A SC has a goal to develop and implement a schoolwide student advisory program. By advocating for this type of program, the counselor would be helping to create a school environment that: a. Supports an equitable code of conduct b. Provide students with a personalized experience c. Encourage collaboration among faculty members d. Allows students to participate in policy formation

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the SC's role as a change agent; a supporter of every student through program development and educational reform; and an advocate for the counseling profession. In a student advisory program, a teacher or school staff member is assigned to each student in the school to assist the students in achieving his or her academic and personal goals. Such a program gives students a personalized experience with an adult who knows then well and who can offer advocacy and support in difficult social and academic situations.

1. A HS counselor collects information about a student and determines that the student needs services that are beyond the counselor's expertise. The counselor provides appropriate information about the student, without violating confidentiality, to the school psychologist and the school social worker. To ensure that the student receives the help he or she needs, which of the following steps should the counselor take next? a. Providing the student and the student's p/g with written referrals for each service provider b. Coordinating and facilitating communication among the school service providers to develop an action plan c. Asking the student's teachers to release the student from class for appointments with services providers d. Meeting with the student and the student's p/g to discuss options for using other service providers

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the SC's role within advisory councils, multidisciplinary teams, and multi-agency teams; and as liaison between the school and other service providers. A HS counselor who determines that a student's needs services beyond the counselor's expertise can ensure that the student receives help by coordinating and facilitating communication among school service providers. By serving as a liaison between the school psych and the school social worker, the SC can support their collaboration in the development of an action plan for the student.

1. A SC is developing a rating scale as part of an initiative to identify potential HS dropouts. Which of the following sets of descriptions would be most appropriate for the counselor to use for an item on the rating scale specified as "interest in school"? a. Friendship and nature of interactions with peers, attitudes of peers b. Attention in class, participation in class activities, preparation for class c. Decision-making skills, study habits, receptiveness to constructive criticism d. Attitude toward teachers, ability to deal with success, leadership skills

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the different types of scores that various assessments can yield; the conclusions that can and cannot be drawn from given assessment data; and methods for analyzing, synthesizing, and disaggregating data to examine student outcomes and identify necessary interventions. The descriptors the SC chooses to use must be readily observable, clearly ratable and in this case, relate directly to each student's interest in school. By observing how often a student pays attention in class the quality of a student's participation in class, and how well a student is prepared for class, a SC may begin to assess how interested the student is in school.

1. The students at a culturally diverse middle school are likely to be most similar in which of the following ways? a. They assimilate at the same rate the norms and conventions of the school's dominant cultural group. b. They are socialized mainly by their family, peers and community. c. They hold the same beliefs about what sorts of behavior are appropriate in certain circumstances. d. They are interested mainly in history, politics and current events.

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the effects of culture, language and family on students' development and learning. Across cultural groups children's social interactions begin within their family gradually extend to their peers and the community. By middle school, students from diverse cultural groups will have been socialized by their families, peers, and communities.

1. Maintaining an open door policy and increasing the counseling staff's visibility throughout the school day are most likely to lead to which of the following benefits? a. Securing increased funding for the counseling program b. Encouraging reluctant students to seek counseling assistance. c. Increasing interactions between counselors and parents/guardians d. Clarifying the responsibilities of the counseling staff

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the principles, competencies, and benefits of advocacy used by SCs and effective methods of community outreach and public relations to support the educational system. By maintaining an open door policy and being very visible to and interactive with students each day, SC staff create a casual, comfortable environment. Students will become increasingly familiar with the counseling staff and recognize gradually that staff members are available to them on a regular, informal basis. This accessibility would be especially encouraging to students who are typically reluctant to approach a counselor, an administrator, or other schools staff for guidance or support.

1. A middle school counselor wishes to implement a new schoolwide antismoking initiative and would like support from the teachers in the school. To achieve these goals, it would be most appropriate for the counselor to take which of the following actions first? a. Disseminating relevant literature to school staff b. Obtaining permission from school administrators c. Presenting the idea at a monthly staff meeting d. Speaking individually with each teacher

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to demonstrate strategies for promoting staff involvement in guidance lessons and collaborating with teachers to deliver the guidance curriculum through classroom and school wide activities. To gain support from teachers in the implementation of a new schoolwide antismoking initiative, a SC would first need to obtain permission from school administrators. Without the approval and support of school administrators, teacher would be unable to commit their classroom time to the implementation of the initiative.

1. A SC program has identified a number of systemic issues such as a high referral rate for Exceptional Student Education (ESE) services and unequal access to advanced courses. Which of the following actions is likely to be most effective in dealing with these issues? a. Increased focus on individualized counseling b. Staff development training on these topics c. Intervention by district-level administrators d. Consultation with affected families and students

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to identify ways in which SCs can model fairness, lead proactively in issues of equity, and advocate for school policies and practices that provide equitable and fair access to opportunities that allow each student to succeed. Because of a SC's professional commitment to each student's total development, and because a counselor assumes the responsibility of identifying and interpreting each student's educational and avocational interests and concerns, he or she should be actively involved in curriculum planning. In this case, the SC could provide valuable training for staff in how to effectively and appropriately identify those students who would be best suited for EDE serves and advanced courses.

1. In a school counseling program that employs a differentiated staffing model, the most effective way to provide services would be to: a. Using volunteers for clerical tasks b. Assign tasks by area of expertise c. Using aides for routine counseling d. Group students by academic track

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to identify ways in which SCs can model fairness, lead proactively in issues of equity, and advocate for school policies and practices that provide equitable and fair access to opportunities that allow each student to succeed. In a SC program that employs a differentiated staffing model, staff would assume different responsibilities based on carefully prepared definitions of the many SC functions. Thus, the most effective way for the counseling staff to provide services would be to assign - or match - individual staff responsibilities according to individual areas of expertise.

1. A HS counselor wants to ensure that incoming students are aware of the range of services provided by the counseling program. This goal could be accomplished most effectively through: a. Messages given during morning announcements b. Presentations during student orientation c. Individual meetings with incoming students d. Posters hung up throughout the school

1. When planning individual or small-group counseling sessions for a student diagnosed with a learning disability, which of the following facts would be most important for a high school counselor to consider? a. Learning disabilities may affect about 10% of the US population, but they are diagnosed in only about 5% of US high school students. b. Students with learning disabilities frequently have coexisting issues such as low self-esteem and negative attitudes toward school. c. Individualized teaching strategies and instructional accommodations can lead to positive outcomes for students with learning disabilities. d. The student's IEP may require the school counselor to help the student's parents/guardians understand the learning disability diagnosed.

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to recognize environmental factors that influence children's development, the effects of these factors on children's attitudes and behavior, and ways in which development in any one domain may affect children's development and performance in other domains A high school counselor who is planning individual or small-group counseling sessions for a student diagnosed with a learning disability should ask the student appropriate questions and listen for indications that the student has coexisting issues that may be affecting the student's emotional and academic development. The counselor can then address these issues during counseling sessions.

1. Which of the following factors is the strongest predictor of alcohol and drug abuse? a. Family structure b. Peer behavior c. School performance d. Socioeconomic status

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to recognize environmental factors that influence children's development, the effects of these factors on children's attitudes and behavior, and ways in which development in any one domain may affect children's development and performance in other domains. Research has shown that adolescents who associate with peers who use alcohol and/or drugs are at greater risk for using alcohol and/or drugs. When adolescents enter high school, they may encounter a greater number of peers who abuse drugs or alcohol then they encountered while in middle school. Additionally, they may participate in social activities in which they observe peers using drugs and/or alcohol.

1. A school counselor is reviewing the records of a 6th grade student who has enrolled in the middle of the school year. The records show that the student has had behavioral problems and several verbal conflicts and confrontations with his former 6th grade teacher. The counselor's best initial response to this situation would be to: a. Meet with the student immediately to discuss his records and discover the reasons for the inappropriate behavior. b. Recognize that the student deserves an opportunity to start at the new school without negative expectations. c. Inquire about the student's former teacher and any conflicts that that teacher may have had with other students. d. Inform all teachers and school administrators of the potential challenges that this student presents.

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to recognize factors that may affect academic, personal/social, and career development. A student who has experienced behavioral problems and conflicts with a teacher in another school may not present the same problems and conflicts in a new environment. By recognizing the student's opportunity for a fresh start, the school counselor will improve the student's chances for change.

1. Which of the following actions would be most characteristic of a HS counselor who has developed multicultural competence? a. Communicating with students and their families in languages other than English b. Identifying barriers that may prevent some students from certain cultural backgrounds from using SC services c. Attending local community events sponsored by organizations that represent a wide range of cultural traditions d. Participating in several professional development workshops that focus on multiculturalism

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to recognize methods for obtaining knowledge about diverse populations and counseling students from diverse backgrounds, ways in which the counselor's personal characteristics and behaviors can benefit or hinder the helping process, and the importance of multicultural competence and self-awareness for effective SC. A SC who has developed multicultural competence acknowledges client-counselor cultural differences and similarities and is knowledgeable about the cultural values and beliefs that might influence students' attitudes toward SC services.

1. A school counselor is working with an 11th grade student who performs well on small in-class and homework assignments but experiences difficulties managing large, extended assignments. When confronted with a big assignment, such as a research paper, the student feels overwhelmed, procrastinates, becomes disorganized, and ultimately delivers unsatisfactory work. Which of the following methods would likely be most effective for helping the student manage these large assignments? a. Asking the students to sign a contract that stipulates rewards for completing various aspects of the large assignment b. Showing the student how to break down a large job into smaller jobs and establish time lines for each small job c. Pairing the student with a high-achieving peer who can provide hands-on support and encouragement d. Assigning the student several medium-sized, moderately challenging jobs that will build confidence gradually

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to recognize sources of stress or anxiety that affect the learning of children and young adults. An eleventh-grade student who performs well on small assignments but procrastinates, becomes disorganized, and delivers unsatisfactory work when faced with extended assignments is most likely exhibiting signs of stress or anxiety. The student's stress might be caused by the larger scope of an assignment such as a research paper; the student might also experience fear of failure. The most effective method for helping the student manage large assignments would be to show the student how to break them into smaller assignments that are similar in scope to those on which the student has performed well in the past. Helping the student establish time lines for each job would address the student's tendency to procrastinate and become disorganized by providing a series of realistic deadlines.

1. A HS senior would like to eventually work as a physical therapist, and the approaches the SC for help in pursuing this career goal. Which of the following questions would be most important for the counselor to explore with the student first? a. What schools have nationally accredited programs for training physical therapists? b. What are the educational requirements for becoming a physical therapist? c. What are the average projected earnings for physical therapists over the next five years? d. What occupations are closely related to the work of a physical therapist?

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to recognize strategies for enhancing students' career awareness, providing developmentally appropriate career guidance to students, and facilitating students' development of career plans using information about career opportunities, labor-market trends, and local and global economics. When a HS senior approaches the SC for help in pursuing the career goal of becoming a physical therapist, the counselor should first work with the student to identify the educational requirements for this career. After identifying the educational requirements, the student and the SC can discuss whether the student's academic performance in HS indicated that the student will be capable of fulfilling the educational requirements for becoming a physical therapist.

1. A college bound HS senior is in the process of applying for financial aid. She completes and submits a FAFSA, and a week later she receives a Student Aid Report (SAR). Besides a summary of data from the FAFSA, the SAR will indicate: a. Which public colleges and universities would guarantee an on-campus work-study program for the student b. How much money the student's family is expected to contribute each year to the student's college education c. Which state and local agencies have need-based aid packages for which the student would be eligible d. How much money the student can expect to be awarded through scholarships from private organizations

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to recognize strategies for facilitating students' postsecondary planning, including students' understanding of costs of postsecondary options and resources for meeting those costs. In addition to a summary of data from the FAFSA, the SAR would contain the Expected Family Contribution (EFC). Colleges and universities would use the students EFC to prepare a financial aid package (grants, loans, and/or work-study) to help the student meet her financial need. The student's financial need would be determined by calculating the difference between the student's EFC and the cost of attending a specific college or university, including living expenses.

1. Mr. Walker, an elementary SC, has begun assembling a professional portfolio. He includes a variety of materials, such as descriptions of classroom guidance units, types of group counseling offered, and consultation activities. Which of the following additional types of information would likely contribute most significantly to Mr. Walker's growth as a SC? a. Documentation of his membership in various professional organizations b. Personal reflections regarding which services were effective and why c. Notes of appreciation from students' teachers and families d. Lists of workshops and courses he has attended during the school year

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to recognize the elements of and purposes for professional development, the importance of staying abreast of current research, and the value of participation in professional organizations to advance the knowledge and skills of SC. A SC's professional portfolio services as an ongoing self-assessment and as an assessment of counseling services. Including personal reflections on the effectiveness of counseling services in the portfolio will help the SC identify areas of strength and areas in need of improvement, which will facilitate the counselor's professional growth.

1. By creating and implementing a professional development plan that includes active participation in professional organizations, a SC is demonstrating an effort to: a. Secure funds for new programs b. Enhance skills with current information c. Evaluate overall program effectiveness d. Assume leadership responsibilities

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to recognize the elements of and purposes for professional development, the importance of staying abreast of current research, and the value of participation in professional organizations to advance the knowledge and skills of SC. Professional counseling organizations sponsor local, state and national conferences; offer workshops; and publish professional journals. Being an active participant in professional organizations can help a SC enhance his or her professional skills by staying abreast of current information about best practices research, and policies in SC.

1. A MS counselor has compiled a list of local clinics, hospitals, shelters, crisis centers, and other potential referral sources. Which of the following steps should the counselor take next? a. Distributing a list of the sources to teachers and administrators at the school b. Speaking with representatives from each source to learn more about their services c. Obtaining permission from the principal to refer students to the sources d. Posting links to the sources' website on the counseling program's web page

Correct Response: B This question requires the examinee to recognize the roles of other professionals, community agencies, and service providers in relation to students and families, and strategies for consulting with and making appropriate referrals to such individuals and entities. After compiling a list of potential referral sources a MS counselor should speak with representatives from each potential source to determine whether they offer services that match the needs of stakeholders. Familiarity with the programs and services offered by referral sources will help the counselor make appropriate referrals.

1. According to the ASCA Ethical Standards for SC, a HS counselor must inform a student's p/g if the student reveals which of the following facts about herself? a. She has decided to join the military instead of attending college b. She considers her p/g to be overly strict and controlling c. She has developed a detailed plan for committing suicide d. She in confused about her gender identity and sexual orientation

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to analyze applications of the ethical principles of the SC profession in accordance with professional guidelines, including the ASCA Ethical Standards for SC, and ways in which consultation and supervision from appropriate colleagues can be used to guide the SC's recognition of ethical dilemmas and appropriate ways to resolve them. The ASCA Ethical Standards for SC state that a SC must inform "p/g or appropriate authorities when the students' condition indicates a clear and imminent danger to the student or others." A student who reveals to a HS counselor that she has a detailed plan for committing suicide is in imminent danger, and the counselor has an ethical duty to inform the student's p/g.

1. A middle school counselor has a goal of promoting the physical and emotional well-being of students living with a parent/guardian who experiences episodes of depression. The counselor could most effectively achieve this goal by enhancing the students' knowledge of: a. Genetic risk factors for mood disorders b. Community mental health services c. Healthy coping strategies for stress d. Medical treatments for mood disorders

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of behaviors that help enhance the physical and emotional health of students at different stages of development, and strategies for promoting growth and development thought the life span. Research has shown that depressed parents/guardians may communicate feelings of pessimism and sadness that induce anxiety in their children. Living with a depressed parent/guardian may increase a child's stress, but the depressed parent/guardian is unable to model healthy strategies for coping with stress. Therefore, a school counselor could promote the physical and emotional well-being of students whose parents/guardians experience episodes of depression by teaching students healthy strategies for coping with stress.

1. A middle school counselor provides assertiveness training for students from families affected by chemical dependency. The most likely benefit of this training is that it will enhance students' ability to: a. Release suppressed feelings of anger and frustration b. Stop family members from engaging in self-destructive behavior c. Resist pressure from peers to use alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs d. Take on responsibilities neglected by adult family members

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of behaviors that help enhance the physical and emotional health of students at different stages of development, and strategies for promoting growth and development throughout the life span. Children from families affected by chemical dependency are at higher risk for alcohol and other drug abuse. In adolescence, the risk for these children increases if their peers are substance abusers. Assertiveness training can enhance adolescents' ability to resist peer pressure by providing them with effective tools for refusing peer requests to engage in substance abuse.

1. According to research, which of the following caregiver strategies most effectively reduces the chances that an infant with a difficult temperament will develop mental health problems as a child? a. Limiting child's exposure to upsetting visual images b. Providing educational enrichment activities at home c. Setting clear rules that are enforced consistently d. Encouraging the child to make independent decisions

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of behaviors that help enhance the physical and emotional health of students at different stages of development, and strategies for promoting growth and development throughout the life span. In Mental Health: A Report of the Surgeon General (1999), temperament is defined as "the repertoire of traits with which each child is born; this repertoire determines how people react to the world around them." According to this report, studies show that an infant with a difficult temperament is much less likely to develop mental health problems in childhood if the infant's primary caregivers set clear rules and enforce them consistently.

1. A HS counselor meets with a student to discuss that student's upcoming visit to a college the student would like to attend. As part of the visit, the student will have an informational interview with a person from the college's admission office. To help the student acquire a sense of educational opportunities at the college, the counselor should encourage the student to ask which of the following questions during the interview? a. How are accommendation for special diets, such as kosher or vegetarian, made in the college's dining plan? b. What percentage of the college's student body joins fraternities and sororities? c. How easily may students change from one department or school to another at the college? d. Is the general atmosphere on the college's campus serious, social, nonconformist, or experimental?

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of methods for helping students identify and pursue postsecondary options by analyzing their own strengths and needs: using resources for determining aptitudes, knowledge, and interests; and creating a plan of study to maximize their academic abilities. The ease in which students may change from one department or school to another at a college is an indication of the breadth of educational opportunities offered by the college Compared to HS, colleges offers a greater number of variety of areas of study. Many first-, and second-year college students are undecided about what academic major to pursue. A college that accommodates their indecision will offer greater opportunity for educational exploration and self-discovery than a college with stringent regulations that may result in a student feeling obligated to continue to pursue an area of study in which the student has lost interest.

1. A HS counselor is planning individual counseling sessions with a student who has been caught cheating on tests in several classes. The student does well on in-class work and hw assignments. Which of the following strategies would be most appropriate for the counselor to use in an effort to prevent this student from cheating in the future. a. Reviewing with the student the school discipline policies regarding cheating on tests b. Allowing the student to develop specific consequences for the behavior in each class c. Exploring the student's perceptions about test taking d. Establishing a contract with the student stating that the student will conform to classroom rules

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of common problems that students face, interviewing skills for various situations, counseling theories and techniques, factors that affect a SC's decision to provide individual counseling, and appropriate strategies for individual counseling. A HS student who does well on in-class work and hw assignments is demonstrating mastery of content. By completing assignment, the student demonstrates a sense responsibility and a respect for classroom rules. Therefore, the SC could safely assume the student's cheating on tests is not due to lack of knowledge or disregard for rules. By exploring the student's perceptions about the test taking, the counselor can attempt to determine whether the students test taking is a sign of test-taking anxiety.

1. A HS counselor has received several referrals from teachers concerned about 9th grade students who demonstrate shy, withdrawn behavior. Which of the following counseling techniques should the counselor consider first in response to the teachers' concerns? a. Providing positive reinforcement to the students for pro-social behaviors b. Contracting with each student to become involved in extracurricular activities c. Engaging the students in a small group to learn problem-solving and social skills d. Meeting individually with students to assess their personality styles

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of common problems that students face, interviewing skills for various situations, counseling theories and techniques, factors that affect a SC's decision to provide individual counseling, and appropriate strategies for individual counseling. If HS teachers refer several 9th grade students to the SC because they are demonstrating shy, withdrawn behaviors, the counselor could reasonably assume that the 9th graders are most likely having difficulty making the transition from MS to HS. Engaging the students in a small group to learn problem-solving and social skills would be an appropriate counseling technique for the counselor to use as a first step toward responding to the teachers' concerns.

1. A school counselor is planning a classroom guidance lesson for students making the transition from middle school to high school. Which of the following strategies would likely be most effective for the counselor to use in motivating students to engage in this activity? a. Establishing a clear set of behavioral expectations for lesson participation b. Beginning the lesson by sharing a typical class schedule for a high school student c. Relating the content of the lesson to students' prior experiences with change d. Inviting the classroom teacher to assist in presenting the lesson

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of content that is developmentally appropriate for classroom guidance and approaches for creating and presenting developmental guidance lessons that align with the school curriculum, the needs of all students, and the goals of the school and district. Middle school students making the transition to high school would most likely be motivated to engage in a classroom guidance lesson that relates directly to their prior personal experience with change, because adolescence is characterized by a tendency to think reflectively and to study oneself. Therefore, lessons that relate directly to students' personal experience would effectively engage their interest. Also, if students can recall successfully negotiating change in the past, they may approach the transition to high school with greater comfort and self-confidence.

1. A parent of a 8th grade student contacts the SC with a concern that the student may have a substance abuse problem. The parents asks how the counselor could help the student. Which of the following would be the counselor's most appropriate response in this situation? a. Agreeing to set up appointments to meet with the student individually for an 8 week period b. Interviewing the student's friends to assess the existence of the alleged substance abuse c. Providing the parent with contact information regarding outside service providers d. Arranging an intervention that includes the student's family members and friends

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of diagnostic and remediation activities, criteria for referring a student to another professional and activities and skills associated with consultation and referral. If a parent contacts a SC with concerns that a student may have a substance abuse problem, the most appropriate action for the counselor to take would be to refer the parent to a substance abuse counselor with training in the assessment, diagnostic and treatment of substance abuse disorders in adolescents.

1. An elementary school includes a significant number of students whose parents are employed as migratory workers. Throughout the school year these students exhibit a pattern of attending school for several weeks, when their families are settled and working, and then being absent from school for several weeks, when their families are moving to and establishing themselves at a new work site. For teachers attempting to meet the educational needs of these students, the greatest challenge would be to: a. Provide enrichment activities that enhance the students' creativity b. Assess the extent of the students' content area knowledge c. Adapt the students' social behavior to the needs of the school d. Address learning gaps in the students' academic development

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to recognize the relationships of academic development and performance to family, work, and community. Elementary school students whose parents are employed as migratory workers have prolonged absences from school and may attend different schools in different school districts. The greatest challenge for teachers would be to address the learning gaps in the students' academic development that result from their prolonged absences and frequent moves. Teachers would need to expect such learning gaps and plan instructions accordingly.

1. A 5th grade teacher expresses frustration to the SC about difficulty managing a particular student's behavior. The teacher describes the student as wandering around the classroom, having difficulty completing assignments, and distracting classmates (e.g. humming loudly, drumming with a pencil, frequently asking to borrow school supplies). As a result of these behaviors, the student's academic performance is failing. The counselor's most effective first response would be to: a. Meet individually with the student to discuss and establish realistic learning goals b. Recommend that the student join an open social skills group to learn more effective ways to interact with peers c. Establish a consultation relationship with the teacher to help the teacher instruct the student in self-monitoring sills d. Advise the teacher to modify the curriculum to better meet the student's learning needs

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of diagnostic and remediation activities, criteria for referring a student to another professional and activities and skills associated with consultation and referral. When a teacher identifies specific student behaviors that are negatively affecting a student's academic performance, the SC's most effective first response would be to help the teacher apply behavior modification principles by instructing the student in self-monitoring skills. If the student responds well to the self-monitoring techniques, the disruptive behaviors will likely decrease and the student's academic performance will return to its former level.

1. A MS counselor regularly conducts small groups to address emotionally charged topics such as divorce and abuse. At the beginning of such a group, which of the following steps should the counselor take first to help ensure that students respect the confidentiality of information shared during their sessions? a. Obtaining signed confidentiality contracts from the p/g of students in the group b. Describing the discipline policies that address breaches of confidentiality during discussions c. Explaining that, unlike during individual counseling sessions, confidentiality cannot be guaranteed during group discussions d. Establish clear rules of confidentiality about topics to be discussed by the group

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of legal and ethical issues related to students, p/g, and school personnel (e.g. confidentiality and its boundaries). Although MS students can understand that concept of confidentiality, they may not be able to maintain it at their stage of social-emotional development. Therefore, according to the ASCA Ethical Standards for SC, a MS counselor should clearly state to members of a counseling group that confidentiality cannot be guaranteed.

1. Which of the following assessment techniques would most likely involve gathering information on topics such as a student's current life setting, family inventory, and personal history? a. Structured interview b. Self-awareness exercise c. Intake interview d. Self-expression essay

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of measurement and statistical principles of assessment; factors to consider when selecting and implementing assessments for individual and group use; and the uses, benefits, and limitations of a range of formal and informal assessment instruments. A SC would typically conduct an informal intake interview as a first step in intervention planning. During the intake interview, the counselor would gather information about topics that may affect the student, such as current life setting, family inventory, and personal history.

1. Which of the following observation instruments would be most appropriate to use to direct a SC's attention to specific, observable personality traits and characteristics? a. Inventory b. Rating scale c. Checklist d. Anecdotal report

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of measurement and statistical principles of assessment; factors to consider when selecting and implementing assessments for individual and group use; and the uses, benefits, and limitations of a range of formal and informal assessment instruments. A checklist would be the most appropriate instrument to use not only for directing a SC's attention to certain specific traits, but also for providing a simple means of indicating whether those traits are characteristic to the person being observed. Other instruments, such as a rating scale or anecdotal report, provide broader, and often more subjective, assessments of a person.

1. An elementary SC has been working with a small group of students to teach them appropriate social skills. To monitor the students' progress, the counselor decides to use an authentic assessment to arrange for the group to join the counselor in the cafeteria to have lunch together. The primary benefit of using this type of assessment is that the students are able to: a. Practice newly learned skills outside the group setting b. Identify their individual areas of need in comparison to others c. Apply newly learned skills in a real-life situation d. Demonstrate for others the positive outcomes of the group process

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of measurement and statistical principles of assessment; factors to consider when selecting and implementing assessments for individual and group use; and the uses, benefits, and limitations of a range of formal and informal assessment instruments. By applying newly learned social skills in a real-life situation, students will discover whether they can transfer skills learned within the comfort of a group setting to an environment that is less controlled and less comfortable. If the student's goal for learning appropriate social skills is to be able to improve interactions with students outside of their group, lunch in the cafeteria is an ideal authentic setting in which to apply their skills.

1. Which of the following elements is most important to include in a school's crisis-management plan? a. A list of phone numbers of parents/guardians b. An inventory of all emergency supplies c. A delineation of the emergency chain of command d. Description of different types of emergency situations

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for collaborating with all stakeholders to ensure that the school's physical and emotional climate is safe and inviting, for developing and conducting in-service activities for promoting a positive school environment, and for influencing the creation and development of school safety initiatives, crisis-management plans, and violence-prevention programs. A critical part of a school's crisis-management plan is a detailed description of how people in the school and community will coordinate and collaborate with each other to deal with the crisis. What are the exact roles and responsibilities of various responders? Who has the authority to respond to the crisis? What will various responders be allowed or directed to do? These important questions must be answered to formulate an effective crisis-management plan.

1. A SC will be meeting with the parents of a student to review the student's results on recent state-mandated achievement tests. Which of the following types of scores should the counselor use to explain to the parents how their child performed in relation to other students? a. Stanines b. Grade equivalents c. Percentiles d. Age equivalents

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the different types of scores that various assessments can yield; the conclusions that can and cannot be drawn from given assessment data; and methods for analyzing, synthesizing, and disaggregating data to examine student outcomes and identify necessary interventions. In standardized test results, percentiles are used to compare an individual test taker's performance to that of a large group of test takers.

1. A student consistently achieves above-average scores on a series of norm-referenced standardized tests. The student's stanine scores must fall in which of the following ranges? a. 1-3 b. 4-6 c. 7-9 d. 10-12

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the different types of scores that various assessments can yield; the conclusions that can and cannot be drawn from given assessment data; and methods for analyzing, synthesizing, and disaggregating data to examine student outcomes and identify necessary interventions. Stanine scores represent a normal distribution: the lowest score is 1, the median is 5, and the highest score is 9. Therefore, a student who consistently achieves above-average scores must be scoring in the 7-9 range.

1. Two high school teachers are co-teaching a class on US history and literature. During various class discussions about diverse cultural groups in the US, several students repeatedly make stereotypical, prejudicial, and insensitive remarks about those groups. The teachers meet with the school counselor to discuss how to manage the situations. The counselor's best initial response to this situation would be to: a. Plan a series of cultural sensitivity training workshops that all students in the class are required to attend b. Ask the teachers to have each student in the class select a text from a multicultural reading list, read it, and present it to the class. c. Work with the teachers to develop strategies for helping all the students understand and appreciate cultural differences. d. Meet with each student in the class to examine more closely his or her personal views of various cultural groups.

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the effects of culture, language, and family on students' development and learning. As part of multicultural competency, school counselors have a responsibility to collaborate with school administrators, teachers, and parents/guardians to create a healthy learning environment that is inclusive, values cultural diversity, and does not tolerate prejudice. By working with the teachers to develop strategies for helping all the students in their class understand and appreciate cultural differences, the school counselor will help the teachers communicate to the class that the school values cultural diversity. If the teachers can successfully implement the strategies suggested by the counselor, the students will gain a better understanding and appreciation of cultural differences, creating a healthier learning environment.

1. A school counselor meets with a 4th grade student and the student's caregivers, her father and her paternal grandmother, to discuss the student's performance, behavior, and attitude at school. During the meeting, the counselor observes that the grandmother refuses to accept any of the counselor's suggestions regarding her granddaughter's academic development and the father openly submits to the grandmother's authority. While the counselor feels that the grandmother's attitude in unproductive, he decides not to comment on it or challenge her. This discussion reflects the counselor's obligation to: a. Avoid any outright confrontation with a student's family b. Encourage each student to spend as much time as possible with family c. Recognize and respect the belief system of each student's family d. Resist acting in ways that might lead to a student being punished

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the effects of culture, language, and family on students' development and learning. School counselors must recognize and respect the belief system of each student's family rather than attempt to impose their own belief systems. By observing the interaction between a student's family members, a counselor can gain a better understanding of how the student's family has shaped the student's attitudes, values, and behaviors, as well as the student's academic development.

Program evaluation that specifically addresses and responds to the cultural aspects of a program. Culturally responsive evaluation is evaluation that is done with cultural competence.

Culturally responsive evaluation

"A vocation requiring specialized training in a field of learning, art, or science; a body of persons engaged in a calling or vocation" defines a: a. Certification b. School Counselor c. Leader d. Profession

1. After developing and implementing classroom guidance lessons about transitioning to HS, a MS counselor plans to evaluate the lessons' effectiveness by having 8th grade students complete a survey. Given the counselor's purpose, which of the following survey questions would provide the most relevant information? a. What classes do you plan to take during your first semester in HS? b. How do you feel about entering HS next year? c. What did you learn about going to HS that you did not know before? d. How are you preparing yourself for entering HS next year?

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the foundations of the SC program its mission, its support of the school's mission, and its role in accountability. Surveying students about the knowledge they gained from guidance lessons will help answer the questions that defines accountability in the ASCA National Model; "How are students different as a result of the program?" Students' answer to the question "What did you learn about going to HS that you did not know before?" will indicate what students learned and what misconceptions, if any, they took away from the lessons.

A "control group" research format attempts to demonstrate a) the democratic leadership style of the school counselor. b) group management skills of a counselor. c) the focus of a particular group session. d) a possible causal factor in bringing about a desired student outcome.

1. The HS counseling staff want to provide students with an outreach activity that will help them connect with their community. Which of the following activities would be most appropriate for this purpose? a. Organizing a blood drive for a local hospital b. Surveying residents on a local political issue c. Conducting a food drive for the local good bank d. Assisting custodial staff in cleaning local schools

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the principles, competencies, and benefits of advocacy used by SCs and effective methods of community outreach and public relations to support the educational system. The process of conducting a food drive for the local food bank would provide students at the HS with excellent and varied opportunities for connecting with their community. Performing this activity could lead to positive interactions between the students and local business owners, religious leaders, law enforcement officials, and other members of the community.

A balanced school counseling program has a. an equal number of male and female counselors. b. an equal emphasis on counseling and non-counseling functions.. c. proportional racial representation in its counseling staff. d. both prevention programming and responsive services.

A first step for school counselors to become a resource is to a) make sure their counseling center is located near the administration's office. b) identify teachers with whom they can share confidential information. c) ask their principals for a computer. d) learn about professional services provided by the school and school system.

A first step that counselors take in accepting a referral from teachers to counsel a student is to a) test the student to check ability level. b) place the student in group counseling. c) begin individual counseling with the student. d) observe the student in the classroom.

A key to being proactive and preventative cocnerning the use and misues of technology is for school counselor to: a. be aware of what kids are doing with technology. b. be aware of how students are communicating with each other. c. design ways to educate students about these issues. d. All of the above.

A model of collaboration, which is a shift from traditional school counseling interventions whereby the school counselor removes students from the classroom for services, is referred to as: a. CASTT b. Epstein's Model of Collaboration c. Transformation Collaboration d. Collaborative Inclusion Model

A school counselor's use of data to determine gaps in the program, and through assessment she is also able to make informed decisions regarding needed changes in the program is an example of: a. individual planning and responsive services. b. delivery system. c. foundation. d. accountability.

A unique aspect of the referral function in school counseling is a. student clients cannot usually be forced to accept a referral suggestion. b. referees may charge a fee for their services. c. referral services are governed by codes of ethics. d. practically all of one's student clients are minors.

ASCA defines a professional school counselor as an individual who: a. is a certified/licensed educator with a minimum of a master's degree. b. addresses all students' academic, personal/social and career development needs. c. promotes and enhances student success and supports a safe learning environment. d. all of the above.

According to Menacker, activist counselors may achieve empathy through a. good listening and responding skills. b. becoming martyrs. c. helping student clients adjust to the system. d. direct helping activities.

According to the Domains/Activities/ Partners model, through which means should the school counseling program be delivered? a. Counseling b. Educating c. Leadership and Coordination d. All of the above

Action research refers to: a. insights gained by professionals in the field. b. data collected from students, schools, teachers, programs, activities, c. any source of information in your job or school. d. All of the above.

An advisory committee for a school counseling program a) is unnecessary if clear needs assessments are performed. b) must be appointed by the principal. c) always consists of parent volunteers. is a vehicle through which counselors obtain input about the program.

An essential part of helping students with their educational and career plans is a) to encourage them to select a career before high school. b) the parents' rights to know what their children share with school counselors. c) the school's responsibility to help the community fill its manpower needs. d) to teach them decision-making skills and processes.

An indirect services perspective would find counselors a. asking administrators for more time to include their programs in the school's master schedule. b. making time in their schedules to see more students individually to achieve developmental intervention goals. c. reporting on their activities in guidance newsletters. d. including teachers in their prevention programming activities.

Assessment and appraisal are important school counselor functions. It is essential that school counselors: a. have an in-depth understanding of assessment instruments and concepts b. are aware of the criticisms of certain instruments that are often used in the schools c. use assessment in the counseling function within the three domains d. all of the above

Assessment of school climate a) is best performed by a school psychologist b) typically does not produce useful data c) is the most efficient measurement of student attitudes d) can produce findings that help counselors and schools select appropriate services.

Baker and Gerler believe that many school counselors engage in accountability services a. proactively. b. consistently. c. knowledgeably. d. reactively.

Bowman's survey about small group guidance and counseling among members of the American School Counselor Association indicated that the respondents are a. unenthusiastic about such activities. b. satisfied with their preparation for providing such programming. c. happy with the status of the programming they were providing. d. having difficulty finding time to deliver such programs.

Classroom observations by school counselors a) interfere with instruction. b) should only be done with standardized observation instruments. c) rarely gather reliable data because students behave differently with the counselor in the room. d) can provide information to evaluate student learning and behavior.

Collecting data is part of which system(s)? a. Accountability b. Delivery c. Management d. a. and c.

Construct validity refers to a) how accurately a test is timed. b) inter-correlation with different forms of the same test. c) how accurately a test predicts success. d) how accurately a test measures the abstract, psychological characteristics it claims to assess.

Consultation is always: a. dyadic b. individual-based c. student-centered d. triadic

Consultation provides many benefits, such as: a. being an efficient use of time. b. utilizing a systemic way with the school, whole classrooms, students, and their families. c. providing long-term benefits to the consultee and the client. d. All of the above.

Counseling and intervention planning from a ____________ framework takes into account the student's family, culture, and environment. a. developmental b. trait and factor c. educational d. social justice

Counselors are the models for mental health in the schools. Counselors living out-of-balance: a. compromise their personal self mentally, physically, and/or emotionally. b. compromise their credibility and ability to function. c. discover that their personal needs drive their professional choices. d. All of the above.

Counselors who are committed to serving all students a) have unrealistic goals. b) should spend more time using parent education programs. c) will probably suffer burn-out. d) form collaborative working relationships with special education teachers.

Data from the U. S. Department of Education survey reported by Moles (1991) indicate that a. well over 50% of counselors' time is spent on nonguidance activities. b. students who continue their education beyond high school receive more assistance from counselors than those who do not. c. most schools have guidance-related courses or units. d. the average ratio of students to counselors is at the recommended ratio of 250-1.

Deliberately planned orientation programs are designed to help children and adolescents a. learn to be better test-takers. b. make wise decisions about using addictive substances and engaging in c. premarital sexual activities. d. through cross-age tutoring. e. make successful transitions from one level of schooling to another.

Developmental counseling a) progresses depending on the age of the student b) usually ignores perceptions of young students c) is not effective with adolescents d) considers important life tasks in the counseling process.

Developmentally appropriate education: a. Refers to educational experiences that are tailored to the developmental needs of students in terms of social skills, emotional maturation, and academic strengths and challenges. b. Was first used to describe educational strategies for preschool age children. c. Provides balance among academic, social, and emotional goals. d. All of the above.

Education today is more likely to be described by: a. teaching methods that energize both teaching and learning. b. constructivist educational strategies. c. Adlerian and Reality Therapy education. d. all of the above.

Effective schools can be characterized by which of the following? a. Connections among staff, teachers, students, and caregivers. b. Consistently fair decision making. c. An encouraging environment. d. All of the above.

Elementary counselors focus more on: a. Personal/social b. Career c. Academic d. a. and c. e. All of the above.

External tests of professional competencies may be used to document the professional attainment in school counseling as: a. a prerequisite for state licensure/certification. b. an evaluation to document the development of advanced for refined skills. c. a nationally certified school counselor. d. all of the above.

How can school counselors fulfill their role as monitors and advocates for students? a. Monitor grades, behavior statistics, and test scores b. Collaborate with other school professionals c. Alert school professionals and families of student progress. d. All of the above.

If schools fail to conform to Federal legislation such as Title IX, PL 94-142, and The Buckley Amendment, a. responsible officials are subject to Federal arrest. b. they are closed by Federal mandate. c. the will be "blackballed" in the Federal Register. d. they may lose their Federal funding.

If subpoenaed for testimony in a custody hearing, Remley and Herman (2000) recommend that your testimony include: a. opinions of parent competence and who you think the child should live with. b. everything you and the child have shared and explored together. c. vague hunches and interpretations d. only factual information

In Human Teaching and Human Learning, Brown highlighted the importance of the relationship between a. theory and practice. b. prevention and intervention. c. school counselors and teachers. d. intellect and affect.

In a consulting relationship where a counselor helps an administrator and a student who are experiencing interpersonal differences to reach a mutually agreed-upon understanding, the mode is a. arbitration. b. initiation. c. prescription. d. mediation.

In exceptional children's programs, the "least restrictive environment" means a) placing no more the 10 students in the class. b) that exceptional students need to be placed in more permissive environments. c) that counselors should see these students more often. d) that, as much as possible, students with disabilities must be instructed in classes with non-disabled students.

In order to potentially avoid situations of conflict of interest between the school counselors' responsibility to students collides with the responsibility to the school, school counselors should: a. maintain confidentiality with the student b. follow the rules regulations or policies of the school and the district c. seek legal consultation d. educate the school and district and have a process in place for thinking through professional dilemmas as they arise.

In terms of facilitating a socially safe school, school counselors strive to create school conditions that foster: a. Dependency and conformity. b. Socially acceptable school climate initiatives. c. Safe social gathering places for students to connect. d. Inclusion and valuing diversity.

In the case where Mrs. Jones, a worried mother, asks the counselor to find out what is wrong with her daughter Tina, the counselor will have to a. refer Mrs. Jones to another counselor immediately. b. refuse to be involved on ethical grounds. c. serve as a consultant to Mrs. Jones and a counselor to Randy concurrently. d. determine who his/her client is while maintaining a helping relationship toward all parties.

Individualism is a philosophy that believes a) the group is most important b) conformity is the key to school success c) collectivism is more important than a single person d) the person is discrete from other beings

It is critical that counselors examine the following when making choices that shape our work with students. a. Personal values b. Professional values c. moral vision d. all of the above

It is important that school counselors help students and families feel more comfortable talking about their needs by: a. helping them understand mental health issues. b. encouragung them to access school and community resources as needed. c. normalizing both developmental struggles and mental health concerns. d. All of the above.

Leadership that involves believing in people and communicating that belief, being visible and accessible, and empowering others, is referred to as: a. Symbolic leadership b. Political leadership c. Structural leadership d. Human resource leadership

Local school board policies are a) in contradiction with ethical standards of the counseling profession. b) always in agreement with ethical guidelines of counselors. c) of little importance to school counselors because they are revised so frequently. d) legal guidelines for school personnel to follow.

1. Elementary educators who incorporate Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences into their planning are more likely to: a. Offer frequent opportunities for student self-assessment b. Focus on providing cooperative learning activities in each subject c. Very instructional methods used throughout the school day d. Alternate more-challenging learning books with less challenging books.

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of theories of learning, the instructional implications of students' varied learning modalities and the characteristics of different types of learning environments. According to Howard Gardner, there are 8 distinct types of intelligence: logical/mathematical, linguistic, musical, naturalist, spatial, bodily/kinesthetic, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Because there are multiple intelligences, there are multiple learning styles, Educators should assume that in any given group of students, different types of intelligence are represented, as are different types of learning styles. Therefore, elementary educators should very their instructional methods throughout the school day to ensure that each student has an opportunity to learn in the way that is best suited to his or her types of intelligence.

Many experts agree that career, educational, and social/personal development define comprehensive counseling programs, because these aspects a) are liberal in design. b) are misunderstood by most teachers. c) fragment the role of the school counselor. d) are fundamental to student development.

Of all the challenges to professional identity, the one over which school counselors have most control is a. keeping motivated. b. being responsible for non-counseling functions. c. support from professional organizations. d. keeping current.

One useful way to conceptualize how to facilitate change with the client is to use the principles of learning described by: a. Social Learning Theory. b. Epistemological development. c. Systems theory. d. a and b. e. b and c.

Past and present perceptions are that former teachers make the best school counselors, however, recent research suggests: a. teaching experience is not a predictor of a counselor's success. b. teachers and non-teachers both face challenges in their professional development. c. non-teachers make the best school counselors. d. a and b.

1. According to Lev Vygotsky's theory of cognitive development, children acquire language primarily as a result of: a. Innate abilities b. Psychological experiences c. Social interactions d. Positive reinforcements

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of various theories of development and the characteristics, processes and variations of physical, cognitive, social, emotional and language development from early childhood throughout young adulthood. According to Lev Vygotsky, learning involves the acquisition of signs from others. Children's cognitive development depends on their ability to internalize these signs in order to think and solve problems independently. The first thing children learn is that certain actions and sounds have meaning. Listening to people speak and deliberately engaging in conversations are ways that children master language through social interactions.

Prevention programming features a. individual or one-to-one relationships. b. the implementation of counseling theories in one's practice. c. an emphasis on counseling interventions. d. instructional activities.

1. A school counselor would like to help high school seniors and their families make realistic decisions about the students' chances of admission to various colleges. Which of the following technology applications would be most effective for the counselor to use? a. An internet bulletin board that the school's current and former students use to post news about extracurricular activities and events going on at school and at various local colleges b. A 20-minute video that features animated clips depicting college life and short interviews with the school's former students who are in college c. Presentation software that shows tables and graphs indicating various colleges and the range of GPAs, SAT scores, and class ranks of the school's former students who were accepted to the colleges d. E-mail based individual counseling with each current senior who is interested in college to discuss his or her academic interests and goals

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of ways technology can be used to assist students in choosing and achieving academic, career, and personal/social goals. The school counselor could most effectively use presentation software to create a visual display of data that will help high school seniors and their families make realistic decisions about the students' chances of admission to various colleges. Tables and graphs that indicate the range of GPAs, SAT scores, and class ranks of the school's former students who were accepted at the colleges would allow current students and their families to better evaluate students' chances of admissions by comparing their own academic qualifications with the information presented.

Professional in schools are expected to do all of the following except: a. Provide a safe, exciting, fun, invigorating learning environment. b. Communicate with parents/guardians/caregivers regularly c. Provide transportation to and from the school d. Make policy, financial, and educational decisions.

Regarding the "Three Best Paradigms," the authors favored a. the ASCA National Model. b. the Transforming School Counseling Initiative.. c. the School-Community Collaboration Model. d. a blending of the three paradigms.

1. While designing a career development initiative to include in a HS's counseling program, a SC should select interventions and curricula based mainly on which of the following criteria? a. Administrative recommendations b. Cost efficiency c. Positive outcome research d. Ease of implementation

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to identify the SC's role in the development, implementation, and management of the SC program and in working with administrators to develop SC management systems that align with the school's goals. A HS counselor should base the design of a career development initiative primarily on outcome research, which shows the types of career development interventions and curricula that have had positive outcomes for students.

School counselor professional advocacy is promoted as a means of dealing with an "Old-Ghost," that is, a. insufficient salaries. b. high student-to-counselor ratios. c. insufficient clerical and secretarial support. d. role confusion.

School counselor responding to self-destructive behaviors would examine the effect of the behavior on: a. academic b. career c. personal/ social development d. all of the above.

School counselors must be a liaison between the ______________ and the ____________ facilitating and coordinating a school's efforts to contact and access community resources and services. a. principal; parents b. parents; teachers c. teachers; students d. School; community

1. Which of the following factors contributes most significantly to student's expectations with regard to student-teacher roles and relationships? a. SES b. Influence of peers and siblings c. Received cultural beliefs d. Attachment to a primary caregiver

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to recognize environmental factors that influence children's development, the effects of these factors on children's attitudes and behaviors, and ways in which development in any one domain may affect children's development and performance in other domains. Students' received cultural beliefs about student-teacher roles and relationships include ideas based on depictions of student-teacher roles and relationships in the media as well as beliefs instilled by students' family members and the broader society in which students live. Depending on a student's received cultural belief, the student may expect a teacher to be authoritarian or democratic, stern or nurturing.

School counselors should take into account the student's ____________ contexts to examine prevention and intervention strategies that would provide the most support for the student's recovery and aftercare. a. family b. school c. community d. All of the above.

Stone and Dahir's (2006) model of collaboration, which describes school counseling programs that base their success and achievement around the partnerships they have developed with their community, administrators, students, teachers, and technology is referred to as: a. Commuity Asset Mapping b. Epstein's Theory c. Transformative Collaboration d. CASTT

Supervision can be conceptualized in terms: a. Administrative supervision. b. Program supervision. c. Technical, clinical, or counseling supervision. d. All of the above.

The ASCA, Gysbers and others believe that school counselors will become a part of the total education program of their schools by a. being perceived as competent at non-counseling functions. b. getting out of their offices more often. c. joining teacher and administrator professional organizations. d. supporting the academic mission of the schools.

The authors propose a system for evaluating individual and group counseling that is best depicted as a. a true experimental treatment vs. control group design.. b. a brief counseling assessment strategy. c. a quasi-experimental treatment vs. control group design. d. a case by case approach.

The availability of small groups for students who were newcomers to the area, children of divorce, substance abusers and their families, students interested in increased racial and ethnic understanding, gay and lesbian supporters, and retained ninth graders is a component of: a. career counseling. b. delivery system. c. individual student planning. d. responsive services.

1. In selecting materials to be used for career development activities with elementary school students, it is most important to ensure that the materials: a. Reflect students' interests and abilities b. Cover a variety of emerging professions c. Are free from gender bias and stereotyping d. Emphasizing the importance of higher education

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to recognize multicultural and pluralistic concepts to address when developing or selecting curricula that promote positive images of people from diverse backgrounds (e.g. ways to use diversity to create a rich academic community, meaningful career education programs, and successful social interactions; strategies for educating the school community about diversity and commonalities within the school; and criteria for selecting research-based instructional materials.) Gender bias and stereotyping are prevalent in society. An elementary school counselor can counteract environmental factors that influence students' perceptions of their educational and occupational options by selecting career development materials that are free of gender bias and stereotyping thus broadening students' perceptions of their abilities and options.

1. A SC would like to create an after-school enrichment program that will enable HS juniors and seniors to work for various local businesses. The objective of the program is to help students explore their abilities and cultivate career-building skills. Which of the following steps would be most important for the counselor to take to ensure that the program is a success? a. Monitoring each student closely for any signs of on-the-job stress, fatigue, or injury b. Establishing that all students will be paid the same wage and more than the minimum wage c. Placing students in jobs that correspond to their occupational interests and goals d. Award students who participate with college savings bonds and gift certificates

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to recognize strategies for enhancing students' career awareness, providing developmentally appropriate career guidance to students, and facilitating students' development of career plans using information about career opportunities, labor-market trends, and local and global economics. Placing HS junior and seniors in jobs that correspond to their occupational interests and goals would help students discover whether they possess the necessary skills to pursue these occupations and help them develop skills they could build on over the ourse of their careers.

The decision of whether of not to use individual counseling in a school counseling program is related, in part, to the a) counselor's certification level. b) teacher's approval. c) student's social status. d) time available to provide this service.

1. A SC conducts a program evaluation close to the end of each school year. The primary purpose of this practice is to: a. Assess the counselor's professional skills in effecting positive change in the school community b. Analyze the perceptions of those receiving counseling services c. Identify counseling services that will likely be necessary to meet new areas of need for the following year d. Document the counselor's use of time in providing services

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to recognize the need to continually reevaluate the SC program and goals based on changing demographics, societal issues, and cultural trends. The primary purpose of conducting a SC program evaluation close to the end of each school year is to identify which counseling services will be needed during the following year.

The emphasis on a leadership function for school counselors seems to be driven by a desire to have school counselors a. more independent from their school principals. b. situated above school principals on the leadership levels in schools. c. more important in the views of their students. d. placed in central leadership roles in the schools.

1. Which of the following events would most likely necessitate the immediate revaluation of the SC services in the school district. a. The state board of education changes the graduation requirements regarding science and math coursework b. A new statewide high-stakes testing program is introduced to replace current assessment practices c. The manufacturing plant that employs a majority of the district's working population shuts down suddenly d. A small group of exchange students arrives to attend school for a semester

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to recognize the need to continually reevaluate the SC program and goals based on changing demographics, societal issues, and cultural trends. The sudden shutdown of a manufacturing plant that employs a majority of a school district's working population would most likely affect a large number of students. SC services would need to be reevaluated to accommodate the immediate needs of these students and their families.

The federal bill that provided funds to train counselors for secondary schools during the late 1950s and early 1960s was a) the George-Barden Act. b) the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA). c) the Mental Health Act for Secondary Schools. d) the National Defense Education Act (NDEA).

The following trend is expected in future school counseling programs. a) Less use of technology. b) Less direct counseling services. c) More work with students in crisis. d) More group work with students, parents, and teachers.

The notion of "lifelong learning" a) is beyond the scope of the school's responsibility. b) should not be allowed to interfere with the school's daily routine. c) has little value in educational planning. d) should be encouraged by school counselors through all of their services.

The process of socialization by accepting the cultural values of the larger society is: a) acclamation b) an anti-diversity perspective c) acculturation d) marginality

1. A HS counselor has had several individual counseling sessions with a student and would like to make a referral suggestion to the student. Which of the following statements by the counselor would be most appropriate and effective for convincing the student to accept the suggestion? a. "You should see someone who has more expertise dealing with serious cases like yours" b. "I have such a busy schedule that I can't give you the time and attention you need" c. "Your goal is to feel better, and this program will make it possible for you to reach that goal" d. "I would continue our sessions if I thought they were helping you, but clearly they're not"

Correct Response: C This question requires the examinee to recognize the roles of other professionals, community agencies, and service providers in relation to students and families, and strategies for consulting with and making appropriate referrals to such individuals and entities. To convince a student to accept a referral, a HS counselor should refer to the student's counseling goal and explain to the student how the referral source will enable the student to achieve that goal.

The recommendation for meeting the evaluation/accountability challenge associated with prevention programming/large group guidance is to a. conduct true experimental designs. b. compare groups that receive the programs with those that do not. c. rely on perception data in order to learn whether the programs are well received. d. focus on results-based data based on program objectives and evaluate the same programs several times, preferably in a variety of settings.

The term, worldview refers to a) collective views of cultural groups b) a perception congruent with the majority c) a perception incongruent with the majority d) the way students and others give meaning to life.

The ultimate anti-stress weapon, according to Seaward (1994), is: a. faith. b. plenty of rest and relaxation. c. exercise and a healthy diet. d. self-esteem.

To be comprehensive a school counseling program must be: a. holistic & systemic b. reflective, balanced, and informative c. holistic, systemic, balanced, proactive, reflective and infused in academic curriculum. d. None of the above

Understanding the ways in which students learn and their capacity for learning is two ways to support student's development in which domain? a. personal/social development b. academic development c. career development d. All of the above

Virtual reality technology a) is unethical to use in school counseling. b) is too entertaining to have any instructional value. c) might become the singular method for helping children learn about peer relationships. d) could be a possible tool to assist in counseling and guidance.

Websites, brochures, and speaking engagements are a) activities that counselors should avoid. b) information sources that detract from the counselor's normal duties. c) low tech to hi-tech strategies for providing counseling services. d) strategies for marketing counseling services.

1. A school counselor in a diverse middle school is collaborating with a classroom teacher to present character education lessons. Which of the following approaches is likely to be most effective in this situation? a. Creating a web page with links to relevant research b. Asking students to decide on lecture topics that interest them c. Assigning an essay on a relevant topic of each week d. Using group activities to practice problem solving

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of major characteristics of effective prevention and intervention activities and way in which these activities can address a range of needs in the school community. The most effective approach for a middle school counselor to use when collaborating with a teacher to present character education lessons would be to engage students in group activities that allow them to practice problem-solving skills in a safe environment once students have learned and practiced problem-solving skills in the classroom, they will feel more confident about applying the skills outside of the classroom.

What laws should school counselors become familiar with due to educational services for students whom are often coordinated with counseling services? a. No Child Left Behind Act b. Education for All Handicapped Children Act & Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 c. The Americans with Disabilities Act & the Individuals with Disabilities Act d. b. and c.

Which element of the ASCA National Model defines what school counselors actually do? a. Management System b. Foundation c. Accountability d. Delivery System

Which of the following components of the Domains/Activities/Partners model guides program efforts, advocates for change, and is a voice for school counseling in the district? a. Domains b. Consulting c. Partners d. Advisory Board

Which of the following delivery models tends to rest on clear assumptions as to the role and function of school counselors and programs? a. Non prescriptive models b. Essential services models c. Results-based models d. Prescriptive models

Which of the following delivery models was designed to increase emphasis on student achievement and development while reducing the emphasis on non-student focused activities? a. Developmental b. Results-based c. Essential services d. Domains/Activities/Partners

Which of the following describes group counseling? a. involves primary prevention b. has a therapeutic and intervention focus c. is suggested to be effective, most especially with at-risk students d. all of the above

Which of the following is data that illustrates meaning and experience, and can be portrayed using narratives, interviews, observations, objects, or other visual forms? a. Achievement data b. Quantitative data c. Relational data d. Qualitative data

Which of the following is not a component of the management system? a. Action plans b. Management Agreements c. Advisory Council d. System support

Which of the following is not a type of evaluation? a. Needs assessment b. Outcome research c. Formative evaluation d. Achievement evaluation

Which of the following is not data collected by school counselors? a. Process data b. Results data c. Perception data d. Attitudinal data

Which of the following is not data that is generally collected by school districts? a. Achievement data b. Attainment or access data c. School culture and climate data d. Relational data

Which of the following measures the results of an intervention? a. Formative evaluation b. Needs assessment c. Implementation evaluations d. Outcome evaluation

Why is a commitment to diversity and social justice important in school counseling? a. Because it is the law. b. Because everyone deserves the change to learn. c. Because counselors in general are charged with the responsibility to advocate for our clients. d. All of the above.

Within the developmental external asset section in the category of Empowerment, which entities are included? a. Other adult relationships b. Youth as resources, community values youth c. Safety & services to others d. b. and c.

1. In recent weeks, the number of disciplinary actions resulting from students found using tobacco at a middle school has increased significantly. In response, the school counselor would like to implement a tobacco-use intervention guidance program. Which of the following activities would address this goal most effectively? a. Require students to participate in an anti-tobacco campaign that will disseminate information to elementary and middle schools in the district b. Distributing information about tobacco use to all classroom teachers and advising to send it home with students c. Contacting the parents/guardians of the students suspected of tobacco use and engaging them in a dialogue about helping their children d. Co-teaching with the school nurse and classroom teachers and integrating tobacco education into the general curriculum

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of major characteristics of effective prevention and intervention activities and ways in which these activities can address a range of needs in the school community. Widespread tobacco use among students at a middle school could be most effectively addressed by a schoolwide intervention in which the school counselor, school nurse, and teachers combine their areas of expertise in a collaborative effort to integrate tobacco education across the curriculum. For example, teachers of science, health and physical education classes could address the causes and effects of nicotine addiction, as well as the risks of smoking, and the school counselor could facilitate small counseling groups for students who wish to stop smoking.

1. Which of the following factors would be most important for a SC to consider before advising student athletes about their postsecondary options for athletics? a. The economic forces that make college athletics a multibillion-dollar industry b. The role of athletic competition in developing self-confidence c. The positive influence that college athletics can exert as role models d. The effects of athletic involvement on the formation of self-identity

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of methods for helping students identify and pursue postsecondary options by analyzing their own strengths and needs: using resources for determining aptitudes, knowledge, and interests; and creating a plan of study to maximize their academic abilities. HS student athletes may consider their role as school athlete to be an essential part of their self-identity, but adolescents' self-identity are still forming in HS. When adolescents begin their postsecondary education, their self-identities may continue changing. When advising student athletes about their postsecondary options for athletics, a SC can help them think about the time and emotional commitment they have made to a sport, and decide whether they want to remain as committed to the sport or focus more on career aspirations during their postsecondary education.

According to Hersey, Blanchard, and Johnson (1996), management consists of the functions of: a. planning b. organizing c. motivating d. controlling e. all of the above f. none of the above

Effective educators understand how students communicate, both verbally and nonverbally; they know what students value and why; they know how students identify with others, whom they identify with, and why. Which of the following is a strategy for developing and maintaining this type of connection with students? a. become familiar with student/adolescent culture. b. affirm the reality of students' concerns. c. relate content to students' outside interests: games, music, sports, fashions, trends. d. share your humanity with students as appropriate. e. All of the above.

Elementary students in the primary grades are characterized by: a. the development of social skills. b. adjustment to non-home environments. c. challenges, high need for physical activity. d. rapid cognitive development. e. All of the above.

1. At the beginning of the school year, an elementary school counselor distributes a survey to classroom teachers and asks them to rank the subjects below in order of importance to their students. - Decision-making skills - Stereotyping - Communication skills - Bullying - Test-taking skills - Tobacco use - Problem-solving skills - Alcohol use - Conflict resolution - Substance abuse - Peer pressure - Eating disorders The counselor could most effectively use the survey results to help fulfil which of the following counseling responsibilities? a. Advising students who have disciplinary problems b. Addressing students' educational goals c. Protecting and serving students' rights d. Developing proactive guidance lessons that address students' needs

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of the ASCA National Model and how to create and implement a schoolwide needs assessment to develop a comprehensive guidance curriculum that covers academic, career, and personal/social competencies. The ASCA National Model states that "the use of data to effect change within the school system is integral to ensuring every student receives the benefits of the school counseling program. School counselors must show that each activity implemented as part of the program was developed from a careful analysis of students' needs achievement and/or related data." The subjects listed on the counselor's survey address academic skills and interpersonal communication skills, as well as issues that affect students' physical and emotional development. By asking teachers to rank the subjects in order of their importance to students, the counselor will have relevant data to use when planning guidance lessons to address students' needs.

Embedded Intergroup Relations (Alderfer, 1994) posits that interaction between people depends on: a. the unique personalities of the individuals. b. the messages the individuals receive and internalize from their own group (defined as any diversity construct with which the person identifies). c. the present and historical relationships between the groups that the individuals represent. d. b. and c. e. All of the above.

Gibson, Dollarhide, and Moss (in press) developed a process model for the development of professional identity which involves: a. defining counseling for oneself. b. internalizing responsibility for one's learning about counseling. c. seeing oneself as part of a professional community to which and for which one is responsible. d. a. and c. e. All of the above.

Guidance curriculum includes: a. small group counseling. b. classroom guidance lessons. c. large-group activities. d. structured small-group guidance. e. b., c., and d. f. all of the above.

Implementing peer facilitation programs and allowing students to work with a peer helper could result in: a. decreased discipline referrals b. improved attitudes toward school c. improved attendance d. improved grades e. all of the above

In a proactive and preventive effort concerning crisis intervention, counselors would educate all partners: a. in the developmentally appropriate warning signs of crisis. b. to think systemically. c. about mental health issues and helping students know how to keep themselves safe. d. a. and c. e. All of the above.

In the domain of Personal/Social Development, what types of issues are included? a. Relationship development & coping skills b. Search for identity c. Acceptance of others d. Rites of passage into adulthood e. All of the above

Intervention efforts are often associated with: a. individual counseling b. group counseling c. parent-student-teacher-administration consultation and mediation d. none of the above e. all of the above

It is crucial that school counselors maintain awareness of the ways in which cultural values and attitudes develop within the cultural contexts of one's life. Within which contexts do school counselors need to be aware? a. attitudes of ones self b. attitudes of positivity c. attitudes of adults d. attitudes of society & peers e. c. and d.

Leadership is defined as: a. indirect services to aimed at creating collaborative teams and partnerships. b. the process of influencing the activities of an individual or a group in efforts toward goal achievement in a given situation. c. aspiring to connect individuals within a system. d. the art of mobilizing others to want to struggle for shared aspirations. e. b. and d. f. All of the above

1. According to the federal definition, a student who is identified with a specific learning disability is most likely to demonstrate exceptionalities primarily in which of the following areas? a. Developing and maintaining relationships b. Moving and interacting physically c. Recognizing and producing languages d. Processing and understanding information

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to apply knowledge of various exceptionalities and health conditions and their implications for students' development and learning. In federal law 34 300.7, the term specific learning disability is defined as "a disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding or in using language, spoken or written, that may manifest itself in an imperfect ability to listen, think, speak, read, write, spell, or to do mathematical calculations, including conditions such a perceptual disabilities, brain injury, minimal brain dysfunction, dyslexia ad developmental aphasia." An imperfect ability to listen, think, read, write, or do mathematical calculations would indicate exceptionalities in the areas of processing and understanding information.

Reasons for educating our adult partners include: a. Helping adult partners develop a greater understanding of young people. b. Increasing parents' knowledge of effective parenting practices. c. Addressing systemic issues that impede student learning. d. Educating adult partners about the issues that young people encounter and face today. e. All of the above.

1. A kindergarten student is referred to the SC with behavioral concerns. The student has increasingly withdrawn from social interactions with peers, appears to daydream, and refuses to participate in individualized activities with the teacher. Which of the following strategies is likely to be the most effective for the counselor to use to establish rapport with the student? a. Presenting the student with a reward for participating in counseling b. Facilitating communication with the student during counseling using a structured interview c. Inviting the student's parents to participate in counseling d. Using play as a means of communicating with the student during counseling

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of common problems that students face, interviewing skills for various situations, counseling theories and techniques, factors that affect a SC's decision to provide individual counseling, and appropriate strategies for individual counseling. Communicating through play would be the most effective strategy for a SC to use to establish rapport with a withdrawn kindergarten student. Play provides young children with a way to communicate emotions they cannot articulate, to describe experiences, and to express wishes. Through play, the counselor would be able to gain a better understanding of the student's feeling and learn what is causing the student's withdrawal.

School Counselors should have the following knowledge in the practice of developing a holistic picture of ethical counseling: a. ethics, laws, policies and procedures that pertain to work with students b. current issues, law and expert advice c. own professional issues d. a process by which you can factor these elements together e. all of the above

School counselors are encouraged to view themselves as educators because: a. the role of educator is articulated clearly in the ASCA National Model. b. the role of educator cements our connection and vitality within the school system. c. School counselors are master-level teachers whom are qualified to deliver developmentally appropriate education. d. a and c e. a and b

1. An elementary SC would like to gain a better understanding of why a 2nd grade student consistently asks to see the counselor at the same time every day. Which of the following activities should the counselor engage in first to learn more about his student's needs? a. Completing behavior rating scales of the student across environments b. Referring the student for a comprehensive individual assessment c. Meeting with the student to conduct a structured interview d. Conducting informal observations of the student across school environments

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of diagnostic and remediation activities, criteria for referring a student to another professional and activities and skills associated with consultation and referral. A 2nd grade student might be unable to verbalize his or her concerns to a teacher or SC. Therefore, observing the student's behavior across school environments would enhance the counselor's understanding of the student's possible concerns. After conducting this informal, qualitative assessment of the student, the counselor could better determine the appropriateness of a formal, quantitative assessment using tools such as standardized behavior rating scale or structured interview.

1. The primary purpose of incorporating group counseling into a SC program is to: a. Use interactive psychotherapy methods to help students who are experiencing severe or chronic maladjustment b. Encourage students to seek advice on personal issues from peers rather than from the SC c. Improve the program's efficiency by addressing the concerns of multiple students during a single session d. Provide a supportive environment where students can practice new behaviors and exchange feedback

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of group counseling, including group dynamics, criteria for selecting group members, potential topics for small-group counseling, strategies for facilitating group counseling, and developmentally appropriate methods for presenting information to students about various issues. As part of a comprehensive SC program, group counseling provides an opportunity for students who share similar concerns to form supportive relationships with one another through self-disclosure. Exchanging feelings and ideas can help students develop insight into themselves and others. Group counseling also gives students a safe place for learning and practicing new behaviors.

School counselors are urged to coordinate the work of special educators and other professionals in the schools to: a. lead and advocate for employee assistance-like services for school employees. b. support special education transition services for students who live with disabilities. c. support the holistic development of students with learning disabilities. d. better integrate the services of the school counselor with those of the school psychologist to reduce overlap and to draw on each other's professional expertise. e. b. and c. f. All of the above.

1. An elementary SC is preparing topics for a counseling group of 1st grade students. Given the age of the students, which of the following topics would likely be most appropriate for the group? a. Reducing test-taking anxiety b. Developing a positive body image c. Discovering your personal identity d. Making and keeping friends

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of group counseling, including group dynamics, criteria for selecting group members, potential topics for small-group counseling, strategies for facilitating group counseling, and developmentally appropriate methods for presenting information to students about various issues. Young children usually view friendship as a temporary relationship formed while playing a game or sharing toys. As children get older, they choose friends with compatible personality traits and are more likely to see friendship as a source of mutual support and caring. Because first graders are at a transitional stage between these two concepts of friendship, the topic of making and keeping friends would be appropriate.

1. To evaluate a student's adjustment to a family crisis, a SC would likely find which of the following types of informal assessments most useful? a. Latency recording b. Sequence analysis c. Event recording d. Interviewing

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of measurement and statistical principles of assessment; factors to consider when selecting and implementing assessments for individual and group use; and the uses, benefits, and limitations of a range of formal and informal assessment instruments. Interviewing would provide the SC with the best opportunities to observe the student under controlled conditions, enable the counselor to gather specific information from the student, and allow the counselor to explore in-depth the student's behavior or response with regard to the family crisis.

1. Which of the following steps should a SC and school administrators take first when developing a testing program? a. Selecting appropriate instruments b. Determining the objectives c. Establishing a testing schedule d. Determining the needs

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of measurement and statistical principles of assessment; factors to consider when selecting and implementing assessments for individual and group use; and the uses, benefits, and limitations of a range of formal and informal assessment instruments. The first step that a SC and school administrators should take when developing a testing program is to determine the needs the testing program must meet.

1. An elementary SC is organizing a program to engage community volunteers in classrooms. Which of the following steps should the counselor take first to ensure the effectiveness of this program? a. Identifying resources b. Designing evaluation methods c. Providing training d. Establishing measurable goals

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of methods for managing and coordinating the services of the SC program, collaborating with school administrators and counseling colleagues, distinguishing between appropriate and inappropriate counseling and non-counseling-related activities, and organizing and managing time to implement an effective program. To engage community volunteers most effectively in classrooms, an elementary SC needs to establish measurable goals. This step is especially effective for engaging community members who do not have children in school and who may not be well informed about the main issues facing counselors and the objectives and strategies that the counselor would like to set and apply to resolve those issues.

School counselors are urged to develop advocacy skills to assist educational colleagues to become more aware of systemic oppression and its effect on classroom dynamics in order to: a. counter educational hegemony. b. ameliorating the effects of traumatic stress. c. improving academic performance for African American and Latino American students. d. assist educational colleagues to become more aware of systemic oppression and its effect on classroom dynamics. e. All of the above. f. c. and d.

Spiritual development is a crucial developmental issue, connected to a. cognitive development. b. emotional development. c. moral reasoning skills. d. social development. e. a. and c. f. All of the above.

1. A character education program would most appropriately emphasize instruction in which of the following areas? a. Content-area and recreational reading abilities b. Career-planning and job-seeking skills c. Conflict avoidance and peer mediation d. Respect for others and personal responsibility

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for collaborating with all stakeholders to ensure that the school's physical and emotional climate is safe and inviting, for developing and conducting in-service activities for promoting a positive school environment, and for influencing the creation and development of school safety initiatives, crisis-management plans, and violence-prevention programs. In school, character education is a learning process that enables students and adults to understand, care about, and act on core ethical values such as respect, justice, civic virtue and citizenship, and responsibility for self and others.

The delivery of a developmental appropriate school counseling curriculum is important at which grade level? a. elementary b. middle c. high d. a. and b. e. all grade levels.

The delivery system includes the ways in which the guidance program is delivered to students and is further divided into the subcomponents of: a. guidance curriculum. b. individual planning. c. responsive services. d. system support. e. All of the above.

To be an effective and ethical school counselor, you need to: a. understand both the process of helping and the product of healing b. be sensitive the multicultural issues c. be aware that minor issues often mask students real concerns d. be knowledge about most issues and be able to put students at ease e. all of the above

Which of the following curricular might a school counselor integrate the delivery of developmental curriculum? a. health b. science c. social studies d. English e. All of the above

1. SC at a HS are concerned about the growing number of drug-related suspensions and the lack of related referrals to the counseling program. Which of the following approaches would likely be most effective in increasing the number of referrals to the counseling program? a. Establishing a comprehensive student assistance program b. Describing available counseling services on the school's website c. Providing information on substance abuse to parents d. Holding in-service training sessions for teachers on substance-abuse indicators

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for collaborating with all stakeholders to ensure that the school's physical and emotional climate is safe and inviting, for developing and conducting in-service activities for promoting a positive school environment, and for influencing the creation and development of school safety initiatives, crisis-management plans, and violence-prevention programs. In-service training sessions would be an effective way for the SC to help teachers become more proactive and reduce the number of drug-related suspensions at their school. The SC could use these sessions to inform teachers about visible indications of possible drug use by students, such as increased absenteeism, falling academic performance, verbal abuse, fighting, and withdrawal, and encourage teachers to refer students who exhibit these signs to the counselor.

1. A school counseling program that is based on the ASCA National Model would most appropriately involve p/g in which of the following activities? a. Collecting student data for a needs assessment b. Organizing and implementing curriculum content c. Planning and monitoring student development d. Locating community resources for career opportunities

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for encouraging and maintaining parents'/guardians' involvement with school life; the comprehensive school counseling program; and the process of planning for their child's academic, career, and social/personal development. A SC program based on the ASCA National Model would solicit help from p/g in locating community resources for career opportunities.

1. Which of the following responsibilities would be most appropriately assigned to parent/guardian volunteers in a SC program? a. Serving as mediator in conflicts between students, teachers, and administrators b. Calling other p/g to update them on their children's academic progress c. Monitoring students' behavior in the hallways and other common area between class periods d. Tutoring individual students in content-area subject matter and good study habits

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for encouraging and maintaining parents'/guardians' involvement with school life; the comprehensive school counseling program; and the process of planning for their child's academic, career, and social/personal development. P/g volunteers in a SC program should be assigned responsibilities that compliment counseling program services. Tutoring individual students in content-area subject matter and good study habits would enhance students' academic development while making optimum use of p/g's knowledge and skills.

Advocacy is not only acting on behalf of others, but includes empowerment, which means: a. indirectly encouraging others. b. acting with others. c. leading others. d. empowering them to self-advocate and modeling effective advocacy. e. All of the above. f. b. and d.

Examples of subtle oppression include: a. silencing of females. b. denial of positive attributes in male identity. c. differential encouragement of postsecondary options based on learning disabilities. d. lack of understanding of the needs of Muslim students. e. a., b., and d. f. All of the above.

Middle school counselors tend to spend more of their time involved with: a. crisis counseling and management. b. developmental curriculum involving drug and alcohol education and prevention. c. realities shared by secondary school counselors. d. transitional issues. e. a., b., and c. f. All of the above.

1. An elementary school counselor is planning lessons for a developmental guidance program aimed at building student's personal feelings of empowerment. The program is likely to be most effective in achieving this goal if the counselor: a. Creates opportunities for student success in competitive contexts b. Allows teachers to play a key role in planning the program c. Balances group learning activities with individual activities d. Provides opportunities for active learning about decision-making skills

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for engaging students in active learning, developing instructional units with sequential activities to achieve specific goals, and managing the classroom environment. Decision-making skills enhance students' feelings of empowerment by giving them tools for managing a variety of challenges. Students are more likely to retain information if they apply it by role-playing different types of situations. Practicing decision-making skills in a safe environment will help students gain the confidence to apply the skills outside of the classroom.

Middle school students tend to: a. struggle more with their self-esteem. b. focus on their status relative to peers. c. begin to experiment with various behaviors. d. develop formal thought processes. e. a., b., and d. f. All of the above.

School counselors must prepare to counsel students in the spiritual context consider: a. through a deeper understanding of the role of spirituality in terms of development. b. by exploring our own spirituality and resolving to live a more meaningful spiritual life. c. by understanding our misconceptions and biases about other religions and spiritual traditions. d. by making the commitment to expand our understanding of other religious and spiritual traditions. e. b. and d. f. All of the above.

1. When implementing classroom guidance lessons, a school counselor can best promote students' motivation to learn by: a. Beginning each lesson with clearly stated set of performance objectives. b. Combining content related to personal, social, and academic issues within each lesson. c. Questioning students periodically during each lesson on content that has been covered so far. d. Relating the content of each lesson to the students' lives and experiences.

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of strategies for engaging students in active learning, developing instructional units with sequential activities to achieve specific goals, and managing the classroom environment. Students are generally more motivated to learn when they can relate aspects of a lesson to their own lives. Relating the content to guidance lessons to students' own lives and experiences would enhance students' interest in and understanding of guidance lessons by highlighting the relevance of the lessons to students.

The definition of abuse or neglect generally includes which of the following instances: a. physical abuse & sexual abuse b. abandonment c. psychological & emotional torment d. Inadequate supervision e. None of the above f. All of the above

The developmental issues of young people in secondary schools involve: a. the search for identity. b. independence. c. self-definition. d. meaningful relationships. e. ways to make a unique contribution to the world. f. All of the above.

1. A SC advocates for the development of a schoolwide advisor-advisee program. During a meeting with the school administrators, which of the following statements by the counselor would likely be most effective for gaining their support for this program? a. "Advocacy programs are considered to be part of best practice in MS" b. "Research suggests that advisory programs can reduce academic failure and disincline problems" c. "Schools that have advisory programs are more likely to gain and maintain their accreditation" d. "Advisory programs are a specific way to implement the school's mission"

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the SC's role as a change agent; a supporter of every student through program development and educational reform; and an advocate for the counseling profession. Because school administrators are responsible for supporting the school's mission, they would be most receptive to the SC's statement that a schoolwide advisor-advisee program would be one way of implementing the school's mission.

1. Which of the following actions by a SC would provide the most effective advocacy for the counseling professions? a. Presenting workshops at regional, state, and national conferences attended by professional counselors b. Inviting students teachers, and p/g to post comments and questions about the SC program on its website c. Receiving an award for dedicated professional service from a state association in SC d. Informing the local school board about stakeholders' high level of satisfaction with the SC program

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the SC's role as a change agent; a supporter of every student through program development and educational reform; and an advocate for the counseling profession. Informing the local school board about stakeholders' high level of satisfaction with the SC program, would effectively advocate for the counseling profession by highlighting the positive impact that SC have on students, teachers, and p/g.

1. A HS counselor has a goal of evaluating the effectiveness of the counseling program's collaborative relationship with other service providers such as community agencies and private practitioners. Which of the following actions taken by the counselor would best help achieve this goal? a. Displaying informational brochures from other service providers in the SC office b. Inviting other service providers to join the SC advisory committee c. Providing space for advertisements by other service providers in the school newspaper d. Following up on referrals by assessing stakeholder's level of satisfaction

Correct Response: D This question requires the examinee to demonstrate knowledge of the SC's role within advisory councils, multidisciplinary teams, and multi-agency teams; and as liaison between the school and other service providers. A HS counselor could make progress toward evaluating the effectiveness of the counseling program's collaborative relationship with other service providers by following up on referrals. Stakeholders' level of satisfaction with other service providers would be one indication of the effectiveness of the counseling program's collaborative relationship with other service providers.

Building effectives teams through collaboration is important for: a. Equality b. Equity c. Academic success d. High graduation rates e. Academic success f. All of the above g. b., c., and e.

Which of the following is a strategy to reduce resistance with consulting? a. Recognize that resistance is normal. b. Establish an open, respectful, and confidential relationship that fosters trust will provide comfort to consultees. c. Help the consultee to understand the process of consultation, the role of the consultant, and the appropriate role of consulting. d. Focus on the positives of the situation and expressing support for the consultee. e. Remain objective, refrain from engaging in power struggles, use encouragement, and emphasize the control of the consultee in the implementation of the solution. f. None of the above. g. All of the above.

OAE School Counseling Exam

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