OB Exam 4 (Ch. 22-25, 35, 37)

10. Which substance, when abused during pregnancy, is themost significant cause of cognitive impairment and dysfunction in the infant? a. Alcohol b. Tobacco c. Marijuana d. Heroin

A Alcohol abuse during pregnancy is recognized as one of the leading causes of neurodevelopmental disorders in the United States. Alcohol is a teratogen; maternal ethanol abuse during gestation can lead to identifiable fetal alcohol spectrum disorders that include alcohol-related neurodevelopmental disorders. Cigarette smoking is linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes; the risk for placenta previa, placenta abruption, and premature rupture of membranes is twice that of nonsmokers. Marijuana is the most common illicit drug used by pregnant women. Marijuana crosses the placenta, and its use during pregnancy can result in shortened gestation and a higher incidence of IUGR. Heroin crosses the placenta and often results in IUGR, stillbirth, and congenital anomalies. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 870 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

9. A nurse is discussing the storage of breast milk with a mother whose infant is preterm and in the special care nursery. Which statement indicates that the mother requires additional teaching? a. "I can store my breast milk in the refrigerator for 3 months." b. "I can store my breast milk in the freezer for 3 months." c. "I can store my breast milk at room temperature for 4 hours." d. "I can store my breast milk in the refrigerator for 3 to 5 days."

A Breast milk for the hospitalized infant can be stored in the refrigerator for only 8 days, not for 3 months. Breast milk can be stored in the freezer for 3 months, in a deep freezer for 6 months, or at room temperature for 4 hours. Human milk for the healthy or preterm hospitalized infant can be kept in the refrigerator for up to 8 days or in the freezer for up to 3 months, but only for 4 hours or less at room temperature. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 618 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

10. A new mother asks the nurse what the "experts say" about the best way to feed her infant. Which recommendation of the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) regarding infant nutrition should be shared with this client? a. Infants should be given only human milk for the first 6 months of life. b. Infants fed on formula should be started on solid food sooner than breastfed infants. c. If infants are weaned from breast milk before 12 months, then they should receive cow's milk, not formula. d. After 6 months, mothers should shift from breast milk to cow's milk.

A Breastfeeding and human milk should also be the sole source of milk for the first 12 months, not for only the first 6 months. Infants should be started on solids when they are ready, usually at 6 months, whether they start on formula or breast milk. If infants are weaned from breast milk before 12 months, then they should receive iron-fortified formula, not cow's milk. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 601 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

11. Which statement is the best rationale for recommending formula over breastfeeding? a. Mother has a medical condition or is taking drugs that could be passed along to the infant via breast milk. b. Mother lacks confidence in her ability to breastfeed. c. Other family members or care providers also need to feed the baby. d. Mother sees bottle feeding as more convenient.

A Breastfeeding is contraindicated when mothers have certain viruses, tuberculosis, are undergoing chemotherapy, or are using or abusing drugs. Some women lack confidence in their ability to produce breast milk of adequate quantity or quality. The key to encouraging these mothers to breastfeed is anticipatory guidance beginning as early as possible during the pregnancy. A major barrier for many women is the influence of family and friends. She may view formula feeding as a way to ensure that the father and other family members can participate. Each encounter with the family is an opportunity for the nurse to educate, dispel myths, and clarify information regarding the benefits of breastfeeding. Many women see bottle feeding as more convenient and less embarrassing than breastfeeding. They may also see breastfeeding as incompatible with an active social life. Although modesty issues related to feeding the infant in public may exist, these concerns are not legitimate reasons to formula-feed an infant. Often, the decision to formula feed rather than breastfeed is made without complete information regarding the benefits of breastfeeding. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 603 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

29. A new mother asks whether she should feed her newborn colostrum, because it is not "real milk." What is the nurse'smost appropriate answer? a. Colostrum is high in antibodies, protein, vitamins, and minerals. b. Colostrum is lower in calories than milk and should be supplemented by formula. c. Giving colostrum is important in helping the mother learn how to breastfeed before she goes home. d. Colostrum is unnecessary for newborns.

A Colostrum is important because it has high levels of the nutrients needed by the neonate and helps protect against infection. Supplementation is not necessary and will decrease stimulation to the breast and decrease the production of milk. It is important for the mother to feel comfortable in this role before discharge; however, the importance of the colostrum to the infant is the top priority. Colostrum provides immunities and enzymes necessary to cleanse the gastrointestinal system, among other things. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 607 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

2. A pregnant woman wants to breastfeed her infant; however, her husband is not convinced that there are any scientific reasons to do so. The nurse can give the couple printed information comparing breastfeeding and bottle feeding. Which statement regarding bottle feeding using commercially prepared infant formulas might influence their choice? a. Bottle feeding using a commercially prepared formula increases the risk that the infant will develop allergies. b. Bottle feeding helps the infant sleep through the night. c. Commercially prepared formula ensures that the infant is getting iron in a form that is easily absorbed. d. Bottle feeding requires that multivitamin supplements be given to the infant.

A Exposure to cow's milk poses a risk of developing allergies, eczema, and asthma. Newborns should be fed during the night, regardless of the feeding method. Iron is better absorbed from breast milk than from formula. Commercial formulas are designed to meet the nutritional needs of the infant and to resemble breast milk. No supplements are necessary. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 602 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

13. The nurse should be cognizant of which statement regarding the unique qualities of human breast milk? a. Frequent feedings during predictable growth spurts stimulate increased milk production. b. Milk of preterm mothers is the same as the milk of mothers who gave birth at term. c. Milk at the beginning of the feeding is the same as the milk at the end of the feeding. d. Colostrum is an early, less concentrated, less rich version of mature milk.

A Growth spurts (at 10 days, 3 weeks, 6 weeks, and 3 months) usually last 24 to 48 hours, after which the infants resume normal feeding. The milk of mothers of preterm infants is different from that of mothers of full-term infants to meet the needs of these newborns. Milk changes composition during feeding. The fat content of the milk increases as the infant feeds. Colostrum precedes mature milk and is more concentrated and richer in proteins and minerals (but not fat). DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 607 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

7. Parents have been asked by the neonatologist to provide breast milk for their newborn son, who was born prematurely at 32 weeks of gestation. The nurse who instructs them regarding pumping, storing, and transporting the milk needs to assess their knowledge of lactation. Which statement is valid? a. Premature infants more easily digest breast milk than formula. b. A glass of wine just before pumping will help reduce stress and anxiety. c. The mother should only pump as much milk as the infant can drink. d. The mother should pump every 2 to 3 hours, including during the night.

A Human milk is the ideal food for preterm infants, with benefits that are unique, in addition to those benefits received by full-term, healthy infants. Greater physiologic stability occurs with breastfeeding, compared with formula feeding. Consumption of alcohol during lactation is approached with caution. Excessive amounts can have serious effects on the infant and can adversely affect the mother's milk ejection reflex. To establish an optimal milk supply, the most appropriate instruction for the mother should be to pump 8 to 10 times a day for 10 to 15 minutes on each breast. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 616 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

: Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity 19. Which information regarding to injuries to the infant's plexus during labor and birth is most accurate? a. If the nerves are stretched with no avulsion, then they should completely recover in 3 to 6 months. b. Erb palsy is damage to the lower plexus. c. Parents of children with brachial palsy are taught to pick up the child from under the axillae. d. Breastfeeding is not recommended for infants with facial nerve paralysis until the condition resolves.

A If the nerves are stretched with no avulsion, then they should recover completely in 3 to 6 months. However, if the ganglia are completely disconnected from the spinal cord, then the damage is permanent. Erb palsy is damage to the upper plexus and is less serious than brachial palsy. Parents of children with brachial palsy are taught to avoid picking up the child under the axillae or by pulling on the arms. Breastfeeding is not contraindicated, but both the mother and the infant will need help from the nurse at the start. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 854 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

14. A nurse providing couplet care should understand the issue of nipple confusion. In which situation might this condition occur? a. Breastfeeding babies receive supplementary bottle feedings. b. Baby is too abruptly weaned. c. Pacifiers are used before breastfeeding is established. d. Twins are breastfed together.

A Nipple confusion can result when babies go back and forth between bottles and breasts, especially before breastfeeding is established in 3 to 4 weeks; bottle feeding and breastfeeding require different skills. Abrupt weaning can be distressing to the mother and/or baby but should not lead to nipple confusion. Pacifiers used before breastfeeding is established can be disruptive but do not lead to nipple confusion. Breastfeeding twins require some logistical adaptations but should not lead to nipple confusion. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 614 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

2. A 3.8-kg infant was vaginally delivered at 39 weeks after a 30-minute second stage. A nuchal cord was found at delivery. After birth, the infant is noted to have petechiae over the face and upper back. Which information regarding petechiae ismost accurate and should be provided to the parents? a. Are benign if they disappear within 48 hours of birth b. Result from increased blood volume c. Should always be further investigated d. Usually occur with a forceps-assisted delivery

A Petechiae, or pinpoint hemorrhagic areas, acquired during childbirth may extend over the upper portion of the trunk and face. These lesions are benign if they disappear within 2 days of childbirth and no new lesions appear. Petechiae may result from decreased platelet formation. In this situation, the presence of petechiae is most likely a soft-tissue injury resulting from the nuchal cord at birth. Unless the lesions do not dissipate in 2 days, alarming the family is not necessary. Petechiae usually occur with a breech presentation vaginal birth. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 853 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

7. A pregnant woman arrives at the birth unit in labor at term, having had no prenatal care. After birth, her infant is noted to be small for gestational age with small eyes and a thin upper lip. The infant also is microcephalic. Based on her infant's physical findings, this woman should be questioned about her use of which substance during pregnancy? a. Alcohol b. Cocaine c. Heroin d. Marijuana

A The description of the infant suggests fetal alcohol syndrome, which is consistent with maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Fetal brain, kidney, and urogenital system malformations have been associated with maternal cocaine ingestions. Heroin use in pregnancy frequently results in intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR). The infant may have a shrill cry and sleep-cycle disturbances and may exhibit with poor feeding, tachypnea, vomiting, diarrhea, hypothermia or hyperthermia, and sweating. Studies have found a higher incidence of meconium staining in infants born of mothers who used marijuana during pregnancy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 870 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

11. During a prenatal examination, a woman reports having two cats at home. The nurse informs her that she should not be cleaning the litter box while she is pregnant. The client questions the nurse as to why. What is the nurse'smostappropriate response? a. "Your cats could be carrying toxoplasmosis. This is a zoonotic parasite that can infect you and have severe effects on your unborn child." b. "You and your baby can be exposed to the HIV in your cats' feces." c. "It's just gross. You should make your husband clean the litter boxes." d. "Cat feces are known to carry Escherichia coli, which can cause a severe infection in you and your baby."

A Toxoplasmosis is a multisystem disease caused by the protozoal Toxoplasma gondii parasite, commonly found in cats, dogs, pigs, sheep, and cattle. Approximately 30% of women who contract toxoplasmosis during gestation transmit the disease to their offspring. Clinical features ascribed to toxoplasmosis include hydrocephalus or microcephaly, chorioretinitis, seizures, or cerebral calcifications. HIV is not transmitted by cats. Although cleaning the litter boxes is "just gross," this statement is not appropriate, fails to answer the client's question, and is not the nurse's best response. E. coliis found in normal human fecal flora and is not transmitted by cats. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 860 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

6. What is the most important nursing action in preventing neonatal infection? a. Good handwashing b. Isolation of infected infants c. Separate gown technique d. Standard Precautions

A Virtually all controlled clinical trials have demonstrated that effective handwashing is responsible for the prevention of health care-associated infection in nursery units. Overcrowding must be avoided in nurseries, and infants with infectious processes should be isolated. Separate gowns should be worn in caring for each infant in the special care nursery. Soiled linens should be disposed of in an appropriate manner. Measures to be taken include Standard Precautions, careful and thorough cleaning, frequent replacement of used equipment, and disposal of excrement and linens in an appropriate manner. Ideally infants should remain with their mothers. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 860 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

3. The Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative endorsed by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) was founded to encourage institutions to offer optimal levels of care for lactating mothers. Which actions are included in the "Ten Steps to Successful Breastfeeding for Hospitals"? (Select all that apply.) a. Give newborns no food or drink other than breast milk. b. Have a written breastfeeding policy that is communicated to all staff members. c. Help mothers initiate breastfeeding within hour of childbirth. d. Give artificial teats or pacifiers as necessary. e. Return infants to the nursery at night.

A, B, C No artificial teats or pacifiers (also called dummies orsoothers) should be given to breastfeeding infants. Although pacifiers have been linked to a reduction in SIDs, they should not be introduced until the infant is 3 to 4 weeks old and breastfeeding is well established. No other food or drink should be given to the newborn unless medically indicated. The breastfeeding policy should be routinely communicated to all health care staff members. All staff should be trained in the skills necessary to maintain this policy. Breastfeeding should be initiated within hour of childbirth, and all mothers need to be shown how to maintain lactation even if separated from their babies. The facility should practice rooming in and keep mothers and babies together 24 hours a day. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 608 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

1. A number of common drugs of abuse may cross into the breast milk of a mother who is currently using these substances, which may result in behavioral effects in the newborn. Which substances are contraindicated if the mother elects to breastfeed her infant? (Select all that apply.) a. Cocaine b. Marijuana c. Nicotine d. Methadone e. Morphine

A, B, C The use of cocaine, marijuana, and nicotine are contraindicated during breastfeeding because of their reported effects on the infant. Morphine is a medication often used to treat neonatal abstinence syndrome. Maternal methadone maintenance is not a contraindication to breastfeeding. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: pp. 870, 871, 872 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

1. Which actions are examples of appropriate techniques to wake a sleepy infant for breastfeeding? (Select all that apply.) a. Unwrapping the infant b. Changing the diaper c. Talking to the infant d. Slapping the infant's hands and feet e. Applying a cold towel to the infant's abdomen

A, B, C Unwrapping the infant, changing the diaper, and talking to the infant are appropriate techniques to use when trying to wake a sleepy infant. The parent can rub, never slap, the infant's hands or feet to wake the infant. Applying a cold towel to the infant's abdomen may lead to cold stress in the infant. The parent may want to apply a cool cloth to the infant's face to wake the infant. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 615 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

: Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity MULTIPLE RESPONSE 1. Pain should be regularly assessed in all newborns. If the infant is displaying physiologic or behavioral cues that indicate pain, then measures should be taken to manage the pain. Which interventions are examples of nonpharmacologic pain management techniques? (Select all that apply.) a. Swaddling b. Nonnutritive sucking c. Skin-to-skin contact with the mother d. Sucrose e. Acetaminophen

A, B, C, D Swaddling, nonnutritive sucking, skin-to-skin contact with the mother, and sucrose are all appropriate nonpharmacologic techniques used to manage pain in neonates. Acetaminophen is a pharmacologic method of treating pain. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: pp. 584-585 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

2. A nurse is discussing the signs and symptoms of mastitis with a mother who is breastfeeding. Which findings should the nurse include in the discussion? (Select all that apply.) a. Breast tenderness b. Warmth in the breast c. Area of redness on the breast often resembling the shape of a pie wedge d. Small white blister on the tip of the nipple e. Fever and flulike symptoms

A, B, C, E Breast tenderness, warmth in the breast, redness on the breast, and fever and flulike symptoms are commonly associated with mastitis and should be included in the nurse's discussion of mastitis. A small white blister on the tip of the nipple generally is not associated with mastitis but is commonly seen in women who have a plugged milk duct. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 625 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

3. The "Period of Purple Crying" is a program developed to educate new parents about infant crying and the dangers of shaking a baby. Each letter in the acronym "PURPLE" represents a key concept of this program. Which concepts are accurate? (Select all that apply.) a. P: peak of crying and painful expression b. U: unexpected c. R: baby is resting at last d. L: extremely loud e. E: evening

A, B, E P: peak of crying; U: unexpected—comes and goes; R: resists soothing; P: pain—line face; L: long—lasting up to 5 hours a day; and E: evening or late afternoon. Many hospitals now provide parents with an educational DVD and provide education before discharge. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 596 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

2. As recently as 2005, the AAP revised safe sleep practices to assist in the prevention of SIDS. The nurse should model these practices in the hospital and incorporate this information into the teaching plan for new parents. Which practices are ideal for role modeling? (Select all that apply.) a. Fully supine position for all sleep b. Side-sleeping position as an acceptable alternative c. "Tummy time" for play d. Infant sleep sacks or buntings e. Soft mattress

A, C, D The "back to sleep" position is now recommended as the only position for every sleep period. To prevent positional plagiocephaly (flattening of the head) the infant should spend time on his or her abdomen while awake and for play. Loose sheets and blankets may be dangerous because they could easily cover the baby's head. The parents should be instructed to tuck any bedding securely around the mattress or use sleep sacks or bunting bags instead. The side-sleeping position is no longer an acceptable alternative position, according to the AAP. Infants should always sleep on a firm surface, ideally a firm crib mattress covered by a sheet only. Quilts and sheepskins, among other bedding, should not be placed under the infant. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 590 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

4. Which statements concerning the benefits or limitations of breastfeeding are accurate? (Select all that apply.) a. Breast milk changes over time to meet the changing needs as infants grow. b. Breastfeeding increases the risk of childhood obesity. c. Breast milk and breastfeeding may enhance cognitive development. d. Long-term studies have shown that the benefits of breast milk continue after the infant is weaned. e. Benefits to the infant include a reduced incidence of SIDS.

A, C, D, E Breastfeeding actually decreases the risk of childhood obesity. Human milk is the perfect food for human infants. Breast milk changes over time to meet the demands of the growing infant. Scientific evidence is clear that human milk provides the best nutrients for infants with continued benefits long after weaning. Fatty acids in breast milk promote brain growth and development and may lead to enhanced cognition. Infants who are breastfed experience a reduced incidence of SIDS. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 602 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 4. Hearing loss is one of the genetic disorders included in the universal screening program. Auditory screening of all newborns within the first month of life is recommended by the AAP. What is the rationale for having this testing performed? (Select all that apply.) a. Prevents or reduces developmental delays b. Reassures concerned new parents c. Provides early identification and treatment d. Helps the child communicate better e. Is recommended by the Joint Committee on Infant Hearing

A, C, D, E New parents are often anxious regarding auditory screening and its impending results; however, parental anxiety is not the reason for performing the screening test. Auditory screening is usually performed before hospital discharge. Importantly, the nurse ensures the parents that the infant is receiving appropriate testing and fully explains the test to the parents. For infants who are referred for further testing and follow-up, providing further explanation and emotional support to the parents is an important responsibility for the nurse. All other responses are appropriate reasons for auditory screening of the newborn. Infants who do not pass the screening test should have it repeated. If the infant still does not pass the test, then he or she should have a full audiologic and medical evaluation by 3 months of age. If necessary, the infant should be enrolled in an early intervention program by 6 months of age. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: pp. 575-576 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

5. The AAP recommends pasteurized donor milk for preterm infants if the mother's own milk in not available. Which statements regarding donor milk and milk banking are important for the nurse to understand and communicate to her client? (Select all that apply.) a. All milk bank donors are screened for communicable diseases. b. Internet milk sharing is an acceptable source for donor milk. c. Donor milk may be given to transplant clients. d. Donor milk is used in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs) for severely low-birth-weight infants only. e. Donor milk may be used for children with immunoglobulin A (IgA) deficiencies.

A, C, E Because of the antiinfective and growth promotion properties for donor milk, donor milk is highly recommended for preterm and sick infants, as well as for term newborns. Human donor milk has also been used for older children with short gut syndrome, immunodeficiencies, metabolic disorders, or congenital anomalies. Human donor milk has also been used in the adult population—posttransplant clients and for those with colitis, ulcers, or cirrhosis of the liver. Some mothers acquire milk through Internet-based or community-based milk sharing. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has issued a warning regarding this practice. Samples of milk from these sources are higher in contaminants and infectious disease. A milk bank that belongs to the Human Milk Banking Association of North America should always be used for donor milk. All donors are scrupulously screened, and the milk is tested to determine its safety for use. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: pp. 619-620 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

19. The nurse is explaining the benefits associated with breastfeeding to a new mother. Which statement by the nurse would provide conflicting information to the client? a. Women who breastfeed have a decreased risk of breast cancer. b. Breastfeeding is an effective method of birth control. c. Breastfeeding increases bone density. d. Breastfeeding may enhance postpartum weight loss.

B Although breastfeeding delays the return of fertility, it is not an effective birth control method. Women who breastfeed have a decreased risk of breast cancer, an increase in bone density, and a possibility of faster postpartum weight loss. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 621 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

13. The nurse should be cognizant of which condition related to skeletal injuries sustained by a neonate during labor or childbirth? a. Newborn's skull is still forming and fractures fairly easily. b. Unless a blood vessel is involved, linear skull fractures heal without special treatment. c. Clavicle fractures often need to be set with an inserted pin for stability. d. Other than the skull, the most common skeletal injuries are to leg bones.

B Approximately 70% of neonatal skull fractures are linear. Because the newborn skull is flexible, considerable force is required to fracture it. Clavicle fractures need no special treatment. The clavicle is the bone most often fractured during birth. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 853 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

7. Parents have asked the nurse about organ donation after that infant's death. Which information regarding organ donation is important for the nurse to understand? a. Federal law requires the medical staff to ask the parents about organ donation and then to contact their state's organ procurement organization (OPO) to handle the procedure if the parents agree. b. Organ donation can aid grieving by giving the family an opportunity to see something positive about the experience. c. Most common donation is the infant's kidneys. d. Corneas can be donated if the infant was either stillborn or alive as long as the pregnancy went full term.

B Evidence indicates that organ donation can promote healing among the surviving family members. The federal Gift of Life Act made state OPOs responsible for deciding whether to request a donation and for making that request. The most common donation is the cornea. For cornea donation, the infant must have been born alive at 36 weeks of gestation or later. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 921 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

3. What information regarding a fractured clavicle is mostimportant for the nurse to take into consideration when planning the infant's care? a. Prone positioning facilitates bone alignment. b. No special treatment is necessary. c. Parents should be taught range-of-motion exercises. d. The shoulder should be immobilized with a splint.

B Fractures in newborns generally heal rapidly. Except for gentle handling, no accepted treatment for a fractured clavicle exists. Movement should be limited, and the infant should be gently handled. Performing range-of-motion exercises on the infant is not necessary. A fractured clavicle does not require immobilization with a splint. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 854 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

28. Which instruction should the nurse provide to reduce the risk of nipple trauma? a. Limit the feeding time to less than 5 minutes. b. Position the infant so the nipple is far back in the mouth. c. Assess the nipples before each feeding. d. Wash the nipples daily with mild soap and water.

B If the infant's mouth does not cover as much of the areola as possible, the pressure during sucking will be applied to the nipple, thus causing trauma to the area. Stimulating the breast for less than 5 minutes will not produce the extra milk the infant may need and will also limit access to the higher-fathindmilk. Assessing the nipples for trauma is important; however, this action alone will not prevent sore nipples. Soap can be drying to the nipples and should be avoided during breastfeeding. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 624 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

23. The breastfeeding mother should be taught a safe method to remove the breast from the baby's mouth. Which suggestion by the nurse is most appropriate? a. Slowly remove the breast from the baby's mouth when the infant has fallen asleep and the jaws are relaxed. b. Break the suction by inserting your finger into the corner of the infant's mouth. c. A popping sound occurs when the breast is correctly removed from the infant's mouth. d. Elicit the Moro reflex to wake the baby and remove the breast when the baby cries.

B Inserting a finger into the corner of the baby's mouth between the gums to break the suction avoids trauma to the breast. The infant who is sleeping may lose grasp on the nipple and areola, resulting in chewing on the nipple that makes it sore. A popping sound indicates improper removal of the breast from the baby's mouth and may cause cracks or fissures in the breast. Most mothers prefer the infant to continue to sleep after the feeding. Gentle wake-up techniques are recommended. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 611 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 12. Which finding would indicate to the nurse that the grieving parents have progressed to the reorganization phase of grieving? a. The parents say that they "feel no pain." b. The parents are discussing sex and a future pregnancy, even if they have not yet sorted out their feelings. c. The parents have abandoned those moments of "bittersweet grief." d. The parents' questions have progressed from "Why?" to "Why us?"

B Many couples have conflicting feelings about sexuality and future pregnancies. A little pain is always present, certainly beyond the first year when recovery begins to peak. Bittersweet grief describes the brief grief response that occurs with reminders of a loss, such as anniversary dates. Most couples never abandon these reminders. Recovery is ongoing. Typically, a couple's search for meaning progresses from "Why?" in the acute phase to "Why me?" in the intense phase to "What does this loss mean to my life?" in the reorganizational phase. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 914 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

: Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity Chapter 25: Newborn Nutrition and Feeding Chapter 25: Newborn Nutrition and Feeding Lowdermilk: Maternity & Women's Health Care, 11th Edition MULTIPLE CHOICE 1. A new mother recalls from prenatal class that she should try to feed her newborn daughter when she exhibits feeding readiness cues rather than waiting until the baby is frantically crying. Which feeding cue would indicate that the baby is ready to eat? a. Waves her arms in the air b. Makes sucking motions c. Has the hiccups d. Stretches out her legs straight

B Sucking motions, rooting, mouthing, and hand-to-mouth motions are examples of feeding readiness cues. Waving her arms in the air, having the hiccups, and stretching out her extremities are not typical feeding readiness cues. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 609 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

14. A client is diagnosed with having a stillborn infant. At first, she appears stunned by the news, cries a little, and then asks the nurse to call her mother. What is the proper term for the phase of bereavement that this client is experiencing? a. Anticipatory grief b. Acute distress c. Intense grief d. Reorganization

B The immediate reaction to news of a perinatal loss or infant death encompasses a period of acute distress. Disbelief and denial can occur. However, parents also feel very sad and depressed. Intense outbursts of emotion and crying are normal. However, a lack of affect, euphoria, and calmness may occur and may reflect numbness, denial, or personal ways of coping with stress. Anticipatory grief applies to the grief related to a potential loss of an infant. The parent grieves in preparation of the infant's possible death, although he or she clings to the hope that the child will survive. Intense grief occurs in the first few months after the death of the infant. This phase encompasses many different emotions, including loneliness, emptiness, yearning, guilt, anger, and fear. Reorganization occurs after a long and intense search for meaning. Parents are better able to function at work and home, experience a return of self-esteem and confidence, can cope with new challenges, and have placed the loss in perspective. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 914 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

17. A new father is ready to take his wife and newborn son home. He proudly tells the nurse who is discharging them that within the next week he plans to start feeding the infant cereal between breastfeeding sessions. Which information should the nurse provide regarding this feeding plan? a. "Feeding solid foods before your son is 4 to 6 months old may decrease your son's intake of sufficient calories." b. "Feeding solid foods between breastfeeding sessions before your son is 4 to 6 months old will lead to an early cessation of breastfeeding." c. "Your feeding plan will help your son sleep through the night." d. "Feeding solid foods before your son is 4 to 6 months old will limit his growth."

B The introduction of solid foods before the infant is 4 to 6 months of age may result in overfeeding and decreased intake of breast milk. The belief that feeding solid foods helps infants sleep through the night is untrue. The proper balance of carbohydrate, protein, and fat for an infant to grow properly is in the breast milk or formula. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 629 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

2. A newborn in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) is dying as a result of a massive infection. The parents speak to the neonatologist, who informs them of their son's prognosis. When the father sees his son, he says, "He looks just fine to me. I can't understand what all this is about." What is themost appropriate response or reaction by the nurse at this time? a. "Didn't the physician tell you about your son's problems?" b. "This must be a difficult time for you. Tell me how you're doing." c. Quietly stand beside the infant's father. d. "You'll have to face up to the fact that he is going to die sooner or later."

B The phase of intense grief can be very difficult, especially for fathers. Parents should be encouraged to share their feelings during the initial steps in the grieving process. This father is in a phase of acute distress and is reaching out to the nurse as a source of direction in his grieving process. Shifting the focus is not in the best interest of the parent. Nursing actions may help the parents actualize the loss of their infant through a sharing and verbalization of their feelings of grief. Telling the father that his son is going to die sooner or later is dispassionate and an inappropriate statement on the part of the nurse. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 911 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

11. During a follow-up home visit, the nurse plans to evaluate whether parents have progressed to the second stage of grieving (phase of intense grief). Which behavior would the nurse not anticipate finding? a. Guilt, particularly in the mother b. Numbness or lack of response c. Bitterness or irritability d. Fear and anxiety, especially about getting pregnant again

B The second phase of grieving encompasses a wide range of intense emotions, including guilt, anger, bitterness, fear, and anxiety. What the nurse would hope not to see is numbness or unresponsiveness, which indicates that the parents are still in denial or shock. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 914 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

15. Near the end of the first week of life, an infant who has not been treated for any infection develops a copper-colored maculopapular rash on the palms and around the mouth and anus. The newborn is displaying signs and symptoms of which condition? a. Gonorrhea b. Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infection c. Congenital syphilis d. HIV

C A copper-colored maculopapular rash is indicative of congenital syphilis with lesions that may extend over the trunk and extremities. This rash is not an indication that the neonate has contracted gonorrhea. Rather, the neonate with gonorrheal infection might have septicemia, meningitis, conjunctivitis, and scalp abscesses. Infants affected with the HSV display growth restriction, skin lesions, microcephaly, hypertonicity, and seizures. Typically, the HIV-infected neonate is asymptomatic at birth. Most often the infant develops an opportunistic infection and rapid progression of immunodeficiency. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 861 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

14. The nurse is evaluating a neonate who was delivered 3 hours ago by vacuum-assisted delivery. The infant has developed a cephalhematoma. Which statement is mostapplicable to the care of this neonate? a. Intracranial hemorrhage (ICH) as a result of birth trauma is more likely to occur in the preterm, low-birth-weight infant. b. Subarachnoid hemorrhage (the most common form of ICH) occurs in term infants as a result of hypoxia. c. In many infants, signs of hemorrhage in a full-term infant are absent and diagnosed only through laboratory tests. d. Spinal cord injuries almost always result from vacuum-assisted deliveries.

C Abnormalities in lumbar punctures or red blood cell counts, for instance, or in visuals on computed tomographic (CT) scans might reveal a hemorrhage. ICH as a result of birth trauma is more likely to occur in the full-term, large infant. Subarachnoid hemorrhage in term infants is a result of trauma; in preterm infants, it is a result of hypoxia. Spinal cord injuries are almost always from breech births; however, spinal cord injuries are rare today because cesarean birth is used for breech presentation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 855 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

3. A nurse is assessing a newborn girl who is 2 hours old. Which finding warrants a call to the health care provider? a. Blood glucose of 45 mg/dl using a Dextrostix screening method b. Heart rate of 160 beats per minute after vigorously crying c. Laceration of the cheek d. Passage of a dark black-green substance from the rectum

C Accidental lacerations can be inflicted by a scalpel during a cesarean birth. They are most often found on the scalp or buttocks and may require an adhesive strip for closure. Parents would be overly concerned about a laceration on the cheek. A blood glucose level of 45 mg/dl and a heart rate of 160 beats per minute after crying are both normal findings that do not warrant a call to the physician. The passage of meconium from the rectum is an expected finding in the newborn. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 570 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

20. While discussing the societal impacts of breastfeeding, the nurse should be cognizant of the benefits and educate the client accordingly. Which statement as part of this discussion would be incorrect? a. Breastfeeding requires fewer supplies and less cumbersome equipment. b. Breastfeeding saves families money. c. Breastfeeding costs employers in terms of time lost from work. d. Breastfeeding benefits the environment.

C Actually, less time is lost to work by breastfeeding mothers, in part because infants are healthier. Breastfeeding is convenient because it does not require cleaning or transporting bottles and other equipment. It saves families money because the cost of formula far exceeds the cost of extra food for the lactating mother. Breastfeeding uses a renewable resource; it does not need fossil fuels, advertising, shipping, or disposal. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 602 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

27. As the nurse assists a new mother with breastfeeding, the client asks, "If formula is prepared to meet the nutritional needs of the newborn, what is in breast milk that makes it better?" What is the nurse's best response? a. More calories b. Essential amino acids c. Important immunoglobulins d. More calcium

C Breast milk contains immunoglobulins that protect the newborn against infection. The calorie count of formula and breast milk is approximately the same. All the essential amino acids are in both formula and breast milk; however, the concentrations may differ. Calcium levels are higher in formula than in breast milk, which can cause an excessively high renal solute load if the formula is not properly diluted. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 607 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

25. How many kilocalories per kilogram (kcal/kg) of body weight does a breastfed term infant require each day? a. 50 to 65 b. 75 to 90 c. 95 to 110 d. 150 to 200

C For the first 3 months, the infant needs 110 kcal/kg/day. At ages 3 to 6 months, the requirement is 100 kcal/kg/day. This level decreases slightly to 95 kcal/kg/day from 6 to 9 months and increases again to 100 kcal/kg/day until the baby reaches 12 months. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 604 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

12. Which statement regarding the nutrient needs of breastfed infants is correct? a. Breastfed infants need extra water in hot climates. b. During the first 3 months, breastfed infants consume more energy than formula-fed infants. c. Breastfeeding infants should receive oral vitamin D drops daily during at least the first 2 months. d. Vitamin K injections at birth are not necessary for breastfed infants.

C Human milk contains only small amounts of vitamin D. All infants who are breastfed should receive 400 International Units of vitamin D each day. Neither breastfed nor formula-fed infants need to be fed water, not even in very hot climates. During the first 3 months, formula-fed infants consume more energy than breastfed infants and therefore tend to grow more rapidly. Vitamin K shots are required for all infants because the bacteria that produce it are absent from the baby's stomach at birth. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 605 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

18. An infant was born 2 hours ago at 37 weeks of gestation and weighs 4.1 kg. The infant appears chubby with a flushed complexion and is very tremulous. The tremors are mostlikely the result of what condition? a. Birth injury b. Hypocalcemia c. Hypoglycemia d. Seizures

C Hypoglycemia is common in the macrosomic infant. Signs of hypoglycemia include jitteriness, apnea, tachypnea, and cyanosis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 856 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

4. Which conditions are infants of diabetic mothers (IDMs) at a higher risk for developing? a. Iron deficiency anemia b. Hyponatremia c. Respiratory distress syndrome d. Sepsis

C IDMs are at risk for macrosomia, birth trauma, perinatal asphyxia, respiratory distress syndrome, hypoglycemia, hypocalcemia, hypomagnesemia, cardiomyopathy, hyperbilirubinemia, and polycythemia. IDMs are not at risk for anemia, hyponatremia, or sepsis. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 856 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

15. Which information should the nurse provide to a breastfeeding mother regarding optimal self-care? a. She will need an extra 1000 calories a day to maintain energy and produce milk. b. She can return to prepregnancy consumption patterns of any drinks as long as she gets enough calcium. c. She should avoid trying to lose large amounts of weight. d. She must avoid exercising because it is too fatiguing.

C Large weight loss releases fat-stored contaminants into her breast milk, and it also involves eating too little and/or exercising too much. A breastfeeding mother needs to add only 200 to 500 extra calories to her diet to provide the extra nutrients for her infant. However, this is true only if she does not drink alcohol, limits coffee to no more than two cups (including caffeine in chocolate, tea, and some sodas, too), and carefully reads the herbal tea ingredients. Although she needs her rest, moderate exercise is healthy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 620 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

8. A new mother wants to be sure that she is meeting her daughter's needs while feeding the baby commercially prepared infant formula. The nurse should evaluate the mother's knowledge about appropriate infant feeding techniques. Which statement by the client reassures the nurse that correct learning has taken place? a. "Since reaching 2 weeks of age, I add rice cereal to my daughter's formula to ensure adequate nutrition." b. "I warm the bottle in my microwave oven." c. "I burp my daughter during and after the feeding as needed." d. "I refrigerate any leftover formula for the next feeding."

C Most infants swallow air when fed from a bottle and should be given a chance to burp several times during and after the feeding. Solid food should not be introduced to the infant for at least 4 to 6 months after birth. A microwave should never be used to warm any food to be given to an infant. The heat is not distributed evenly, which may pose a risk of burning the infant. Any formula left in the bottle after the feeding should be discarded because the infant's saliva has mixed with it. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 626 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

10. Which options for saying "good-bye" would the nurse want to discuss with a woman who is diagnosed with having a stillborn girl? a. The nurse should not discuss any options at this time; plenty of time will be available after the baby is born. b. "Would you like a picture taken of your baby after birth?" c. "When your baby is born, would you like to see and hold her?" d. "What funeral home do you want notified after the baby is born?"

C Mothers and fathers may find it helpful to see their infant after delivery. The parents' wishes should be respected. Interventions and support from the nursing and medical staff after a prenatal loss are extremely important in the healing of the parents. The initial intervention should be directly related to the parents' wishes concerning seeing or holding their dead infant. Although information about funeral home notification may be relevant, this information is not the most appropriate option at this time. Burial arrangements can be discussed after the infant is born. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 919 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

17. Providing care for the neonate born to a mother who abuses substances can present a challenge for the health care team. Nursing care for this infant requires a multisystem approach. What is the first step in the provision of care for the infant? a. Pharmacologic treatment b. Reduction of environmental stimuli c. Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) scoring d. Adequate nutrition and maintenance of fluid and electrolyte balance

C NAS describes the cohort of symptoms associated with drug withdrawal in the neonate. The NAS system evaluates CNS, metabolic, vasomotor, respiratory, and gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances. This evaluation tool enables the health care team to develop an appropriate plan of care. The infant is scored throughout his or her length of stay, and the treatment plan is adjusted accordingly. Pharmacologic treatment is based on the severity of the withdrawal symptoms, which are determined by using a standard assessment tool. Medications of choice are morphine, phenobarbital, diazepam, or diluted tincture of opium. Swaddling, holding, and reducing environmental stimuli are essential in providing care to the infant who is experiencing withdrawal. These nursing interventions are appropriate for the infant who displays CNS disturbances. Poor feeding is one of the GI symptoms common to this client population. Fluid and electrolyte balance must be maintained, and adequate nutrition provided. These infants often have a poor suck reflex and may need to be fed via gavage. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 873 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

26. Which action by the mother will initiate the milk ejection reflex (MER)? a. Wearing a firm-fitting bra b. Drinking plenty of fluids c. Placing the infant to the breast d. Applying cool packs to her breast

C Oxytocin, which causes the MER reflex, increases in response to nipple stimulation. A firm bra is important to support the breast; however, it will not initiate the MER reflex. Drinking plenty of fluids is necessary for adequate milk production, but adequate intake of water alone will not initiate the MER reflex. Cool packs to the breast will decrease the MER reflex. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 607 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

13. Which statement most accurately describes complicated grief? a. Occurs when, in multiple births, one child dies and the other or others live b. Is a state during which the parents are ambivalent, as with an abortion c. Is an extremely intense grief reaction that persists for a long time d. Is felt by the family of adolescent mothers who lose their babies

C Parents showing signs of complicated grief should be referred for counseling. Multiple births, in which not all of the babies survive, create a complicated parenting situation but not complicated bereavement. Abortion can generate complicated emotional responses, but these responses do not constitute complicated bereavement. Families of lost adolescent pregnancies may have to deal with complicated issues, but these issues are not complicated bereavement. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 927 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

5. When assisting the mother, father, and other family members to actualize the loss of an infant, which action is most helpful? a. Using the words lost or gone rather than dead or died b. Making sure the family understands that naming the baby is important c. Ensuring the baby is clothed or wrapped if the parents choose to visit with the baby d. Setting a firm time for ending the visit with the baby so that the parents know when to let go

C Presenting the baby as nicely as possible stimulates the parents' senses and provides pleasant memories of their baby. Baby lotion or powder can be applied, and the baby should be wrapped in a soft blanket, clothed, and have a cap placed on his or her head. Nurses must use the words dead and died to assist the bereaved in accepting the reality. Although naming the baby can be helpful, creating the sense that the parents have to name the baby is not important. In fact, some cultural taboos and religious rules prohibit the naming of an infant who has died. Parents need different times with their baby to say "good-bye." Nurses need to be careful not to rush the process. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 919 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

24. Which type of formula is not diluted with water, before being administered to an infant? a. Powdered b. Concentrated c. Ready-to-use d. Modified cow's milk

C Ready-to-use formula can be poured directly from the can into the baby's bottle and is good (but expensive) when a proper water supply is not available. Formula should be well mixed to dissolve the powder and make it uniform in consistency. Improper dilution of concentrated formula may cause malnutrition or sodium imbalances. Cow's milk is more difficult for the infant to digest and is not recommended, even if it is diluted. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 629 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

21. In assisting the breastfeeding mother to position the baby, which information regarding positioning is important for the nurse to keep in mind? a. The cradle position is usually preferred by mothers who had a cesarean birth. b. Women with perineal pain and swelling prefer the modified cradle position. c. Whatever the position used, the infant is "belly to belly" with the mother. d. While supporting the head, the mother should push gently on the occiput.

C The infant naturally faces the mother, belly to belly. The football position is usually preferred after a cesarean birth. Women with perineal pain and swelling prefer the side-lying position because they can rest while breastfeeding. The mother should never push on the back of the head. It may cause the baby to bite, hyperextend the neck, or develop an aversion to being brought near the breast. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 610 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

8. For an infant experiencing symptoms of drug withdrawal, which intervention should be included in the plan of care? a. Administering chloral hydrate for sedation b. Feeding every 4 to 6 hours to allow extra rest between feedings c. Snugly swaddling the infant and tightly holding the baby d. Playing soft music during feeding

C The infant should be snugly wrapped to reduce self-stimulation behaviors and to protect the skin from abrasions. Phenobarbital or diazepam may be administered to decrease central nervous system (CNS) irritability. The infant should be fed in small, frequent amounts and burped well to diminish aspiration and maintain hydration. The infant should not be stimulated (such as with music), because stimulation will increase activity and potentially increase CNS irritability. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 873 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

5. A breastfeeding woman develops engorged breasts at 3 days postpartum. What action will help this client achieve her goal of reducing the engorgement? a. Skip feedings to enable her sore breasts to rest. b. Avoid using a breast pump. c. Breastfeed her infant every 2 hours. d. Reduce her fluid intake for 24 hours.

C The mother should be instructed to attempt feeding her infant every 2 hours while massaging the breasts as the infant is feeding. Skipping feedings may cause further swelling and discomfort. If the infant does not adequately feed and empty the breast, then the mother may pump to extract the milk and relieve some of the discomfort. Dehydration further irritates swollen breast tissue. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 623 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

3. During the initial acute distress phase of grieving, parents still must make unexpected and unwanted decisions about funeral arrangements and even naming the baby. What is the nurse's role at this time? a. To take over as much as possible to relieve the pressure b. To encourage the grandparents to take over c. To ensure that the parents, themselves, approve the final decisions d. To leave them alone to work things out

C The nurse is always the client's advocate. Nurses can offer support and guidance and yet leave room for the same from grandparents. In the end, however, nurses should let the parents make the final decisions. For the nurse to be able to present options regarding burial and autopsy, among other issues, in a sensitive and respectful manner is essential. The nurse should assist the parents in any way possible; however, taking over all arrangements is not the nurse's role. Grandparents are often called on to help make the difficult decisions regarding funeral arrangements or the disposition of the body because they have more life experiences with taking care of these painful, yet required arrangements. Some well-meaning relatives may try to take over all decision-making responsibilities. The nurse must remember that the parents, themselves, should approve all of the final decisions. During this time of acute distress, the nurse should be present to provide quiet support, answer questions, obtain information, and act as a client advocate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 921 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

6. At a 2-month well-baby examination, it was discovered that an exclusively breastfed infant had only gained 10 ounces in the past 4 weeks. The mother and the nurse develop a feeding plan for the infant to increase his weight gain. Which change in dietary management will assist the client in meeting this goal? a. Begin solid foods. b. Have a bottle of formula after every feeding. c. Have one extra breastfeeding session every 24 hours. d. Start iron supplements.

C Usually the solution to slow weight gain is to improve the feeding technique. Position and the latch-on technique are evaluated, and adjustments are made. Adding a feeding or two within a 24-hour period might help. Solid foods should not be introduced to an infant for at least 4 to 6 months. Bottle feeding may cause nipple confusion and may limit the supply of milk. Iron supplements have no bearing on weight gain. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 615 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning | Nursing Process: Implementation

12. A primigravida has just delivered a healthy infant girl. The nurse is about to administer erythromycin ointment in the infant's eyes when the mother asks, "What is that medicine for?" How should the nurse respond? a. "It is an eye ointment to help your baby see you better." b. "It is to protect your baby from contracting herpes from your vaginal tract." c. "Erythromycin is prophylactically given to prevent a gonorrheal infection." d. "This medicine will protect your baby's eyes from drying out over the next few days."

C With the prophylactic use of erythromycin, the incidence of gonococcal conjunctivitis has declined to less than 0.5%. Eye prophylaxis is administered at or shortly after birth to prevent ophthalmia neonatorum. Erythromycin has no bearing on enhancing vision, is used to prevent an infection caused by gonorrhea, not herpes, and is given to prevent infection, not for lubrication. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 861 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

18. According to demographic research, which woman is leastlikely to breastfeed and therefore most likely to need education regarding the benefits and proper techniques of breastfeeding? a. Between 30 and 35 years of age, Caucasian, and employed part time outside the home b. Younger than 25 years of age, Hispanic, and unemployed c. Younger than 25 years of age, African-American, and employed full time outside the home d. 35 years of age or older, Caucasian, and employed full time at home

C Women least likely to breastfeed are typically younger than 25 years of age, have a lower income, are less educated, are employed full time outside the home, and are African-American. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 603 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

1. A family is visiting two surviving triplets. The third triplet died 2 days ago. What action indicates that the family has begun to grieve for the dead infant? a. Refers to the two live infants as twins b. Asks about the dead triplet's current status c. Brings in play clothes for all three infants d. Refers to the dead infant in the past tense

D Accepting that the infant is dead (in the past tense of the word) demonstrates an acceptance of the reality and that the family has begun to grieve. Parents of multiples are challenged with the task of parenting and grieving at the same time. Referring to the two live infants as twins does not acknowledge an acceptance of the existence of their third child. Bringing in play clothes for all three infants indicates that the parents are still in denial regarding the death of the third triplet. The death of the third infant has imposed a confusing and ambivalent induction into parenthood for this couple. If the two live infants are referred to as twins and/or if play clothes for all three infants are still considered, then the family is clearly still in denial regarding the death of one of the triplets. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 927 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

8. Which statement is the most appropriate for the nurse to make when caring for bereaved parents? a. "This happened for the best." b. "You have an angel in heaven." c. "I know how you feel." d. "What can I do for you?"

D Acknowledging the loss and being open to listening is the best action that the nurse can do. No bereaved parent would find the statement "This has happened for the best" to be comforting in any way, and it may sound judgmental. Nurses must resist the impulse to speak about the afterlife to people in pain. They should also resist the temptation to give advice or to use clichés. Unless the nurse has lost a child, he or she does not understand how the parents feel. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 922 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

3. A postpartum woman telephones the provider regarding her 5-day-old infant. The client is not scheduled for another weight check until the infant is 14 days old. The new mother is worried about whether breastfeeding is going well. Which statement indicates that breastfeeding is effective for meeting the infant's nutritional needs? a. Sleeps for 6 hours at a time between feedings b. Has at least one breast milk stool every 24 hours c. Gains 1 to 2 ounces per week d. Has at least six to eight wet diapers per day

D After day 4, when the mother's milk comes in, the infant should have six to eight wet diapers every 24 hours. Typically, infants sleep 2 to 4 hours between feedings, depending on whether they are being fed on a 2- to 3-hour schedule or cluster-fed. The infant's sleep pattern is not an indication whether the infant is breastfeeding well. The infant should have a minimum of three bowel movements in a 24-hour period. Breastfed infants typically gain 15 to 30 g/day. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: pp. 613-614 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

9. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be transmitted perinatally or during the postpartum period. Which statement regarding the method of transmission is most accurate? a. Only in the third trimester from the maternal circulation b. From the use of unsterile instruments c. Only through the ingestion of amniotic fluid d. Through the ingestion of breast milk from an infected mother

D Postnatal transmission of the HIV through breastfeeding and breast milk may occur. Transmission of the HIV from the mother to the fetus may occur through the placenta at various gestational ages. Transmission of the HIV from the use of unsterile instruments is highly unlikely; most health care facilities must meet sterility standards for all instrumentation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 863 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

1. A macrosomic infant is born after a difficult forceps-assisted delivery. After stabilization, the infant is weighed, and the birth weight is 4550 g (9 lb, 6 oz). What is the nurse'sfirst priority? a. Leave the infant in the room with the mother. b. Immediately take the infant to the nursery. c. Perform a gestational age assessment to determine whether the infant is large for gestational age. d. Frequently monitor blood glucose levels, and closely observe the infant for signs of hypoglycemia.

D Regardless of gestational age, this infant is macrosomic (defined as fetal weight more than 4000 g) and is at high risk for hypoglycemia, which affects many macrosomic infants. Blood glucose levels should be frequently monitored, and the infant should be closely observed for signs of hypoglycemia. Close observation can be achieved in the mother's room with nursing interventions. However, depending on the condition of the infant, observation may be more appropriate in the nursery. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 856 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

6. Parents are often asked if they would like to have an autopsy performed on their infant. Nurses who are assisting parents with this decision should be aware of which information? a. Autopsies are usually covered by insurance. b. Autopsies must be performed within a few hours after the infant's death. c. In the current litigious society, more autopsies are performed than in the past. d. Some religions prohibit autopsy.

D Some religions prohibit autopsies or limit the choice to the times when it may help prevent further loss. The cost of the autopsy must be considered; it is not covered by insurance and can be very expensive. There is no rush to perform an autopsy unless evidence of a contagious disease or maternal infection is present at the time of death. The rate of autopsies is declining, in part because of a fear by medical facilities that errors by the staff might be revealed, resulting in litigation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 921 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

4. A nurse caring for a family during a loss might notice that a family member is experiencing survivor guilt. Which family member is most likely to exhibit this guilt? a. Siblings b. Mother c. Father d. Grandparents

D Survivor guilt is sometimes felt by grandparents because they feel that the death is out of order; they are still alive, while their grandchild has died. They may express anger that they are alive and their grandchild is not. The siblings of the expired infant may also experience a profound loss. A young child will respond to the reactions of the parents and may act out. Older children have a more complete understanding of the loss. School-age children are likely to be frightened, whereas teenagers are at a loss on how to react. The mother of the infant is experiencing intense grief at this time. She may be dealing with questions such as, "Why me?" or "Why my baby?" and is unlikely to be experiencing survival guilt. Realizing that fathers can be experiencing deep pain beneath their calm and quiet appearance and may need help acknowledging these feelings is important. This need, however, is not the same as survivor guilt. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 916 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

22. Nurses should be able to teach breastfeeding mothers the signs that the infant has correctly latched on. Which client statement indicates a poor latch? a. "I feel a firm tugging sensation on my nipples but not pinching or pain." b. "My baby sucks with cheeks rounded, not dimpled." c. "My baby's jaw glides smoothly with sucking." d. "I hear a clicking or smacking sound."

D The clicking or smacking sound may indicate that the baby is having difficulty keeping the tongue out over the lower gum ridge. The mother should hope to hear the sound of swallowing. The tugging sensation without pinching is a good sign. Rounded cheeks are a positive indicator of a good latch. A smoothly gliding jaw also is a good sign. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 611 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

4. A primiparous woman is delighted with her newborn son and wants to begin breastfeeding as soon as possible. How should the client be instructed to position the infant to facilitate correct latch-on? a. The infant should be positioned with his or her arms folded together over the chest. b. The infant should be curled up in a fetal position. c. The woman should cup the infant's head in her hand. d. The infant's head and body should be in alignment with the mother.

D The infant's head and body should be in correct alignment with the mother and the breast during latch-on and feeding. The infant should be facing the mother with his arms hugging the breast. The baby's body should be held in correct alignment (i.e., ears, shoulder, and hips in a straight line) during feedings. The mother should support the baby's neck and shoulders with her hand and not push on the occiput. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 610 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

16. A newly delivered mother who intends to breastfeed tells her nurse, "I am so relieved that this pregnancy is over so that I can start smoking again." The nurse encourages the client to refrain from smoking. However, this new mother is insistent that she will resume smoking. How will the nurse adapt her health teaching with this new information? a. Smoking has little-to-no effect on milk production. b. No relationship exists between smoking and the time of feedings. c. The effects of secondhand smoke on infants are less significant than for adults. d. The mother should always smoke in another room.

D The new mother should be encouraged not to smoke. If she continues to smoke, she should be encouraged to always smoke in another room, removed from the baby. Smoking may impair milk production. When the products of tobacco are broken down, they cross over into the breast milk. Tobacco also results in a reduction of the antiinfective properties of breast milk. Research supports the conclusion that mothers should not smoke within 2 hours before a feeding (AAP Committee on Drugs, 2001). The effects of secondhand smoke on infants include excessive crying, colic, upper respiratory infections, and an increased risk of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 622 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

5. A pregnant woman at 37 weeks of gestation has had ruptured membranes for 26 hours. A cesarean section is performed for failure to progress. The fetal heart rate (FHR) before birth is 180 beats per minute with limited variability. At birth the newborn has Apgar scores of 6 and 7 at 1 and 5 minutes and is noted to be pale and tachypneic. Based on the maternal history, what is the most likely cause of this newborn's distress? a. Hypoglycemia b. Phrenic nerve injury c. Respiratory distress syndrome d. Sepsis

D The prolonged rupture of membranes and the tachypnea (before and after birth) suggest sepsis. A differential diagnosis can be difficult because signs of sepsis are similar to noninfectious problems such as anemia and hypoglycemia. Phrenic nerve injury is usually the result of traction on the neck and arm during childbirth and is not applicable to this situation. The earliest signs of sepsis are characterized by lack of specificity (e.g., lethargy, poor feeding, irritability), not respiratory distress syndrome. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 858 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

9. After giving birth to a stillborn infant, the woman turns to the nurse and says, "I just finished painting the baby's room. Do you think that caused my baby to die?" What is the nurse'smost appropriate response? a. "That's an old wives' tale; lots of women are around paint during pregnancy, and this doesn't happen to them." b. "That's not likely. Paint is associated with elevated pediatric lead levels." c. Silence. d. "I can understand your need to find an answer to what caused this. What else are you thinking about?"

D The statement "I can understand your need to find an answer to what caused this. What else are you thinking about?" is very appropriate for the nurse. It demonstrates caring and compassion and allows the mother to vent her thoughts and feelings, which is therapeutic in the process of grieving. The nurse should resist the temptation to give advice or to use clichés in offering support to the bereaved. In addition, trying to give bereaved parents answers when no clear answers exist or trying to squelch their guilt feeling does not help the process of grieving. Silence would probably increase the mother's feelings of guilt. One of the most important goals of the nurse is to validate the experience and feelings of the parents by encouraging them to tell their stories and then listening with care. The nurse should encourage the mother to express her thoughts. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 922 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

The healthy infant must accomplish both behavioral and biologic tasks to develop normally. Behavioral characteristics form the basis of the social capabilities of the infant. Newborns pass through a hierarchy of developmental challenges as they adapt to their environment and caregivers. This progression in behavior is the basis for the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment (NBAS). Match the cluster of neonatal behaviors with the correct level on the NBAS scale. a. Habituation b. Orientation c. Range of state d. Autonomic stability e. Regulation of state 1. Signs of stress related to homeostatic adjustment 2. Ability to respond to discrete stimuli while asleep 3. Measure of general arousability 4. How the infant responds when aroused 5. Ability to attend to visual and auditory stimuli which alerts

1-D, 2-A, 3-C, 4-E, 5-B

18. The nurse caring for a newborn checks the record to note clinical findings that occurred before her shift. Which finding related to the renal system would be of increased significance and require further action? a. The pediatrician should be notified if the newborn has not voided in 24 hours. b. Breastfed infants will likely void more often during the first days after birth. c. Brick dust or blood on a diaper is always cause to notify the physician. d. Weight loss from fluid loss and other normal factors should be made up in 4 to 7 days.

A A newborn who has not voided in 24 hours may have any of a number of problems, some of which deserve the attention of the pediatrician. Formula-fed infants tend to void more frequently in the first 3 days; breastfed infants will void less during this time because the mother's breast milk has not yet come in. Brick dust may be uric acid crystals; blood spotting could be attributable to the withdrawal of maternal hormones (pseudomenstruation) or a circumcision. The physician must be notified only if the cause of bleeding is not apparent. Weight loss from fluid loss might take 14 days to regain. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 529 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning | Nursing Process: Implementation

7. A new mother states that her infant must be cold because the baby's hands and feet are blue. This common and temporary condition is called what? a. Acrocyanosis b. Erythema toxicum neonatorum c. Harlequin sign d. Vernix caseosa

A Acrocyanosis, or the appearance of slightly cyanotic hands and feet, is caused by vasomotor instability, capillary stasis, and a high hemoglobin level. Acrocyanosis is normal and intermittently appears over the first 7 to 10 days after childbirth. Erythema toxicum neonatorum (also callederythema neonatorum) is a transient newborn rash that resembles flea bites. The harlequin sign is a benign, transient color change in newborns. One half of the body is pale, and the other one half is ruddy or bluish-red with a line of demarcation. Vernix caseosa is a cheeselike, whitish substance that serves as a protective covering for the newborn. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 534 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

31. Under which circumstance should the nurse immediately alert the pediatric provider? a. Infant is dusky and turns cyanotic when crying. b. Acrocyanosis is present 1 hour after childbirth. c. The infant's blood glucose level is 45 mg/dl. d. The infant goes into a deep sleep 1 hour after childbirth.

A An infant who is dusky and becomes cyanotic when crying is showing poor adaptation to extrauterine life. Acrocyanosis is an expected finding during the early neonatal life and is within the normal range for a newborn.Infants enter the period of deep sleep when they are approximately 1 hour old. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 525 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

: Client Needs: Psychosocial Integrity 5. New parents express concern that because of the mother's emergency cesarean birth under general anesthesia, they did not have the opportunity to hold and bond with their daughter immediately after her birth. Which information should the nurse's response convey? a. Attachment, or bonding, is a process that occurs over time and does not require early contact. b. Time immediately after birth is a critical period for humans. c. Early contact is essential for optimal parent-infant relationships. d. These new parents should just be happy that the infant is healthy.

A Attachment occurs over time and does not require early contact. Although a delay in contact does not necessarily mean that attachment is inhibited, additional psychologic energy may be necessary to achieve the same effect. The formerly accepted definition of bonding held that the period immediately after birth was critical for bonding to occur. Research since has indicated that parent-infant attachment occurs over time. A delay does not inhibit the process. Parent-infant attachment involves activities such as touching, holding, and gazing; it is not exclusively eye contact. Telling the parents that they should be happy that the infant is healthy is inappropriate; it may be received as derogatory and belittling. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 505 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

28. Which intervention can nurses use to prevent evaporative heat loss in the newborn? a. Drying the baby after birth, and wrapping the baby in a dry blanket b. Keeping the baby out of drafts and away from air conditioners c. Placing the baby away from the outside walls and windows d. Warming the stethoscope and the nurse's hands before touching the baby

A Because the infant is wet with amniotic fluid and blood, heat loss by evaporation quickly occurs. Heat loss by convection occurs when drafts come from open doors and air currents created by people moving around. If the heat loss is caused by placing the baby near cold surfaces or equipment, it is referred to as a radiation heat loss. Conduction heat loss occurs when the baby comes in contact with cold surfaces. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 528 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. A client is warm and asks for a fan in her room for her comfort. The nurse enters the room to assess the mother and her infant and finds the infant unwrapped in his crib with the fan blowing over him on high. The nurse instructs the mother that the fan should not be directed toward the newborn and that the newborn should be wrapped in a blanket. The mother asks why. How would the nurse respond? a. "Your baby may lose heat by convection, which means that he will lose heat from his body to the cooler ambient air. You should keep him wrapped, and should prevent cool air from blowing on him." b. "Your baby may lose heat by conduction, which means that he will lose heat from his body to the cooler ambient air. You should keep him wrapped, and should prevent cool air from blowing on him." c. "Your baby may lose heat by evaporation, which means that he will lose heat from his body to the cooler ambient air. You should keep him wrapped, and should prevent cool air from blowing on him." d. "Your baby will easily get cold stressed and needs to be bundled up at all times."

A Convection is the flow of heat from the body surface to cooler ambient air. Because of heat loss by convection, all newborns in open bassinets should be wrapped to protect them from the cold. Conduction is the loss of heat from the body surface to cooler surfaces, not air, in direct contact with the newborn. Evaporation is a loss of heat that occurs when a liquid is converted into a vapor. In the newborn, heat loss by evaporation occurs as a result of vaporization of moisture from the skin. Cold stress may occur from excessive heat loss; however, this does not imply that the infant will become stressed if not bundled at all times. Furthermore, excessive bundling may result in a rise in the infant's temperature. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 528 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

10. A mother is changing the diaper of her newborn son and notices that his scrotum appears large and swollen. The client is concerned. What is the best response from the nurse? a. "A large scrotum and swelling indicate a hydrocele, which is a common finding in male newborns." b. "I don't know, but I'm sure it is nothing." c. "Your baby might have testicular cancer." d. "Your baby's urine is backing up into his scrotum."

A Explaining what a hydrocele is and its characteristics is the most appropriate response by the nurse. The swelling usually decreases without intervention. Telling the mother that the condition is nothing important is inappropriate and does not address the mother's concern. Furthermore, if the nurse is unaware of any abnormal-appearing condition, then she should seek assistance from additional resources. Telling the mother that her newborn might have testicular cancer is inaccurate, inappropriate, and could cause the new mother undue worry. Urine will not back up into the scrotum if the infant has a hydrocele. Any nurse caring for the normal newborn should understand basic anatomy. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 563 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

13. A first-time father is changing the diaper of his 1-day-old daughter. He asks the nurse, "What is this black, sticky stuff in her diaper?" What is the nurse's best response? a. "That's meconium, which is your baby's first stool. It's normal." b. "That's transitional stool." c. "That means your baby is bleeding internally." d. "Oh, don't worry about that. It's okay."

A Explaining what meconium is and that it is normal is an accurate statement and the most appropriate response. Transitional stool is greenish-brown to yellowish-brown and usually appears by the third day after the initiation of feeding. Telling the father that the baby is internally bleeding is not an accurate statement. Telling the father not to worry is not appropriate. Such responses are belittling to the father and do not teach him about the normal stool patterns of his daughter. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 531 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

2. Part of the health assessment of a newborn is observing the infant's breathing pattern. What is the predominate pattern of newborn's breathing? a. Abdominal with synchronous chest movements b. Chest breathing with nasal flaring c. Diaphragmatic with chest retraction d. Deep with a regular rhythm

A In a normal infant respiration, the chest and abdomen synchronously rise and infant breaths are shallow and irregular. Breathing with nasal flaring is a sign of respiratory distress. Diaphragmatic breathing with chest retraction is also a sign of respiratory distress. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 524 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

7. Which statement by the nurse can assist a new father in his transition to parenthood? a. Pointing out that the infant turned at the sound of his voice b. Encouraging him to go home to get some sleep c. Telling him to tape the infant's diaper a different way d. Suggesting that he let the infant sleep in the bassinet

A Infants respond to the sound of voices. Because attachment involves a reciprocal interchange, observing the interaction between parent and infant is very important. Separation of the parent and infant does not encourage parent-infant attachment. Educating the parent in infant care techniques is important, but the manner in which a diaper is taped is not relevant and does not enhance parent-infant interactions. Parent-infant attachment involves touching, holding, and cuddling. It is appropriate for a father to want to hold the infant as the baby sleeps. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 506 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

17. When the infant's behaviors and characteristics call forth a corresponding set of maternal behaviors and characteristics, what is the correct term for this behavior? a. Mutuality b. Bonding c. Claiming d. Acquaintance

A Mutuality extends the concept of attachment and includes a shared set of behaviors as part of the bonding process.Bonding is the process during which parents form an emotional attachment to their infant over time.Claiming is the process during which parents identify their new baby in terms of the infant's likeness to other family members and their differences and uniqueness. Similar to mutuality,acquaintance is part of attachment. It describes how parents get to know their baby during the immediate postpartum period through eye contact, touching, and talking. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 502 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

16. Which explanation will assist the parents in their decision on whether they should circumcise their son? a. The circumcision procedure has pros and cons during the prenatal period. b. American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) recommends that all male newborns be routinely circumcised. c. Circumcision is rarely painful, and any discomfort can be managed without medication. d. The infant will likely be alert and hungry shortly after the procedure.

A Parents need to make an informed choice regarding newborn circumcision, based on the most current evidence and recommendations. Health care providers and nurses who care for childbearing families should provide factual, unbiased information regarding circumcision and give parents opportunities to discuss the risks and benefits of the procedure. The AAP and other professional organizations note the benefits but stop short of recommending routine circumcision. Circumcision is painful and must be managed with environmental, nonpharmacologic, and pharmacologic measures. After the procedure, the infant may be fussy for several hours, or he may be sleepy and difficult to awaken for feeding. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 580 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

21. A 3.8-kg infant was vaginally delivered at 39 weeks of gestation after a 30-minute second stage. A nuchal cord occurred. After the birth, the infant is noted to have petechiae over the face and upper back. Based on the nurse's knowledge, which information regarding petechiae should be shared with the parents? a. Petechiae (pinpoint hemorrhagic areas) are benign if they disappear within 48 hours of childbirth. b. These hemorrhagic areas may result from increased blood volume. c. Petechiae should always be further investigated. d. Petechiae usually occur with a forceps delivery.

A Petechiae that are acquired during birth may extend over the upper portion of the trunk and face. These lesions are benign if they disappear within 2 days of birth and no new lesions appear. Petechiae may result from decreased platelet formation. In this infant, the presence of petechiae is more likely a soft-tissue injury resulting from the nuchal cord at birth. Unless the lesions do not dissipate in 2 days, no reason exists to alarm the family. Petechiae usually occur with a breech presentation vaginal birth. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 570 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

5. The nurse is using the New Ballard Scale to determine the gestational age of a newborn. Which assessment finding is consistent with a gestational age of 40 weeks? a. Flexed posture b. Abundant lanugo c. Smooth, pink skin with visible veins d. Faint red marks on the soles of the feet

A Term infants typically have a flexed posture. Abundant lanugo; smooth, pink skin with visible veins; and faint red marks are usually observed on preterm infants. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: pp. 553, 554 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

8. The nurse is preparing to administer a hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccine to a newborn. Which intervention by the nurse is correct? a. Obtaining a syringe with a 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle for medication administration b. Confirming that the newborn's mother has been infected with the HBV c. Assessing the dorsogluteal muscle as the preferred site for injection d. Confirming that the newborn is at least 24 hours old

A The HBV vaccine should be administered in the vastus lateralis muscle at childbirth with a 25-gauge, 5/8-inch needle and is recommended for all infants. If the infant is born to an infected mother who is a chronic HBV carrier, then the hepatitis vaccine and HBV immunoglobulin should be administered within 12 hours of childbirth. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 579 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

25. The nurse should be cognizant of which important statement regarding care of the umbilical cord? a. The stump can become easily infected. b. If bleeding occurs from the vessels of the cord, then the nurse should immediately call for assistance. c. The cord clamp is removed at cord separation. d. The average cord separation time is 5 to 7 days.

A The cord stump is an excellent medium for bacterial growth. The nurse should first check the clamp (or tie) and apply a second one. If bleeding occurs and does not stop, then the nurse should call for assistance. The cord clamp is removed after 24 hours when it is dry. The average cord separation time is 10 to 14 days. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 593 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

28. Nursing follow-up care often includes home visits for the new mother and her infant. Which information related to home visits is correct? a. Ideally, the visit is scheduled within 72 hours after discharge. b. Home visits are available in all areas. c. Visits are completed within a 30-minute time frame. d. Blood draws are not a part of the home visit.

A The home visit is ideally scheduled within 72 hours after discharge. This timing allows early assessment and intervention for problems with feedings, jaundice, newborn adaptation, and maternal-infant interaction. Because of geographic distances, home visits are not available in all locales. Visits are usually 60 to 90 minutes in length to allow enough time for assessment and teaching. When jaundice is found, the nurse can discuss the implications and check the transcutaneous bilirubin level or draw blood for testing. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 594 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

8. A nurse notes that an Eskimo woman does not cuddle or interact with her newborn other than to feed him, change his diapers or soiled clothes, and put him to bed. While evaluating this client's behavior with her infant, what realization does the nurse make? a. What appears to be a lack of interest in the newborn is, in fact, the cultural way of demonstrating intense love by attempting to ward off evil spirits. b. The woman is inexperienced in caring for a newborn. c. The woman needs a referral to a social worker for further evaluation of her parenting behaviors once she goes home with the newborn. d. Extra time needs to be planned for assisting the woman in bonding with her newborn.

A The nurse may observe an Eskimo mother who gives minimal care to her infant and refuses to cuddle or interact with her infant. The apparent lack of interest in the newborn is this cultural group's attempt to ward off evil spirits and actually reflects an intense love and concern for the infant. Inexperience in caring for newborns is not an issue. Cultural beliefs are important determinates of parenting behaviors. The woman's "lack of interest" is an Eskimo cultural behavior. Referring the woman to a social worker is not necessary in this situation. The lack of infant interaction is not a form of infant neglect; rather, it is a demonstration of love and concern for the infant. The nurse may observe the woman and may be concerned by the apparent lack of interest in the newborn when in fact her behavior is a cultural display of love and concern for the infant. Teaching the woman infant care is important, but acknowledging her cultural beliefs and practices is equally important. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 516 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

19. What is the correct term for the cheeselike, white substance that fuses with the epidermis and serves as a protective coating? a. Vernix caseosa b. Surfactant c. Caput succedaneum d. Acrocyanosis

A The protection provided by vernix caseosa is needed because the infant's skin is so thin. Surfactant is a protein that lines the alveoli of the infant's lungs. Caput succedaneum is the swelling of the tissue over the presenting part of the fetal head. Acrocyanosis is cyanosis of the hands and feet, resulting in a blue coloring. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 534 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

17. The most serious complication of an infant heelstick is necrotizing osteochondritis resulting from lancet penetration of the bone. What approach should the nurse take when performing the test to prevent this complication? a. Lancet should penetrate at the outer aspect of the heel. b. Lancet should penetrate the walking surface of the heel. c. Lancet should penetrate the ball of the foot. d. Lancet should penetrate the area just below the fifth toe.

A The stick should be made at the outer aspect of the heel and should penetrate no deeper than 2.4 mm. Repeated trauma to the walking surface of the heel can cause fibrosis and scarring that can lead to problems with walking later in life. The ball of the foot and the area below the fifth toe are inappropriate sites for a heelstick. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 576 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

26. Which component of the sensory system is the leastmature at birth? a. Vision b. Hearing c. Smell d. Taste

A The visual system continues to develop for the first 6 months after childbirth. As soon as the amniotic fluid drains from the ear (in minutes), the infant's hearing is similar to that of an adult. Newborns have a highly developed sense of smell and can distinguish and react to various tastes. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 545 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

4. During life in utero, oxygenation of the fetus occurs through transplacental gas exchange. When birth occurs, four factors combine to stimulate the respiratory center in the medulla. The initiation of respiration then follows. What are these four essential factors? a. Chemical b. Mechanical c. Thermal d. Psychologic e. Sensory

A, B, C, E Chemical factors are essential to initiate breathing. During labor, decreased levels of oxygen and increased levels of carbon dioxide seem to have a cumulative effect that is involved in the initiation of breathing. Clamping of the cord may also contribute to the start of respirations and results in a drop in the level of prostaglandins, which are known to inhibit breathing. Mechanical factors are also necessary to initiate respirations. As the infant passes through the birth canal, the chest is compressed. After the birth, the chest is relaxed, which allows for negative intrathoracic pressure that encourages air to flow into the lungs. The profound change in temperature between intrauterine and extrauterine life stimulates receptors in the skin to communicate with the receptors in the medulla. The stimulation of these receptors also contributes to the initiation of breathing. Sensory factors include handling by the health care provider, drying by the nurse, lights, smells, and sounds. Psychologic factors do not contribute to the initiation of respirations. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 524 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

2. Which statements describe the first stage of the neonatal transition period? (Select all that apply.) a. The neonatal transition period lasts no longer than 30 minutes. b. It is marked by spontaneous tremors, crying, and head movements. c. Passage of the meconium occurs during the neonatal transition period. d. This period may involve the infant suddenly and briefly sleeping. e. Audible grunting and nasal flaring may be present during this time.

A, B, C, E The first stage is an active phase during which the baby is alert; this stage is referred to as the first period of reactivity. Decreased activity and sleep mark the second stage, the period of decreased responsiveness. The first stage is the shortest, lasting less than 30 minutes. Such exploratory behaviors include spontaneous startle reactions. Audible grunting, nasal flaring, and chest retractions may be present; however, these behaviors usually resolve within 1 hour of life. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 523 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

3. Which societal factors have a strong influence on parental response to their infant? (Select all that apply.) a. An adolescent mother's egocentricity and unmet developmental needs interfere with her ability to parent effectively. b. An adolescent mother is likely to use less verbal instruction, be less responsive, and interact less positively than other mothers. c. Adolescent mothers have a higher documented incidence of child abuse. d. Mothers older than 35 years of age often deal with more stress related to work and career issues, as well as decreasing libido. e. Relationships between adolescent mothers and fathers are more stable than older adults.

A, B, D Adolescent mothers are more inclined to have a number of parenting difficulties that can benefit from counseling, but a higher incidence of child abuse is not one of them. As adolescent mothers move through the transition to parenthood, they can feel different from their peers, excluded from fun activities, and prematurely forced to enter the adult role. The conflict between their own desires and the infant's demands further contribute to the normal psychosocial stress of childbirth and parenting. Adolescent mothers provide warm and attentive physical care; however, they use less verbal interaction than older parents, and adolescents tend to be less responsive and to interact less positively with their infants than older mothers. Midlife mothers have many competencies; however, they are more likely to have to deal with career and sexual issues than are younger mothers. Relationships between adolescent parents tend to be less stable than among adults. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: pp. 513, 514 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

1. Which concerns regarding parenthood are often expressed by visually impaired mothers? (Select all that apply.) a. Infant safety b. Transportation c. Ability to care for the infant d. Visually missing out e. Needing extra time for parenting activities to accommodate the visual limitations

A, B, D, E Concerns expressed by visually impaired mothers include infant safety, extra time needed for parenting activities, transportation, handling other people's reactions, providing proper discipline, and missing out visually. Blind people sense a reluctance on the part of others to acknowledge that they have a right to be parents. However, blind parents are fully capable of caring for their infants. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 517 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

4. The transition to parenting for same-sex couples can present unique challenges. How can the nurse foster adjustment to parenting for these clients? (Select all that apply.) a. Use a supplemental feeding device to simulate breastfeeding. b. Allow the partner to cut the cord. c. Gay fathers should meet their new infant soon after the birth mother has recovered. d. Understand that strong social sanctions remain. e. Provide information regarding support groups.

A, B, D, E In a lesbian couple, the nonchildbearing partner may have a desire to breastfeed. This can be achieved using a supplemental nursing device. The female partner should be offered the same right as a heterosexual partner including cutting the cord. A gay couple may adopt a baby or use a surrogate. If the latter method is chosen, then they should be present at the birth if at all possible. The nurse can refer these men to available support groups. Same-sex couples continue to face strong social sanction in their efforts to parent. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 515 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

5. A parent who has a hearing impairment is presented with a number of challenges in parenting. Which nursing approaches are appropriate for working with hearing-impaired new parents? (Select all that apply.) a. Using devices that transform sound into light b. Assuming that the client knows sign language c. Speaking quickly and loudly d. Ascertaining whether the client can read lips before teaching e. Writing messages that aid in communication

A, D, E Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 requires that hospitals use various communication techniques and resources with the deaf and hard of hearing client. These resources include devices such as door alarms, cry alarms, and amplifiers. Before initiating communication, the nurse needs to be aware of the parents' preferences for communication. Not all hearing-impaired clients know sign language. Do they wear a hearing aid? Do they read lips? Do they wish to have a sign language interpreter? If the parent relies on lip reading, then the nurse should sit close enough to enable the parent to visualize lip movements. The nurse should speak clearly in a regular voice volume, in short, simple sentences. Written messages such as on a black or white erasable board can be useful. Written materials should be reviewed with the parents before discharge. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: pp. 517, 518 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

27. Which intervention by the nurse would reduce the risk of abduction of the newborn from the hospital? a. Instructing the mother not to give her infant to anyone except the one nurse assigned to her that day b. Applying an electronic and identification bracelet to the mother and the infant c. Carrying the infant when transporting him or her in the halls d. Restricting the amount of time infants are out of the nursery

B A measure taken by many facilities is to band both the mother and the baby with matching identification bracelets and band the infant with an electronic device that will sound an alarm if the infant is removed from the maternity unit. It is impossible for one nurse to be on call for one mother and baby for the entire shift; therefore, parents need to be able to identify the nurses who are working on the unit. Infants should always be transported in their bassinette for both safety and security reasons. All maternity unit nursing staff should have unique identification bracelets in comparison with the rest of the hospital. Infants should remain with their parents and spend as little time in the nursery as possible. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 578 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

37. What is the rationale for evaluating the plantar crease within a few hours of birth? a. Newborn has to be footprinted. b. As the skin dries, the creases will become more prominent. c. Heel sticks may be required. d. Creases will be less prominent after 24 hours.

B As the infant's skin begins to dry, the creases will appear more prominent, and the infant's gestation could be misinterpreted. Footprinting nor heel sticks will not interfere with the creases. The creases will appear more prominent after 24 hours. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 535 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

14. Which statement best describes the transition period between intrauterine and extrauterine existence for the newborn? a. Consists of four phases, two reactive and two of decreased responses b. Lasts from birth to day 28 of life c. Applies to full-term births only d. Varies by socioeconomic status and the mother's age

B Changes begin immediately after birth; the cutoff time when the transition is considered over (although the baby keeps changing) is 28 days. This transition period has three phases: first reactivity, decreased response, and second reactivity. All newborns experience this transition period, regardless of age or type of birth. Although stress can cause variations in the phases, the mother's age and wealth do not disturb the pattern. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 523 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

34. The process during which bilirubin is changed from a fat-soluble product to a water-soluble product is known as what? a. Enterohepatic circuit b. Conjugation of bilirubin c. Unconjugated bilirubin d. Albumin binding

B Conjugation of bilirubin is the process of changing the bilirubin from a fat-soluble to a water-soluble product and is the route by which part of the bile produced by the liver enters the intestine, is reabsorbed by the liver, and is then recycled into the intestine. Unconjugated bilirubin is a fat-soluble product. Albumin binding is the process during which something attaches to a protein molecule. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 532 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

23. The nurse is circulating during a cesarean birth of a preterm infant. The obstetrician requests that cord clamping be delayed. What is the rationale for this directive? a. To reduce the risk for jaundice b. To reduce the risk of intraventricular hemorrhage c. To decrease total blood volume d. To improve the ability to fight infection

B Delayed cord clamping provides the greatest benefits to the preterm infant. These benefits include a significant reduction in intraventricular hemorrhage, a reduced need for a blood transfusion, and improved blood cell volume. The risk of jaundice can increase, requiring phototherapy. Although no difference in the newborn's infection fighting ability occurs, iron status is improved, which can provide benefits for 6 months. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 527 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

15. A primiparous woman is in the taking-in stage of psychosocial recovery and adjustment after childbirth. Recognizing the needs of women during this stage, how should the nurse respond? a. Foster an active role in the baby's care. b. Provide time for the mother to reflect on the events of her labor and delivery. c. Recognize the woman's limited attention span by giving her written materials to read when she gets home rather than doing a teaching session while she is in the hospital. d. Promote maternal independence by encouraging her to meet her own hygiene and comfort needs.

B During this stage, the new mother is excited and talkative. It is important that she be able to fulfill her desire to review her birth experience. During this stage, the new mother still relies upon others to meet her physical needs. Once these are met, she will be more able to take an active role, not only in her own care but also in the care of her newborn, which happens during the taking-hold stage. Short teaching sessions, using written materials to reinforce the content presented, is a more effective approach. The focus of the taking-in or dependencystage is to nurture the new mother by meeting her dependency needs for rest, comfort, hygiene, and nutrition. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 508 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning | Nursing Process: Implementation

12. At 1 minute after birth a nurse assesses an infant and notes a heart rate of 80 beats per minute, some flexion of extremities, a weak cry, grimacing, and a pink body but blue extremities. Which Apgar score does the nurse calculate based upon these observations and signs? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

B Each of the five signs the nurse notes scores a 1 on the Apgar scale, for a total of 5. A score of 4 is too low for this infant. A score of 6 is too high for this infant. A score of 7 is too high for an infant with this presentation. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 551 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

18. In follow-up appointments or visits with parents and their new baby, it may be useful if the nurse can identify parental behaviors that can either facilitate or inhibit attachment. Which is a facilitating behavior? a. Parents have difficulty naming the infant. b. Parents hover around the infant, directing attention to and pointing at the infant. c. Parents make no effort to interpret the actions or needs of the infant. d. Parents do not move from fingertip touch to palmar contact and holding.

B Hovering over the infant and obviously paying attention to the baby are facilitating behaviors. Inhibiting behaviors include difficulty naming the infant, making no effort to interpret the actions or needs of the infant, and not moving from fingertip touch to palmar contact and holding. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 503 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

11. In addition to eye contact, other early sensual contacts between the infant and mother involve sound and smell. What other statement regarding the senses is correct? a. High-pitched voices irritate newborns. b. Infants can learn to distinguish their mother's voice from others soon after birth. c. All babies in the hospital smell alike. d. Mother's breast milk has no distinctive odor.

B Infants know the sound of their mother's voice at an early age. Infants positively respond to high-pitched voices. Each infant has a unique odor. Infants quickly learn to distinguish the odor of their mother's breast milk. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 506 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

23. What is the nurse's initial action while caring for an infant with a slightly decreased temperature? a. Immediately notify the physician. b. Place a cap on the infant's head, and have the mother perform kangaroo care. c. Tell the mother that the infant must be kept in the nursery and observed for the next 4 hours. d. Change the formula; a decreased body temperature is a sign of formula intolerance.

B Keeping the head well covered with a cap prevents further heat loss from the head, and placing the infant skin-to-skin against the mother should increase the infant's temperature. Nursing actions are needed first to correct the problem. If the problem persists after the interventions, physician notification may then be necessary. A slightly decreased temperature can be treated in the mother's room, offering an excellent time for parent teaching on the prevention of cold stress. Mild temperature instability is an expected deviation from normal during the first days after childbirth as the infant adapts to external life. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 568 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

3. The nurse observes that a first-time mother appears to ignore her newborn. Which strategy should the nurse use to facilitate mother-infant attachment? a. Tell the mother she must pay attention to her infant. b. Show the mother how the infant initiates interaction and attends to her. c. Demonstrate for the mother different positions for holding her infant while feeding. d. Arrange for the mother to watch a video on parent-infant interaction.

B Pointing out the responsiveness of the infant is a positive strategy for facilitating parent-infant attachment. Telling the mother that she must pay attention to her infant may be perceived as derogatory and is not appropriate. Educating the young mother in infant care is important, but pointing out the responsiveness of her baby is a better tool for facilitating mother-infant attachment. Videos are an educational tool that can demonstrate parent-infant attachment, but encouraging the mother to recognize the infant's responsiveness is more appropriate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 502 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

13. The postpartum nurse should be cognizant of what with regard to the adaptation of other family members (primarily siblings and grandparents) to the newborn? a. Sibling rivalry cannot be dismissed as overblown psychobabble; negative feelings and behaviors can take a long time to blow over. b. Participation in preparation classes helps both siblings and grandparents. c. In the United States, paternal and maternal grandparents consider themselves of equal importance and status. d. Since 1990, the number of grandparents providing permanent care to their grandchildren has been declining.

B Preparing older siblings, as well as grandparents, helps with everyone's adaptation. Sibling rivalry should be initially expected, but the negative behaviors associated with it have been overemphasized and stop in a comparatively short time. In the United States, in contrast to other cultures, paternal grandparents frequently consider themselves secondary to maternal grandparents. The number of grandparents providing permanent child care has been rising. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: pp. 517, 519 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

20. The postpartum woman continually repeats the story of her labor, delivery, and recovery experience. What is this new mother attempting to achieve with this behavior? a. Providing others with her knowledge of events b. Making the birth experience real c. Taking hold of the events leading up to her labor and delivery d. Accepting her response to labor and delivery

B Reliving the birth experience makes the event real and helps the mother realize that the pregnancy is over and that the infant is born and is now a separate individual. The retelling of the story satisfies her needs, not the needs of others. This new mother is in the taking-in phase, trying to make the birth experience seem real and separate the infant from herself. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 508 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

36. The condition during which infants are at an increased risk for subgaleal hemorrhage is called what? a. Infection b. Jaundice c. Caput succedaneum d. Erythema toxicum neonatorum

B Subgaleal hemorrhage is bleeding into the subgaleal compartment and is the result of the transition from a forceps or vacuum application. Because of the breakdown of the red blood cells within a hematoma, infants are at greater risk for jaundice. Subgaleal hemorrhage does not increase the risk for infections. Caput succedaneum is an edematous area on the head caused by pressure against the cervix. Erythema toxicum neonatorum is a benign rash of unknown cause that consists of blotchy red areas. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 538 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

9. Many first-time parents do not plan on having their parents' help immediately after the newborn arrives. Which statement by the nurse is the most appropriate when counseling new parents regarding the involvement of grandparents? a. "You should tell your parents to leave you alone." b. "Grandparents can help you with parenting skills." c. "Grandparent involvement can be very disruptive to the family." d. "They are getting old. You should let them be involved while they can."

B Telling the parents that grandparents can help with parenting skills and therefore help preserve family traditions is the most appropriate response. Intergenerational help may be perceived as interference, but telling the parents that their parents should be told to leave them alone is not therapeutic to the adaptation of the family. Telling the parents that grandparent involvement can be disruptive to the family is an invalid statement and not an appropriate nursing response. Regardless of age, grandparents can help with parenting skills and preserve family traditions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 518 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

10. The parents of a newborn ask the nurse how much the newborn can see. The parents specifically want to know what type of visual stimuli they should provide for their newborn. What information provided by the nurse would be most useful to these new parents? a. "Infants can see very little until approximately 3 months of age." b. "Infants can track their parents' eyes and can distinguish patterns; they prefer complex patterns." c. "The infant's eyes must be protected. Infants enjoy looking at brightly colored stripes." d. "It's important to shield the newborn's eyes. Overhead lights help them see better."

B Telling the parents that infants can track their parents' eyes and can distinguish patterns is an accurate statement. Development of the visual system continues for the first 6 months of life. Visual acuity is difficult to determine, but the clearest visual distance for the newborn appears to be 19 cm. Infants prefer to look at complex patterns, regardless of the color. They prefer low illumination and withdraw from bright lights. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 545 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

9. A primiparous woman is watching her newborn sleep. She wants him to wake up and respond to her. The mother asks the nurse how much he will sleep every day. What is an appropriate response by the nurse? a. "He will only wake up to be fed, and you should not bother him between feedings." b. "The newborn sleeps approximately 17 hours a day, with periods of wakefulness gradually increasing." c. "He will probably follow your same sleep and wake patterns, and you can expect him to be awake soon." d. "He is being stubborn by not waking up when you want him to. You should try to keep him awake during the daytime so that he will sleep through the night."

B Telling the woman that the newborn sleeps approximately 17 hours a day with periods of wakefulness that gradually increase is both accurate and the most appropriate response by the nurse. Periods of wakefulness are dictated by hunger, but the need for socializing also appears. Telling the woman that her infant is stubborn and should be kept awake during the daytime is an inappropriate nursing response. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 544 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

16. Which information about variations in the infant's blood counts is important for the nurse to explain to the new parents? a. A somewhat lower-than-expected red blood cell count could be the result of a delay in clamping the umbilical cord. b. An early high white blood cell (WBC) count is normal at birth and should rapidly decrease. c. Platelet counts are higher in the newborn than in adults for the first few months. d. Even a modest vitamin K deficiency means a problem with the blood's ability to properly clot.

B The WBC count is normally high on the first day of birth and then rapidly declines. Delayed cord clamping results in an increase in hemoglobin and the red blood cell count. The platelet count is essentially the same for newborns and adults. Clotting is sufficient to prevent hemorrhage unless the deficiency of vitamin K is significant. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 527 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

1. A woman gave birth to a healthy 7-pound, 13-ounce infant girl. The nurse suggests that the client place the infant to her breast within 15 minutes after birth. The nurse is aware that the initiation of breastfeeding is most effective during the first 30 minutes after birth. What is the correct term for this phase of alertness? a. Transition period b. First period of reactivity c. Organizational stage d. Second period of reactivity

B The first period of reactivity is the first phase of transition and lasts up to 30 minutes after birth. The infant is highly alert during this phase. The transition period is the phase between intrauterine and extrauterine existence. An organizational stage is not a valid stage. The second period of reactivity occurs approximately between 4 and 8 hours after birth, after a period of sleep. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 523 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

16. The nurse observes several interactions between a postpartum woman and her new son. What behavior, if exhibited by this woman, would the nurse identify as a possible maladaptive behavior regarding parent-infant attachment? a. The postpartum woman talks and coos to her son. b. She seldom makes eye contact with her son. c. The mother cuddles her son close to her. d. She tells visitors how well her son is feeding.

B The mother should be encouraged to hold her infant in the en face position and make eye contact with the infant. Normal infant-parent interactions include talking and cooing to her son, cuddling her son close to her, and telling visitors how well her son is feeding. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 503 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment | Nursing Process: Diagnosis

14. The nurse is completing a physical examination of the newborn 24 hours after birth. Which component of the evaluation is correct? a. The parents are excused to reduce their normal anxiety. b. The nurse can gauge the neonate's maturity level by assessing his or her general appearance. c. Once often neglected, blood pressure is now routinely checked. d. When the nurse listens to the neonate's heart, the S1 and S2 sounds can be heard; the S1sound is somewhat higher in pitch and sharper than the S2 sound.

B The nurse is looking at skin color, alertness, cry, head size, and other features. The parents' presence actively involves them in child care and gives the nurse the chance to observe their interactions. Blood pressure is not usually taken unless cardiac problems are suspected. The S2 sound is higher and sharper than the S1 sound. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 551 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 2. A new father wants to know what medication was put into his infant's eyes and why it is needed. How does the nurse explain the purpose of the erythromycin (Ilotycin) ophthalmic ointment? a. Erythromycin (Ilotycin) ophthalmic ointment destroys an infectious exudate caused byStaphylococcus that could make the infant blind. b. This ophthalmic ointment prevents gonorrheal and chlamydial infection of the infant's eyes, potentially acquired from the birth canal. c. Erythromycin (Ilotycin) prevents potentially harmful exudate from invading the tear ducts of the infant's eyes, leading to dry eyes. d. This ointment prevents the infant's eyelids from sticking together and helps the infant see.

B The nurse should explain that prophylactic erythromycin ophthalmic ointment is instilled in the eyes of all neonates to prevent gonorrheal and chlamydial infection that potentially could have been acquired from the birth canal. This prophylactic ophthalmic ointment is not instilled to prevent dry eyes and has no bearing on vision other than to protect against infection that may lead to vision problems. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 568 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

30. Which cardiovascular changes cause the foramen ovale to close at birth? a. Increased pressure in the right atrium b. Increased pressure in the left atrium c. Decreased blood flow to the left ventricle d. Changes in the hepatic blood flow

B With the increase in the blood flow to the left atrium from the lungs, the pressure is increased, and the foramen ovale is functionally closed. The pressure in the right atrium decreases at birth and is higher during fetal life. Blood flow increases to the left ventricle after birth. The hepatic blood flow changes but is not the reason for the closure of the foramen ovale. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 525 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

2. In the United States, the en face position is preferred immediately after birth. Which actions by the nurse can facilitate this process? (Select all that apply.) a. Washing both the infant's face and the mother's face b. Placing the infant on the mother's abdomen or breast with their heads on the same plane c. Dimming the lights d. Delaying the instillation of prophylactic antibiotic ointment in the infant's eyes e. Placing the infant in the grandmother's arms

B, C, D As newborns become functionally able to sustain eye contact with their parents, they spend time in mutual gazing, often in the en face position, a position in which the faces of the parent and infant are approximately 20 cm apart and on the same plane. Washing the faces of the infant or mother is not necessary at this time and would interrupt the process. Nurses and physicians or midwives can facilitate eye contact immediately after birth by placing the infant on the mother's abdomen or breasts with the mother and the infant's faces on the same plane. Dimming the lights encourages the infant's eyes to stay open. To promote eye contact, the instillation of prophylactic antibiotic ointment into the infant's eyes can be delayed until after the infant and parents have had some time together during the first hour after birth. Having the grandmother hold the infant is important; however, it will not necessarily promote eye contact between the parent and infant. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 506 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

1. What are the various modes of heat loss in the newborn?(Select all that apply.) a. Perspiration b. Convection c. Radiation d. Conduction e. Urination

B, C, D Convection, radiation, evaporation, and conduction are the four modes of heat loss in the newborn. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 528 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

: Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity 13. Which statement accurately describes an appropriate-for-gestational age (AGA) weight assessment? a. AGA weight assessment falls between the 25th and 75th percentiles for the infant's age. b. AGA weight assessment depends on the infant's length and the size of the newborn's head. c. AGA weight assessment falls between the 10th and 90th percentiles for the infant's age. d. AGA weight assessment is modified to consider intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR).

C An AGA weight falls between the 10th and 90th percentiles for the infant's age. The AGA range is larger than the 25th and 75th percentiles. The infant's length and head size are measured, but these measurements do not affect the normal weight designation. IUGR applies to the fetus, not to the newborn's weight. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 553 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

1. An infant boy was delivered minutes ago. The nurse is conducting the initial assessment. Part of the assessment includes the Apgar score. When should the Apgar assessment be performed? a. Only if the newborn is in obvious distress b. Once by the obstetrician, just after the birth c. At least twice, 1 minute and 5 minutes after birth d. Every 15 minutes during the newborn's first hour after birth

C Apgar scoring is performed at 1 minute and at 5 minutes after birth. Scoring may continue at 5-minute intervals if the infant is in distress and requires resuscitation efforts. The Apgar score is performed on all newborns. Apgar score can be completed by the nurse or the birth attendant. The Apgar score permits a rapid assessment of the newborn's transition to extrauterine life. An interval of every 15 minutes is too long to wait to complete this assessment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 550 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

25. The nurse should be cognizant of which important information regarding the gastrointestinal (GI) system of the newborn? a. The newborn's cheeks are full because of normal fluid retention. b. The nipple of the bottle or breast must be placed well inside the baby's mouth because teeth have been developing in utero, and one or more may even be through. c. Regurgitation during the first day or two can be reduced by burping the infant and slightly elevating the baby's head. d. Bacteria are already present in the infant's GI tract at birth because they traveled through the placenta.

C Avoiding overfeeding can also reduce regurgitation. The newborn's cheeks are full because of well-developed sucking pads. Teeth do develop in utero, but the nipple is placed deep because the baby cannot move food from the lips to the pharynx. Bacteria are not present at birth, but they soon enter through various orifices. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 530 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

4. A nurse hears a primiparous woman talking to her son and telling him that his chin is just like his dad's. This statement ismost descriptive of which process? a. Mutuality b. Synchrony c. Claiming d. Reciprocity

C Claiming refers to the process by which the child is identified in terms of likeness to other family members. Mutualityoccurs when the infant's behaviors and characteristics call forth a corresponding set of maternal behaviors and characteristics. Synchrony refers to the "fit" between the infant's cues and the parent's responses. Reciprocity is a type of body movement or behavior that provides the observer with cues. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: pp. 502, 504 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation

6. During a telephone follow-up conversation with a woman who is 4 days postpartum, the woman tells the nurse, "I don't know what's wrong. I love my son, but I feel so let down. I seem to cry for no reason!" Which condition might this new mother be experiencing? a. Letting-go b. Postpartum depression (PPD) c. Postpartum blues d. Attachment difficulty

C During the postpartum blues, women are emotionally labile, often crying easily and for no apparent reason. This lability seems to peak around the fifth postpartum day. The letting-go phase is the period that occurs several weeks after childbirth. During this phase the woman wants to move forward as a family unit with all members, appropriately interacting to their new roles. PPD is an intense, pervasive sadness marked by severe, labile mood swings; it is more serious and persistent than the postpartum blues. Crying is not a maladaptive attachment response; it indicates postpartum blues. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 509 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment | Nursing Process: Diagnosis

11. While assessing the integument of a 24-hour-old newborn, the nurse notes a pink papular rash with vesicles superimposed on the thorax, back, and abdomen. What action is the highest priority for the nurse to take at this time? a. Immediately notify the physician. b. Move the newborn to an isolation nursery. c. Document the finding as erythema toxicum neonatorum. d. Take the newborn's temperature, and obtain a culture of one of the vesicles.

C Erythema toxicum neonatorum (or erythema neonatorum) is a newborn rash that resembles flea bites. Notification of the physician, isolation of the newborn, or additional interventions are not necessary when erythema toxicum neonatorum is present. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 536 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

22. A mother expresses fear about changing her infant's diaper after he is circumcised. What does the client need to be taught to care for her newborn son? a. Cleanse the penis with prepackaged diaper wipes every 3 to 4 hours. b. Apply constant, firm pressure by squeezing the penis with the fingers for at least 5 minutes if bleeding occurs. c. Gently cleanse the penis with water and apply petroleum jelly around the glans after each diaper change. d. Wash off the yellow exudate that forms on the glans at least once every day to prevent infection.

C Gently cleansing the penis with water and applying petroleum jelly around the glans after each diaper change are appropriate techniques when caring for an infant who has had a circumcision. With each diaper change, the penis should be washed with warm water to remove any urine or feces. If bleeding occurs, then the mother should apply gentle pressure to the site of the bleeding with a sterile gauze square. Yellow exudates are part of normal healing and cover the glans penis 24 hours after the circumcision; yellow exudates are not an infective process and should not be removed. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 582 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 15. The nurse is teaching new parents about metabolic screening for the newborn. Which statement is most helpful to these clients? a. All states test for phenylketonuria (PKU), hypothyroidism, cystic fibrosis, and sickle cell diseases. b. Federal law prohibits newborn genetic testing without parental consent. c. If genetic screening is performed before the infant is 24 hours old, then it should be repeated at age 1 to 2 weeks. d. Hearing screening is now mandated by federal law.

C If testing is performed before the infant is 24 hours old, then genetic screening should be repeated when the infant is 1 to 2 weeks old. All states test for PKU and hypothyroidism but not for other genetic defects. Federal law mandates newborn genetic screening; however, parents can decline the testing. A waiver should be signed, and a notation made in the infant's medical record. Federal law does not mandate screening for hearing problems; however, the majority of states have enacted legislation mandating newborn hearing screening. In the United States, the majority (95%) of infants are screened for hearing loss before discharge from the hospital. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 575 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

33. How would the nurse differentiate a meconium stool from a transitional stool in the healthy newborn? a. Observed at age 3 days b. Is residue of a milk curd c. Passes in the first 12 hours of life d. Is lighter in color and looser in consistency

C Meconium stool is usually passed in the first 12 hours of life, and 99% of newborns have their first stool within 48 hours. If meconium is not passed by 48 hours, then obstruction is suspected. Meconium stool is the first stool of the newborn and is made up of matter remaining in the intestines during intrauterine life. Meconium is dark and sticky. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 531 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 19. The early postpartum period is a time of emotional and physical vulnerability. Many mothers can easily become psychologically overwhelmed by the reality of their new parental responsibilities. Fatigue compounds these issues. Although the baby blues are a common occurrence in the postpartum period, approximately 500,000 women in America experience a more severe syndrome known as PPD. Which statement regarding PPD is essential for the nurse to be aware of when attempting to formulate a nursing diagnosis? a. PPD symptoms are consistently severe. b. This syndrome affects only new mothers. c. PPD can easily go undetected. d. Only mental health professionals should teach new parents about this condition.

C PPD can go undetected because parents do not voluntarily admit to this type of emotional distress out of embarrassment, fear, or guilt. PPD symptoms range from mild to severe, with women having both good and bad days. PPD may also affect new fathers. Therefore, both mothers and fathers should be screened. The nurse should include information on PPD and how to differentiate it from the baby blues for all clients before discharge. Nurses can also urge new parents to report symptoms and to seek follow-up care promptly if symptoms occur. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 510 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 20. What marks on a baby's skin may indicate an underlying problem that requires notification of a physician? a. Mongolian spots on the back b. Telangiectatic nevi on the nose or nape of the neck c. Petechiae scattered over the infant's body d. Erythema toxicum neonatorum anywhere on the body

C Petechiae (bruises) scattered over the infant's body should be reported to the pediatrician because they may indicate underlying problems. Mongolian spots are bluish-black spots that resemble bruises but gradually fade over months and have no clinical significance. Telangiectatic nevi (stork bites, angel kisses) fade by the second year and have no clinical significance. Erythema toxicum neonatorum is an appalling-looking rash; however, it has no clinical significance and requires no treatment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 536 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

29. A first-time dad is concerned that his 3-day-old daughter's skin looks "yellow." In the nurse's explanation of physiologic jaundice, what fact should be included? a. Physiologic jaundice occurs during the first 24 hours of life. b. Physiologic jaundice is caused by blood incompatibilities between the mother and the infant blood types. c. Physiologic jaundice becomes visible when serum bilirubin levels peak between the second and fourth days of life. d. Physiologic jaundice is also known as breast milk jaundice.

C Physiologic jaundice becomes visible when the serum bilirubin reaches a level of 5 mg/dl or higher when the baby is approximately 3 days old. This finding is within normal limits for the newborn. Pathologic jaundice, not physiologic jaundice, occurs during the first 24 hours of life and is caused by blood incompatibilities that result in excessive destruction of erythrocytes; this condition must be investigated. Breast milk jaundice occurs in one third of breastfed infants at 2 weeks and is caused by an insufficient intake of fluids. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 532 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

6. While examining a newborn, the nurse notes uneven skinfolds on the buttocks and a clunk when performing the Ortolani maneuver. These findings are likely indicative of what? a. Polydactyly b. Clubfoot c. Hip dysplasia d. Webbing

C The Ortolani maneuver is used to detect the presence of hip dysplasia. Polydactyly is the presence of extra digits. Clubfoot (talipes equinovarus) is a deformity in which the foot turns inward and is fixed in a plantar-flexion position. Webbing, or syndactyly, is a fusing of the fingers or toes. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 539 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

3. The nurse is assessing a full term, quiet, and alert newborn. What is the average expected apical pulse range (in beats per minute)? a. 80 to 100 b. 100 to 120 c. 120 to 160 d. 150 to 180

C The average infant heart rate while awake is 120 to 160 beats per minute. The newborn's heart rate may be approximately 85 to 100 beats per minute while sleeping and typically a little higher than 100 to 120 beats per minute when alert but quiet. A heart rate of 150 to 180 beats per minute is typical when the infant cries. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 523 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

: Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity 32. The nurse is cognizant of which information related to the administration of vitamin K? a. Vitamin K is important in the production of red blood cells. b. Vitamin K is necessary in the production of platelets. c. Vitamin K is not initially synthesized because of a sterile bowel at birth. d. Vitamin K is responsible for the breakdown of bilirubin and the prevention of jaundice.

C The bowel is initially sterile in the newborn, and vitamin K cannot be synthesized until food is introduced into the bowel. Vitamin K is necessary to activate blood-clotting factors. The platelet count in term newborns is near adult levels. Vitamin K is necessary to activate prothrombin and other blood-clotting factors. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 527 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 6. A newborn is jaundiced and is receiving phototherapy via ultraviolet bank lights. What is the most appropriate nursing intervention when caring for an infant with hyperbilirubinemia and receiving phototherapy? a. Applying an oil-based lotion to the newborn's skin to prevent dying and cracking b. Limiting the newborn's intake of milk to prevent nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea c. Placing eye shields over the newborn's closed eyes d. Changing the newborn's position every 4 hours

C The infant's eyes must be protected by an opaque mask to prevent overexposure to the light. Eye shields should completely cover the eyes but not occlude the nares. Lotions and ointments should not be applied to the infant because they absorb heat and can cause burns. The lights increase insensible water loss, placing the infant at risk for fluid loss and dehydration. Therefore, adequate hydration is important for the infant. The infant should be turned every 2 hours to expose all body surfaces to the light. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 572 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

: Client Needs: Physiologic Integrity 18. If the newborn has excess secretions, the mouth and nasal passages can be easily cleared with a bulb syringe. How should the nurse instruct the parents on the use of this instrument? a. Avoid suctioning the nares. b. Insert the compressed bulb into the center of the mouth. c. Suction the mouth first. d. Remove the bulb syringe from the crib when finished.

C The mouth should always be suctioned first to prevent the infant from inhaling pharyngeal secretions by gasping as the nares are suctioned. After compressing the bulb, the syringe should be inserted into one side of the mouth. If it is inserted into the center of the mouth, then the gag reflex is likely to be initiated. When the infant's cry no longer sounds as though it is through mucus or a bubble, suctioning can be stopped. The nasal passages should be suctioned one nostril at a time. The bulb syringe should remain in the crib so that it is easily accessible if needed again. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 567 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

4. A newborn is placed under a radiant heat warmer. The nurse understands that thermoregulation presents a problem for the newborn. What is the rationale for this difficulty? a. The renal function of a newborn is not fully developed, and heat is lost in the urine. b. The small body surface area of a newborn favors more rapid heat loss than does an adult's body surface area. c. Newborns have a relatively thin layer of subcutaneous fat that provides poor insulation. d. Their normal flexed posture favors heat loss through perspiration.

C The newborn has little thermal insulation. Furthermore, the blood vessels are closer to the surface of the skin. Changes in environmental temperature alter the temperature of the blood, thereby influencing temperature regulation centers in the hypothalamus. Heat loss does not occur through urination. Newborns have a higher body surface-to-weight ratio than adults. The flexed position of the newborn helps guard against heat loss, because it diminishes the amount of body surface exposed to the environment. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 528 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

15. Which information related to the newborn's developing cardiovascular system should the nurse fully comprehend? a. The heart rate of a crying infant may rise to 120 beats per minute. b. Heart murmurs heard after the first few hours are a cause for concern. c. The point of maximal impulse (PMI) is often visible on the chest wall. d. Persistent bradycardia may indicate respiratory distress syndrome (RDS).

C The newborn's thin chest wall often allows the PMI to be observed. The normal heart rate for infants who are not sleeping is 120 to 160 beats per minute. However, a crying infant could temporarily have a heart rate of 180 beats per minute. Heart murmurs during the first few days of life have no pathologic significance; however, an irregular heart rate beyond the first few hours should be further evaluated. Persistent tachycardia may indicate RDS; bradycardia may be a sign of congenital heart blockage. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 526 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 9. The nurse is performing a gestational age and physical assessment on the newborn. The infant appears to have an excessive amount of saliva. This clinical finding may be indicative of what? a. Excessive saliva is a normal finding in the newborn. b. Excessive saliva in a neonate indicates that the infant is hungry. c. It may indicate that the infant has a tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia. d. Excessive saliva may indicate that the infant has a diaphragmatic hernia.

C The presence of excessive saliva in a neonate should alert the nurse to the possibility of a tracheoesophageal fistula or esophageal atresia. Excessive salivation may not be a normal finding and should be further assessed for the possibility that the infant has an esophageal abnormality. The hungry infant reacts by making sucking motions, rooting, or making hand-to-mouth movements. The infant with a diaphragmatic hernia exhibits severe respiratory distress. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 561 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

4. What is the rationale for the administration of vitamin K to the healthy full-term newborn? a. Most mothers have a diet deficient in vitamin K, which results in the infant being deficient. b. Vitamin K prevents the synthesis of prothrombin in the liver and must be administered by injection. c. Bacteria that synthesize vitamin K are not present in the newborn's intestinal tract. d. The supply of vitamin K in the healthy full-term newborn is inadequate for at least 3 to 4 months and must be supplemented.

C Vitamin K is provided because the newborn does not have the intestinal flora to produce this vitamin for the first week. The maternal diet has no bearing on the amount of vitamin K found in the newborn. Vitamin K promotes the formation of clotting factors in the liver and is used for the prevention and treatment of hemorrhagic disease in the newborn. Vitamin K is not produced in the intestinal tract of the newborn until after microorganisms are introduced. By day 8, normal newborns are able to produce their own vitamin K. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: pp. 568-569 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

5. An African-American woman noticed some bruises on her newborn daughter's buttocks. The client asks the nurse what causes these. How would the nurse best explain this integumentary finding to the client? a. Lanugo b. Vascular nevus c. Nevus flammeus d. Mongolian spot

D A Mongolian spot is a bluish-black area of pigmentation that may appear over any part of the exterior surface of the infant's body and is more commonly noted on the back and buttocks and most frequently observed on infants whose ethnic origins are Mediterranean, Latin American, Asian, or African. Lanugo is the fine, downy hair observed on a term newborn. A vascular nevus, commonly called a strawberry mark, is a type of capillary hemangioma. A nevus flammeus, commonly called a port wine stain, is most frequently found on the face. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 535 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

23. A 25-year-old gravida 1 para 1 who had an emergency cesarean birth 3 days ago is scheduled for discharge. As the nurse prepares her for discharge, she begins to cry. The nurse's next action should be what? a. Assess her for pain. b. Point out how lucky she is to have a healthy baby. c. Explain that she is experiencing postpartum blues. d. Allow her time to express her feelings.

D Although many women experience transient postpartum blues, they need assistance in expressing their feelings. Postpartum blues affects 50% to 80% of new mothers. An assumption that the client is in pain should not be made when, in fact, she may have no pain whatsoever. Making this assumption would be blocking communication and inappropriate in this situation. The client needs the opportunity to express her feelings first; client teaching can occur later. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 509 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

19. As part of the infant discharge instructions, the nurse is reviewing the use of the infant car safety seat. Which information is the highest priority for the nurse to share? a. Infant carriers are okay to use until an infant car safety seat can be purchased. b. For traveling on airplanes, buses, and trains, infant carriers are satisfactory. c. Infant car safety seats are used for infants only from birth to 15 pounds. d. Infant car seats should be rear facing and placed in the back seat of the car.

D An infant placed in the front seat could be severely injured by an air bag that deploys during an automobile accident. Infants should travel only in federally approved, rear-facing safety seats secured in the rear seat and only in federally approved safety seats even when traveling on a commercial vehicle. Infants should use a rear-facing car seat from birth to 20 pounds and to age 1 year. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 589 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

24. How should the nurse interpret an Apgar score of 10 at 1 minute after birth? a. The infant is having no difficulty adjusting to extrauterine life and needs no further testing. b. The infant is in severe distress and needs resuscitation. c. The nurse predicts a future free of neurologic problems. d. The infant is having no difficulty adjusting to extrauterine life but should be assessed again at 5 minutes after birth.

D An initial Apgar score of 10 is a good sign of healthy adaptation; however, the test must be repeated at the 5-minute mark. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 550 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

14. While providing routine mother-baby care, which activities should the nurse encourage to facilitate the parent-infant attachment? a. The baby is able to return to the nursery at night so that the new mother can sleep. b. Routine times for care are established to reassure the parents. c. The father should be encouraged to go home at night to prepare for discharge of the mother and baby. d. An environment that fosters as much privacy as possible should be created.

D Care providers need to knock before gaining entry. Nursing care activities should be grouped. Once the baby has demonstrated an adjustment to extrauterine life (either in the mother's room or the transitional nursery), all care should be provided in one location. This important principle of family-centered maternity care fosters attachment by offering parents the opportunity to learn about their infant 24 hours a day. One nurse should provide care to both mother and baby in this couplet care or rooming-in model. It is not necessary for the baby to return to the nursery at night. In fact, the mother will sleep better with the infant close by. Care should be individualized to meet the parents' needs, not the routines of the staff. Teaching goals should be developed in collaboration with the parents. The father or significant other should be permitted to sleep in the room with the mother. The maternity unit should develop policies that allow for the presence of significant others as much as the new mother desires. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 504 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

27. A nursing student is helping the nursery nurses with morning vital signs. A baby born 10 hours ago by cesarean section is found to have moist lung sounds. What is the bestinterpretation of these data? a. The nurse should immediately notify the pediatrician for this emergency situation. b. The neonate must have aspirated surfactant. c. If this baby was born vaginally, then a pneumothorax could be indicated. d. The lungs of a baby delivered by cesarean section may sound moist during the first 24 hours after childbirth.

D Moist lung sounds will resolve within a few hours. A surfactant acts to keep the expanded alveoli partially open between respirations for this common condition of newborns. In a vaginal birth, absorption of the remaining lung fluid is accelerated by the process of labor and delivery. The remaining lung fluid will move into interstitial spaces and be absorbed by the circulatory and lymphatic systems. Moist lung sounds are particularly common in infants delivered by cesarean section. The surfactant is produced by the lungs; therefore, aspiration is not a concern. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 524 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

10. In follow-up appointments or visits with parents and their new baby, it is useful if the nurse can identify infant behaviors that can either facilitate or inhibit attachment. What is an inhibiting behavior? a. The infant cries only when hungry or wet. b. The infant's activity is somewhat predictable. c. The infant clings to the parents. d. The infant seeks attention from any adult in the room.

D Parents want to be the focus of the infant's existence, just as the infant is the focus of their existence. Facilitating and inhibiting behaviors build or discourage bonding (attitudes); they do not reflect any value judgments on what might be healthy or unhealthy. The infant who shows no preference for his or her parents over other adults is exhibiting an inhibiting behavior. An infant who cries only when hungry or wet is exhibiting a facilitating behavior. An infant who has a predictable attention span is exhibiting a facilitating behavior. The infant who clings to his or her parents, enjoys being cuddled and held, and is easily consoled is displaying facilitating behaviors. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 503 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

29. Screening for critical congenital heart disease (CCHD) was added to the uniform screening panel in 2011. The nurse has explained this testing to the new mother. Which action by the nurse related to this test is correct? a. Screening is performed when the infant is 12 hours of age. b. Testing is performed with an electrocardiogram. c. Oxygen (O2) is measured in both hands and in the right foot. d. A passing result is an O2 saturation of 95%.

D Screening is performed when the infant is between 24 and 48 hours of age. The test is performed using pulse oximetry technology. O2 is measured in the right hand and one foot. A passing result is an O2 saturation of 95% with a 3% absolute difference between upper and lower extremity readings. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 576 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

24. While evaluating the reflexes of a newborn, the nurse notes that with a loud noise the newborn symmetrically abducts and extends his arms, his fingers fan out and form a C with the thumb and forefinger, and he has a slight tremor. The nurse would document this finding as a positive _____ reflex. a. tonic neck b. glabellar (Myerson) c. Babinski d. Moro

D The characteristics displayed by the infant are associated with a positive Moro reflex. The tonic neck reflex occurs when the infant extends the leg on the side to which the infant's head simultaneously turns. The glabellar (Myerson) reflex is elicited by tapping on the infant's head while the eyes are open. A characteristic response is blinking for the first few taps. The Babinski reflex occurs when the sole of the foot is stroked upward along the lateral aspect of the sole and then across the ball of the foot. A positive response occurs when all the toes hyperextend, with dorsiflexion of the big toe. DIF: Cognitive Level: Comprehend REF: p. 542 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

26. As part of their teaching function at discharge, nurses should educate parents regarding safe sleep. Based on the most recent evidence, which information is incorrect and should be discussed with parents? a. Prevent exposure to people with upper respiratory tract infections. b. Keep the infant away from secondhand smoke. c. Avoid loose bedding, water beds, and beanbag chairs. d. Place the infant on his or her abdomen to sleep.

D The infant should be laid down to sleep on his or her back for better breathing and to prevent sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Grandmothers may encourage the new parents to place the infant on the abdomen; however, evidence shows "back to sleep" reduces SIDS. Infants are vulnerable to respiratory infections; therefore, infected people must be kept away. Secondhand smoke can damage lungs. Infants can suffocate in loose bedding and in furniture that can trap them. Per AAP guidelines, infants should always be placed "back to sleep" and allowed tummy time to play to prevent plagiocephaly. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 589 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

7. Early this morning, an infant boy was circumcised using the PlastiBell method. Based on the nurse's evaluation, when will the infant be ready for discharge? a. When the bleeding completely stops b. When yellow exudate forms over the glans c. When the PlastiBell plastic rim (bell) falls off d. When the infant voids

D The infant should be observed for urination after the circumcision. Bleeding is a common complication after circumcision, and the nurse will check the penis for 12 hours after a circumcision to assess and provide appropriate interventions for the prevention and treatment of bleeding. Yellow exudate covers the glans penis in 24 hours after the circumcision and is part of normal healing; yellow exudate is not an infective process. The PlastiBell plastic rim (bell) remains in place for approximately a week and falls off when healing has taken place. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 582 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

8. What is the most critical physiologic change required of the newborn after birth? a. Closure of fetal shunts in the circulatory system b. Full function of the immune defense system c. Maintenance of a stable temperature d. Initiation and maintenance of respirations

D The most critical adjustment of a newborn at birth is the establishment of respirations. The cardiovascular system changes significantly after birth as a result of fetal respirations, which reduce pulmonary vascular resistance to the pulmonary blood flow and initiate a chain of cardiac changes that support the cardiovascular system. After the establishment of respirations, heat regulation is critical to newborn survival. The infant relies on passive immunity received from the mother for the first 3 months of life. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 523 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

: Client Needs: Health Promotion and Maintenance 12. After birth, a crying infant may be soothed by being held in a position in which the newborn can hear the mother's heartbeat. This phenomenon is known as what? a. Entrainment b. Reciprocity c. Synchrony d. Biorhythmicity

D The newborn is in rhythm with the mother. The infant develops a personal biorhythm with the parents' help over time. Entrainment is the movement of a newborn in time to the structure of adult speech. Reciprocity is body movement or behavior that gives cues to the person's desires. These take several weeks to develop with a new baby. Synchrony is the fit between the infant's behavioral cues and the parent's responses. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 507 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

17. Which infant response to cool environmental conditions is either not effective or not available to them? a. Constriction of peripheral blood vessels b. Metabolism of brown fat c. Increased respiratory rates d. Unflexing from the normal position

D The newborn's flexed position guards against heat loss, because it reduces the amount of body surface exposed to the environment. The newborn's body is able to constrict the peripheral blood vessels to reduce heat loss. Burning brown fat generates heat. The respiratory rate may rise to stimulate muscular activity, which generates heat. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 528 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

24. A new father states, "I know nothing about babies"; however, he seems to be interested in learning. How would the nurse best respond to this father? a. Continue to observe his interaction with the newborn. b. Tell him when he does something wrong. c. Show no concern; he will learn on his own. d. Include him in teaching sessions.

D The nurse must be sensitive to the father's needs and include him whenever possible. As fathers take on their new role, the nurse should praise every attempt, even if his early care is awkward. Although noting the bonding process of the mother and the father is important, it does not satisfy the expressed needs of the father. The new father should be encouraged to care for his baby by pointing out the things that he does right. Criticizing him will discourage him. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 511 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

21. A nurse is observing a family. The mother is holding the baby she delivered less than 24 hours ago. Her husband is watching his wife and asking questions about newborn care. The 4-year-old brother is punching his mother on the back. How should the nurse react to this situation? a. Report the incident to the social services department. b. Advise the parents that the toddler needs to be reprimanded. c. Report to oncoming staff that the mother is probably not a good disciplinarian. d. Realize that this is a normal family unit adjusting to a major family change.

D The observed behaviors are normal variations of a family adjusting to change. Reporting this one incident is not needed. Offering advice at this point would make the parents feel inadequate. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: pp. 517-518 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

2. A 30-year-old multiparous woman has a boy who is years old and has recently delivered an infant girl. She tells the nurse, "I don't know how I'll ever manage both children when I get home." Which suggestion would assist this new mother in alleviating sibling rivalry? a. Tell the older child that he is a big boy now and should love his new sister. b. Let the older child stay with his grandparents for the first 6 weeks to allow him to adjust to the newborn. c. Ask friends and relatives not to bring gifts to the older sibling because you do not want to spoil him. d. Realize that the regression in habits and behaviors in the older child is a typical reaction and that he needs extra love and attention at this time.

D The older child may regress in habits or behaviors (e.g., toileting, sleep habits) as a method of seeking attention. Parents need to distribute their attention in an equitable manner. Telling the older child that he should love his new sister is a negative approach to facilitating sibling acceptance of the new infant. Reactions of siblings may result from temporary separation from the mother. Removing the older child from the home when the new infant arrives may enhance negative behaviors from the older child caused by a separation from the mother. Providing small gifts from the infant to the older child is a strategy for facilitating sibling acceptance of the new infant. DIF: Cognitive Level: Analyze REF: p. 517 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

20. A nurse is responsible for teaching new parents regarding the hygienic care of their newborn. Which instruction should the nurse provide regarding bathing? a. Avoid washing the head for at least 1 week to prevent heat loss. b. Sponge bathe the newborn for the first month of life. c. Cleanse the ears and nose with cotton-tipped swabs, such as Q-tips. d. Create a draft-free environment of at least 24° C (75° F) when bathing the infant.

D The temperature of the room should be 24° C (75° F), and the bathing area should be free of drafts. To prevent heat loss, the infant's head should be bathed before unwrapping and undressing. Tub baths may be initiated from birth. Ensure that the infant is fully immersed. Q-tips should not be used; they may cause injury. A corner of a moistened washcloth should be twisted into shape so that it can be used to cleanse the ears and nose. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 595 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

21. The brain is vulnerable to nutritional deficiencies and trauma in early infancy. What is the rationale for this physiologic adaptation in the newborn? a. Incompletely developed neuromuscular system b. Primitive reflex system c. Presence of various sleep-wake states d. Cerebellum growth spurt

D The vulnerability of the brain is likely due to the cerebellum growth spurt. By the end of the first year, the cerebellum ends its growth spurt that began at approximately 30 weeks of gestation. The neuromuscular system is almost completely developed at birth. The reflex system is not relevant to the cerebellum growth spurt. The various sleep-wake states are not relevant to the cerebellum growth spurt. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 540 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

22. During which phase of maternal adjustment will the mother relinquish the baby of her fantasies and accept the real baby? a. Letting go b. Taking hold c. Taking in d. Taking on

A Accepting the real infant and relinquishing the fantasy infant occurs during the letting-go phase of maternal adjustment. During the taking-hold phase, the mother assumes responsibility for her own care and shifts her attention to the infant. In the taking-in phase, the mother is primarily focused on her own needs. A taking-on phase of maternal adjustment does not exist. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 508 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

35. Which newborn reflex is elicited by stroking the lateral sole of the infant's foot from the heel to the ball of the foot? a. Babinski b. Tonic neck c. Stepping d. Plantar grasp

A The Babinski reflex causes the toes to flare outward and the big toe to dorsiflex. The tonic neck reflex (also called thefencing reflex) refers to the posture assumed by newborns when in a supine position. The stepping reflex occurs when infants are held upright with their heel touching a solid surface and the infant appears to be walking. Plantar grasp reflex is similar to the palmar grasp reflex; when the area below the toes is touched, the infant's toes curl over the nurse's finger. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remember REF: p. 543 TOP: Nursing Process: Assessment

22. How would the nurse optimally reassure the parents of an infant who develops a cephalhematoma? a. A cephalhematoma may occur with a spontaneous vaginal birth. b. A cephalhematoma only happens as a result of a forceps- or vacuum-assisted delivery. c. It is present immediately after birth. d. The blood will gradually absorb over the first few months of life.

A The nurse should explain that bleeding between the skull and the periosteum of a newborn may occur during a spontaneous vaginal delivery as a result of the pressure against the maternal bony pelvis. Low forceps and other difficult extractions may result in bleeding. However, a cephalhematoma can also spontaneously occur. Swelling may appear unilaterally or bilaterally, is usually minimal or absent at birth, and increases over the first 2 to 3 days of life. Cephalhematomas gradually disappear over 2 to 3 weeks. A less common condition results in the calcification of the hematoma, which may persist for months. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 538 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

3. Which statements regarding physiologic jaundice areaccurate? (Select all that apply.) a. Neonatal jaundice is common; however, kernicterus is rare. b. Appearance of jaundice during the first 24 hours or beyond day 7 indicates a pathologic process. c. Because jaundice may not appear before discharge, parents need instruction on how to assess for jaundice and when to call for medical help. d. Jaundice is caused by reduced levels of serum bilirubin. e. Breastfed babies have a lower incidence of jaundice.

A, B, C Neonatal jaundice occurs in 60% of term newborns and in 80% of preterm infants. The complication called kernicterusis rare. Jaundice in the first 24 hours or that persists past day 7 is cause for medical concern. Parents need to be taught how to evaluate their infant for signs of jaundice. Jaundice is caused by elevated levels of serum bilirubin. Breastfeeding is associated with an increased incidence of jaundice. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 533 TOP: Nursing Process: Diagnosis

11. What is the primary rationale for nurses wearing gloves when handling the newborn? a. To protect the baby from infection b. As part of the Apgar protocol c. To protect the nurse from contamination by the newborn d. Because the nurse has the primary responsibility for the baby during the first 2 hours

C With the possibility of transmission of viruses such as HBV and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) through maternal blood and amniotic fluid, the newborn must be considered a potential contamination source until proven otherwise. As part of Standard Precautions, nurses should wear gloves when handling the newborn until blood and amniotic fluid are removed by bathing. Proper hand hygiene is all that is necessary to protect the infant from infection. Wearing gloves is not necessary to complete the Apgar score assessment. The nurse assigned to the mother-baby couplet has primary responsibility for the newborn, regardless of whether or not she wears gloves. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 549 TOP: Nursing Process: Implementation

1. After giving birth to a healthy infant boy, a primiparous client, 16 years of age, is admitted to the postpartum unit. An appropriate nursing diagnosis for her at this time is "Deficient knowledge of infant care." What should the nurse be certain to include in the plan of care as he or she prepares the client for discharge? a. Teach the client how to feed and bathe her infant. b. Give the client written information on bathing her infant. c. Advise the client that all mothers instinctively know how to care for their infants. d. Provide time for the client to bathe her infant after she views a demonstration of infant bathing.

D Having the mother demonstrate infant care is a valuable method of assessing the client's understanding of her newly acquired knowledge, especially in this age group, because she may inadvertently neglect her child. Although verbalizing how to care for the infant is a form of client education or providing written information might be useful, neither is the most developmentally appropriate teaching method for a teenage mother. Advising the young woman that all mothers instinctively know how to care for their infants is inappropriate; it is belittling and false. DIF: Cognitive Level: Apply REF: p. 520 TOP: Nursing Process: Planning

16. What bacterial infection is definitely decreasing because of effective drug treatment? a. Escherichia coli infection b. Tuberculosis c. Candidiasis d. Group B streptococci (GBS) infection

D Penicillin has significantly decreased the incidence of GBS infection. E. coli may be increasing, perhaps because of the increasing use of ampicillin (resulting in a more virulent E. coli resistant to the drug). Tuberculosis is increasing in the United States and in Canada. Candidiasis is a fairly benign fungal infection. DIF: Cognitive Level: Understand REF: p. 866 TOP: Nursing Process: Evaluation