OB Theory Final MC
Multiple marker screenings that indicate risk of down syndrome
-Low levels of MSAFP + estriol -High levels of hCG and Inhibin A
Weeks for 1st trimester
1-13w
The nurse is providing anticipatory guidance to a woman in her second trimester regarding signs/symptoms that are within normal limits during the latter half of the pregnancy. Which of the following comments by the client indicates that teaching was successful? Select all that apply. 1. "During the third trimester I may experience frequent urination." 2. "During the third trimester I may experience heartburn." 3. "During the third trimester I may experience nagging backaches." 4. "During the third trimester I may experience persistent headache." 5. "During the third trimester I may experience blurred vision."
1. "During the third trimester I may experience frequent urination." 2. "During the third trimester I may experience heartburn." 3. "During the third trimester I may experience nagging backaches." Heartburn is also a common complaint of pregnant women
When assessing the psychological adjustment of an 8-week gravida, which of the following would the nurse expect to see signs of? 1. Ambivalence. 2. Depression. 3. Anxiety. 4. Ecstasy
1. Ambivalence.
An antenatal client is informing the nurse of her prenatal signs and symptoms. Which of the following fi ndings would the nurse determine are presumptive signs of pregnancy? Select all that apply. 1. Amenorrhea. 2. Breast tenderness. 3. Quickening. 4. Frequent urination. 5. Uterine growth.
1. Amenorrhea. 2. Breast tenderness. 3. Quickening. 4. Frequent urination. Uterine growth is a probable sign of pregnancy.
A woman is being interviewed by a triage nurse at a medical doctor's office. Which of the following signs/symptoms by the client would warrant the nurse to suggest that a pregnancy test be done? Select all that apply. 1. Amenorrhea. 2. Fever. 3. Fatigue. 4. Nausea. 5. Dysuria.
1. Amenorrhea. 3. Fatigue. 4. Nausea.
A laboring woman, G4 P3003, who was 6 cm dilated 1 hour ago cries, "Hurry. I have to go to the bathroom to have a bowel movement." The nurse notes that there is an increase in bloody show. Which of the following actions by the nurse is appropriate? 1. Assess cervical dilation. 2. Help the woman to the bathroom. 3. Ask the woman if she needs pain medicine. 4. Check the fetal heart rate.
1. Assess cervical dilation. Bc the patient has an urgency to use the bathroom, they are likely fully dilated. The question mentions nothing about the baby or if it's in distress
Which of the following complications of labor and delivery may develop when a baby enters the pelvis in the LMP position? Select all that apply. 1. Cephalopelvic disproportion. 2. Placental abruption. 3. Breech presentation. 4. Prolapsed cord. 5. Severe pre-eclampsia
1. Cephalopelvic disproportion. 4. Prolapsed cord. Placental abruption is not common in malpresentation
A pregnant client's primary healthcare provider has ordered a 75-gram oral glucosetolerance test (OGTT) to screen the client for gestational diabetes. The nurse is providing preprocedure counseling to the client. Which of the following must the client do? Select all that apply. 1. Fast for 8 to 16 hours prior to the test. 2. Bring a first void urine specimen to the laboratory for testing. 3. Consume a solid sugar cube immediately upon awakening. 4. Drink 16 ounces of water 1 hour prior to the test. 5. Smoke no cigarettes the day of the test.
1. Fast for 8 to 16 hours prior to the test. 5. Smoke no cigarettes the day of the test. There is no urine test performed for this exam
A baby is born addicted to crack cocaine. Which of the following signs/symptoms would the nurse expect to see? 1. Hyperreflexia. 2. Anorexia. 3. Constipation. 4. Hypokalemia
1. Hyperreflexia. Babies who are showing signs of addiction, demonstrate diarrhea and not constipation. The most common withdrawal signs for neonatal abstinence syndrome include hyperreflexia, high pitched cry and irritability
A nurse is working in the prenatal clinic. Which of the following fi ndings seen in third-trimester pregnant women would the nurse consider to be within normal limits? Select all that apply. 1. Leg cramps. 2. Varicose veins. 3. Hemorrhoids. 4. Fainting spells. 5. Lordosis.
1. Leg cramps. 2. Varicose veins. 3. Hemorrhoids. 5. Lordosis. Fainting spells are not normal in pregnancy despite some patients feeling dizzy
A breastfeeding mother and her baby are being discharged home after delivery.The nurse is providing anticipatory guidance about what signs the mother should expect the baby to exhibit every 24 hours by the end of the first week. Which ofthe following should the nurse include in his/her instructions? 1. The baby should have at least 6 wet diapers. 2. The baby should have at least 6 pasty stools. 3. The baby should breastfeed at least 6 times. 4. The baby should gain at least 6 ounces.
1. The baby should have at least 6 wet diapers
The umbilical cord is being clamped by the obstetrician. Which of the following physiological changes is taking place at this time? 1. The baby's blood bypasses the pulmonary system. 2. The baby's oxygen level begins to drop. 3. Bacteria begin to invade the baby's bowel. 4. Bilirubin rises in the baby's bloodstream.
1. The baby's blood bypasses the pulmonary system.
A 3-day-postpartum client questions why she is to receive the rubella vaccine before leaving the hospital. Which of the following rationales should guide the nurse's response? 1. The client's obstetric status is optimal for receiving the vaccine. 2. The client's immune system is highly responsive during the postpartum period. 3. The client's baby will be high risk for acquiring rubella if the woman does not receive the vaccine. 4. The client's insurance company will pay for the shot if it is given during the immediate postpartum period.
1. The client's obstetric status is optimal for receiving the vaccine Bc the client is now postpartum- they can now receive the MMR vaccine
The nurse is assisting a couple to develop decisions for their birth plan. Which of the following decisions should be considered nonnegotiable by the parents? 1. Whether or not the father will be present during labor. 2. Whether or not the woman will have an episiotomy. 3. Whether or not the woman will be able to have an epidural. 4. Whether or not the father will be able to take pictures of the delivery.
1. Whether or not the father will be present during labor. This decision cannot be negotiated. If the mother would like to have birth alone, that is her decision
Normal weight gain in pregnancy
10 lb by 20 weeks 1 lb per week after 20 w
When can chorionic villus sampling be done?
10-13 weeks
When can the nuchal translucency test be done
11-13w only
Weeks for 2nd trimester
14-26w
When can amniocentesis be done?
15-20 weeks
When can multiple marker screening be done?
16-18w
When should you feel the baby move
18-20 w and after
Quickening occurs
18-20 weeks
A woman, 26 weeks' gestation, calls the triage nurse stating, "I'm really scared. I tried not to but I had an orgasm when we were making love. I just know that I will go into preterm labor now." Which of the following responses by the nurse is appropriate? 1. "Lie down and drink a quart of water. If you feel any back pressure at all call me back right away." 2. "Although oxytocin was responsible for your orgasm, it is very unlikely that it will stimulate preterm labor." 3. "I will inform the doctor for you. What I want you to do is to come to the hospital right now to be checked." 4. "The best thing for you to do right now is to take a warm shower and then do a fetal kick count assessment."
2. "Although oxytocin was responsible for your orgasm, it is very unlikely that it Fetal kick counts or warm shower won't reall y help
A client in her third trimester is concerned that she will not know the difference between labor contractions and normal aches and pains of pregnancy. How should the nurse respond? 1. "Don't worry. You'll know the difference when the contractions start." 2. "The contractions may feel just like a backache, but they will come and go." 3. "Contractions are a lot worse than your pregnancy aches and pains." 4. "I understand. You don't want to come to the hospital before you are in labor."
2. "The contractions may feel just like a backache, but they will come and go."
A 16-year-old, G1 P0000, is being seen at her 10-week gestation visit. She tells the nurse that she felt the baby move that morning. Which of the following responses by the nurse is appropriate? 1. "That is very exciting. The baby must be very healthy." 2. "Would you please describe what you felt for me?" 3. "That is impossible. The baby is not big enough yet." 4. "Would you please let me see if I can feel the baby?"
2. "Would you please describe what you felt for me?" Reasoning- It would be impossible for her to feel quickening at 10 weeks bc it's usually felt between 16-20 weeks
The nurse working in an outpatient obstetric offi ce assesses four primigravid clients. Which of the client fi ndings should the nurse highlight for the physician? Select all that apply. 1. 17 weeks' gestation; denies feeling fetal movement. 2. 24 weeks' gestation; fundal height at the umbilicus. 3. 27 weeks' gestation; salivates excessively. 4. 34 weeks' gestation; experiences uterine cramping. 5. 37 weeks' gestation; complains of hemorrhoidal pain.
2. 24 weeks' gestation; fundal height at the umbilicus. 4. 34 weeks' gestation; experiences uterine cramping. Salivating excessively is actually a normal finding in pregnancy
A woman, 6 weeks pregnant, is having a vaginal examination. Which of the following would the practitioner expect to fi nd? 1. Thin cervical muscle. 2. An enlarged ovary. 3. Thick cervical mucus. 4. Pale pink vaginal wall.
2. An enlarged ovary. During pregnancy, cervical mucus is thin bc of elevated estrogen levels. The ovary is enlarged bc the corpus luteum is still functioning
A 32-week-gravid client presents in the emergency department with severe abdominal pain, rigid abdomen, and scant dark red bleeding. The nurse should assess this client for which of the following? 1. Signs of pulmonary edema. 2. Enlarging abdominal girth measurements. 3. Hyporeflexia and confusion. 4. Signs of diabetic coma and ketosis.
2. Enlarging abdominal girth measurements. Think of peritonitis. This is a sign of placental abruption. Hyporeflexia and confusion are not symptoms of placental abruption
An infant of a diabetic mother, 40 weeks' gestation, weight 4,500 grams, has just been admitted to the neonatal nursery. The neonatal intensive care nurse will monitor this baby for which of the following? Select all that apply. 1. Hyperreflexia. 2. Hypoglycemia. 3. Respiratory distress. 4. Opisthotonus. 5. Nuchal rigidity.
2. Hypoglycemia. 3. Respiratory distress
It is noted that a baby admitted to the nursery has translucent skin with visible veins. Because of this finding, the nurse should monitor this baby carefully for which of the following? 1. Polycythemia. 2. Hypothermia. 3. Hyperglycemia. 4. Polyuria.
2. Hypothermia.
A woman is admitted to the labor and delivery unit with active tuberculosis. She has not been under a physician's care and is not on medication. Which of the following actions should the nursery nurse perform when the neonate is delivered? 1. Isolate the baby from the other babies in a special care nursery. 2. Keep the baby in the regular care nursery but separated from the mother. 3. Isolate the baby with the mother in the mother's room. 4. Obtain an order from the doctor for antituberculosis medications for the baby.
2. Keep the baby in the regular care nursery but separated from the mother. The baby can be cared for in the nursery but since the mother has not received treatment, the disease is still contagious
A nurse has just received report on 4 neonates in the newborn nursery. Which of the babies should the nurse assess fi rst? 1. Neonate whose mother is HIV positive. 2. Neonate whose mother is group B streptococcus (GBS) positive. 3. Neonate whose mother's labor was 12 hours long. 4. Neonate whose mother gained 45 pounds during her pregnancy
2. Neonate whose mother is group B streptococcus (GBS) positive.
An 18-week gestation client telephones the obstetrician's office stating, "I'm really scared. I think I have breast cancer. My breasts are filled with tumors." The nurse should base the response on which of the following? 1. Breast cancer is often triggered by pregnancy. 2. Nodular breast tissue is normal during pregnancy. 3. The woman is exhibiting signs of a psychotic break.
2. Nodular breast tissue is normal This is another way of saying that her breasts are enlarging. Anxiety attacks are not normal during pregnancy and this woman is not experiencing a psychotic break.
A breastfeeding woman has been counseled on how to prevent engorgement. Which of the following actions by the mother shows that the teaching was effective? 1. She pumps her breasts after each feeding. 2. She feeds her baby every 2 to 3 hours. 3. She feeds her baby 10 minutes on each side. 4. She supplements each feeding with formula.
2. She feeds her baby every 2 to 3 hours. Feeding the baby regularly will help prevent engorgement
A client on the obstetric unit is receiving IV medications per physician's orders. On rounds the nurse notes that the client's IV has infiltrated. Which of the following actions should the nurse perform first? 1. Determine whether the infusion is a vesicant. 2. Stop the infusion and remove the catheter. 3. Document the occurrence in the medical record. 4. Elevate the extremity and monitor the site.
2. Stop the infusion and remove the catheter.
What weeks does gestational diabetes start to appear
24-28w
Weeks for 3rd trimester
27w- delivery
A client is 15 weeks pregnant. She calls the obstetric offi ce to request a medication for a headache. The nurse answers the telephone. Which of the following is the nurse's best response? 1. "Because the organ systems in the baby are developing right now, you may take no medication." 2. "You can take any of the over-the-counter medications because they are all safe in pregnancy." 3. "The physician will prescribe a medication for you that has been shown not to cause any fetal injuries." 4. "The physician will prescribe a rectal suppository because the medicine will not enter your blood stream."
3. "The physician will prescribe a medication for you that has been shown not to cause any fetal injuries." There are a number of OTC medications that should be taken with caution in pregnancy
The nurse is caring for a client and her partner who just birthed a 33-week fetal demise. Which of the following actions by the nurse is appropriate at this time? 1. Recommend that the woman be moved to a medical unit. 2. Refrain from discussing the loss with the couple. 3. Ask the couple if they would like to hold their baby. 4. Obtain an order for a milk suppressant for the mother.
3. Ask the couple if they would like to hold their baby. It's important to provide support. to the family during this time
A 36-week-gestation client is having an amniocentesis. For which of the following reasons is the test likely being conducted? 1. Genetic evaluation. 2. Assessment of intrauterine growth restriction. 3. Assessment of fetal lung maturation. 4. Hormonal studies.
3. Assessment of fetal lung maturation.
A 75-gram oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is ordered at or after 24 weeks' gestation for a pregnant client to assess her physiological response to which of the following pregnancy hormones? 1. Estrogen. 2. Progesterone. 3. Human placental lactogen. 4. Human chorionic gonadotropin.
3. Human placental lactogen. HPL is the insulin antagonist. Estrogen is not related to glucose metabolism
A 42-week-gestation neonate is being assessed. Which of the following findings would the nurse expect to see? 1. Folded and flat pinnae. 2. Smooth plantar surfaces. 3. Loose and peeling skin. 4. Short pliable fi ngernails.
3. Loose and peeling skin. Smooth plantar surfaces are seen on preterm babies
During a vaginal delivery of a macrosomic baby, the nurse midwife requests nursing assistance. Which of the following actions by the nurse would be appropriate? 1. Estimate fetal length and weight. 2. Assess intensity of contractions. 3. Provide suprapubic pressure. 4. Assist woman with breathing.
3. Provide suprapubic pressure Suprapubic pressure can help relieve the shoulders when delivering a macrosomic (large) baby
A mother questions the nurse about when the newborn screening tests for inborn diseases will be performed. Which of the following is an appropriate response by the nurse? 1. The doctor took blood from the baby's umbilical cord at birth. 2. The pediatrician will take a blood sample at the baby's fi rst visit. 3. A vial of blood was drawn and sent when the baby was admitted to the nursery. 4. Blood from the baby's heel was sent after the baby had been fed a few times.
4. Blood from the baby's heel was sent after the baby had been fed a few times. Blood is taken from the umbilical cord, but that is used for blood type and Coomb's
A patient, G2 P1102, who delivered her baby 8 hours ago, now has a temperature of 100.2ÅãF. Which of the following is the appropriate nursing intervention at this time? 1. Notify the doctor to get an order for acetaminophen. 2. Request an infectious disease consult from the doctor. 3. Provide the woman with cool compresses. 4. Encourage intake of water and other fluids.
4. Encourage intake of water and other fluids. Pt is likely dehydrated; 100.2 is not considered a fever yet
A nurse should monitor a client who is postpartum from a forceps delivery for which of the following complications? 1. Placental abruption. 2. Seizure. 3. Idiopathic thrombocytopenia. 4. Infection
4. Infection Patients who have forceps delivery have a higher risk of infection bc of the sterile space. These patients are at equal risk for thombocytopenia as much as a normal patient is
A multigravid client is 22 weeks pregnant. Which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect the client to exhibit? 1. Nausea. 2. Dyspnea. 3. Urinary frequency. 4. Leg cramping.
4. Leg cramping. Leg cramping and backaches are felt more in 2nd trimester. They no longer feel fatigued and nauseous like they did in 1st trimester
A G2 P2002 who is postpartum 6 hours from a spontaneous vaginal delivery is assessed. The nurse notes that the fundus is fi rm at the umbilicus, there is heavy lochia rubra, and perineal sutures are intact. Which of the following actions should the nurse take at this time? 1. Do nothing. This is a normal fi nding. 2. Massage the woman's fundus. 3. Take the woman to the bathroom to void. 4. Notify the woman's primary healthcare provider.
4. Notify the woman's primary healthcare provider. There's no need to massage the fundus since it's already firm
The nurse asks a 31-week gestation client to lie on the examining table during a prenatal examination. In which of the following positions should the client be placed? 1. Orthopneic. 2. Lateral-recumbent. 3. Sims. 4. Semi-Fowler.
4. Semi-Fowler. Prenatal examinations cannot be performed in lateral recumbent despite this being a safe position
A fetus is in the LOA position in utero. Which of the following findings would the nurse observe when doing Leopold maneuvers? 1. Hard, round object in the fundal region. 2. Flat object above the symphysis pubis. 3. Soft, round object on the left side of the uterus. 4. Small objects on the right side of the uterus.
4. Small objects on the right side of the uterus. The back of the baby would be felt on the left side of the uterus and the small parts would be felt on the right side
A client's amniocentesis results are reported as 45, X. How should the nurse interpret these fi ndings? 1. The fetus is nonviable. 2. The fetus is a normal female. 3. The baby will be a hermaphrodite. 4. The girl will be short and sterile.
4. The girl will be short and sterile. The baby will have Turner's syndrome, a condition with 1 X chromosome
The nurse documents a woman's gravidity and parity as G6 P3214. Which of the following obstetric histories is consistent with this notation? 1. The woman is currently pregnant, has 3 living children. 2. The woman is currently pregnant, had 2 full-term pregnancies. 3. The woman is not currently pregnant, had 4 preterm babies. 4. The woman is not currently pregnant, had 1 abortion
4. The woman is not currently pregnant, had 1 abortion
A woman is seeking counseling regarding tubal ligation. Which of the following should the nurse include in her discussion? 1. The woman will no longer menstruate. 2. The surgery should be done when the woman is ovulating. 3. The surgery is easily reversible. 4. The woman will be under anesthesia during the procedure.
4. The woman will be under anesthesia during the procedure. The procedure can be performed anytime
A client informs the nurse that she intends to bottle feed her baby. Which of the following actions should the nurse encourage the client to perform? Select all that apply. 1. Increase her fluid intake for a few days. 2. Massage her breasts every 4 hours. 3. Apply heat packs to her axillae. 4. Wear a supportive bra 24 hours a day. 5. Stand with her back toward the shower water.
4. Wear a supportive bra 24 hours a day. 5. Stand with her back toward the shower water. Avoid massaging or applying heat to breasts bc it will encourage milk production
When is the first US if a woman does not have a reliable LMP
8-10w; sometimes at 6w - Dating US
When is the first US for pregnancy if a woman knows her LMP
At 18-20w- Anatomic + Growth Scan US
Starting with spermatogenesis place the 6structures in order following the sperm's path until ejaculation. (1) Epididymis, (2)Prostate, (3) Testes, (4) Urethra,(5) Vas deferens, (6) Seminal vesicles A. 1,6,2,3,4,5 B. 3,1,5,6,2,4 C. 2,1,6,3,5,4 D. 3,6,5,1,2,4
B. 3,1,5,6,2,4
When assessing lab values in a pregnant client which does the nurse expect to see elevated A. Glucose B. Fibrinogen C. Hematocrit D. Bilirubin
B. Fibrinogen
In what order do the following hormones elevate during a monthly menstrual cycle? (1) Follicle-stimulating hormone (2) Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (3)Luteinizing hormone (4)Progesterone A )1,2,3,4 B) 2,3,1,4 C) 2,1,3,4 D) 1,3,4,2
C) 2,1,3,4
Which of the following contraceptive methods best protects against sexually transmitted infections or HIV? A. Periodic abstinence B. Hormonal methods C. Barrier methods D. They all protect about the same.
C. Barrier methods
A woman states she want to use the calendar method and that her periods have been 24, 29, 31, 27, 33 and 36 days apart for past six months. Based on this she must abstain from intercourse from: A. Day 1 to Day 14 B. Day 10 to Day 17 C. Day 6 to Day 25 D. Day 12 to Day 17 E. Day 13 to Day 18
C. Day 6 to Day 25
Your patient is 20 weeks pregnant her fundal height is 24cm, what does this mean? A. Patient is experiencing normal pregnancy B. Patient is a smoker C. Patient is carrying twins D. fetus is small for gestational age
C. Patient is carrying twins
When analyzing the need for health teaching of a prenatal multigravida, the nurse should ask which of the following questions? 1. "What are the ages of your children?" 2. "What is your marital status?" 3. "Do you ever drink alcohol?" 4. "Do you have any allergies?"
Correct: 1. "What are the ages of your children?" 3. "Do you ever drink alcohol?" 4. "Do you have any allergies?" This is important; but not associated with health teaching
Which of the following fi ndings in an 8-week gestation client, G2 P1001, should the nurse highlight for the nurse midwife? Select all that apply. 1. Body mass index of 17 kg/m 2 . 2. Rubella titer of 1:8. 3. Blood pressure of 100/60 mm Hg. 4. Hematocrit of 30%. 5. Hemoglobin of 13.2 g/dL.
Correct: 1. Body mass index of 17 kg/m 2 . 2. Rubella titer of 1:8. 4. Hematocrit of 30%.
The nurse has taken a health history on four primigravid clients at their first prenatal visits. It is high priority that which of the clients receives nutrition counseling? 1. The woman diagnosed with phenylketonuria. 2. The woman who has Graves disease. 3. The woman with Cushing syndrome. 4. The woman diagnosed with myasthenia gravis.
Correct: 1. The woman diagnosed with phenylketonuria. PKU is a genetic disease characterized by the absence of phenylalanine. If a pregnant woman who has PKU were to eat foods high in phenylalanine, her baby would become developmentally disabled
A client is in the 10th week of her pregnancy. Which of the following symptoms would the nurse expect the client to exhibit? Select all that apply. 1. Backache. 2. Urinary frequency. 3. Dyspnea on exertion. 4. Fatigue. 5. Diarrhea.
Correct: 2. Urinary frequency 4. Fatigue. Diarrhea is not a complaint normally heard from prenatal clients
A G2P1102 delivered her baby 8 hrs ago. Her VS are BP 112/76, P 92, R 20, T 100.2. What should you do about these vital signs? A. Take no action, document these as normal B. Notify Dr and get acetaminophen order C. Request an infectious disease consult D. Encourage intake of water and fluids E. Provide woman with cool compresses
D. Encourage intake of water and fluids
Regarding the non-contraceptive medical effects of oral contraceptive pills (COCs), nurses should be aware that A. they can cause toxic shock syndrome if the prescription is wrong. B. hormonal withdrawal bleeding usually is a bit more profuse than in normal menstruation and will last a week. C. they increase the risk of endometrial and ovarian cancer. D. their effectiveness can be altered by some over-the-counter medications and herbal supplements
D. their effectiveness can be altered by some over-the-counter medications and herbal supplements
Holly is 12 weeks pregnant, she has a 2 year old who was born at 39 weeks, 5 year old triplets born at 36 weeks, had an ectopic (count this as a abortion) in 2009 followed by a spontaneous abortion in the same year. What is her GTPAL?
G5 T1 P1 A2 L4
Multiple marker screenings that indicate risk of ONTD
High MSAFP
A client has just received synthetic prostaglandins for the induction of labor. The nurse plans to monitor the client for which of the following side effects? 1. Nausea and uterine tetany. 2. Hypertension and vaginal bleeding. 3. Urinary retention and severe headache. 4. Bradycardia and hypothermia
Nausea and uterine tetany
When can we perform the first US for a pregnant woman?
Starting 8-10w Earliest 6w
What gestational age can you get audible fetal heart tones via doppler
Starting at 10-12w
At 20 w the fundus is at
Umbilicus
At term, the fundus should be near
Xiphoid process
amniotic fluid embolism
amniotic fluid that is forced into the mother's bloodstream
An induced abortion client calls the nurse to report postprocedural symptoms. Which condition is not an indication for the nurse to ask her to come into the office for care? a. Abdominal tenderness when pressure is applied b. Chills and a fever of 101° F c. Return of her period in less than 6 weeks d. Foul-smelling vaginal discharge
c. Return of her period in less than 6 weeks
Chadwick's sign
cervix + vagina have blue/violet color due to increased vascularity from estrogen
Braxton Hicks contractions
cramping of the uterus, usually painless Similar to practice contractions
Uterine atony
inability of the uterus to contract effectively
Goodell's sign
soft cervix
if the uterus is boggy and the patient is actively bleeding, what do you do?
start a fundal massage
Ballottment
use fingers to touch or push against cervix→ fetal head would bounce back or go away
The most common cause of PPH is
uterine atony