Obesity and Society Final Exam

A host of food components, ranging from amino acids and alternative sweeteners to fatty acids and flavonoid molecules may be effective in one or more mechanisms that influence energy mechanisms, food intake, and adipose tissue development and metabolism that never involve cell signaling pathways.

False

True or False: Food energy density can have an effect on satiation, and in addition, the time interval between desires to eat can be lengthened by decreasing the energy density of food.

False

True or False: From the research of Bell et al, when the ratings of the uneaten foods were examined separately, most palatability change scores were affected by increasing the volume of liquid food that was consumed.

False

True or False: In the AH, B, X theory of sweetness, the tastant molecule (glycophore) interacts with tongue receptors at the AH, B sites, all of which are hydrophobic/non polar.

False

True or False: Inhibiting lipogenesis through increasing ATGL activity and/or expression has been proposed as a therapeutic approach to improve glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in obesity.

False

True or False: L-NAME is an inhibitor of nitric oxide (NO) synthesis, which in turn promotes adipogenesis.

False

True or False: Recognizing that many who are overweight and obese find it difficult to adjust their food preferences and eating habits, there is a key role for food science and technology to play in providing consumers a variety of high energy density processed foods.

False

True or False: Since dietary fat generally induces overconsumption of food and resultant weight gain through its low satiety properties and high caloric density, lipid molecules are never considered to have any potential regarding anti-obesity strategies.

False

True or False: The rapid increase seen in the past few decades in pediatric obesity prevalence suggests that genetic rather than environmental and behavioral factors dramatically impact body weight status.

False

True or False: The window of exposure to a maternal HFD that is responsible for adverse health consequences has now been clearly and completely defined by research.

False

True or False: An obese gut microbiome profile was developed using a ghrelin-deficient ob/ob mouse model.

False--leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse model

True or False: Maternal obesity has been shown to change methylation status and miRNA content, both of which represent alterations in the epigenome of the sperm.

False--paternal obesity

True or False: If mothers worry that their infants are not getting enough to eat, they may introduce rice cereal and other solid food to the diets later than the recommended age.

False--they might introduce solid foods at an earlier age than is recommended

According to some research we read, mothers often use this to shape their children's behaviors (to reward good behavior, to calm fussiness).

Food

Identify the glucose transporter molecules active in adipocytes, and in both hepatocyte and adipocyte cell membranes, respectively:

Glut4 and Glut2

Which statement is false?

LBW is defined as less than 2500 grams at birth

___ are mostly deposited into adipose (fat) tissue, whereas ___ are mostly oxidized to carbon dioxide in the liver for energy.

LCFAs; MCFAs

___ are potentially important pharmaceutical and dietary obesity targets due to their role in maintaining metabolic homeostasis.

Nuclear receptors

___ is a ___ molecule esterified with 6 to either fatty acids is the most studied of the lipid-based fat substitutes containing a carbohydrate backbone

Olestra; sucrose

In the United States, the percentiles of BMI for and plotted on CDC growth charts have been recommended as markers to identify overweight and obesity are ____.

85th and 95th; age/sex

The n-3 fatty acid that is the shortest (has the fewest number of carbon atoms) is:

ALA

Five components (action, the situation, emotions, thoughts, and physical feelings) have to do with:

CBT

Flavonoids such as ___ are known to influence one or more of the following: __, __, and __ via interaction with specific ___.

EGCG; lipid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, drug metabolism; nuclear receptor

Which one does not belong?

EKG* EGC EGCG ECG EC

Which one does not belong?

EPA omega-3 DHA GRAS aminostatic hypothesis*

If a research study determines that a HiVOL/LoE liquid food compared to LoVOL/LoE liquid food affects pleasantness ratings of the foods being consumed, what area of study is implicated?

SSS

This specific reduced-calorie molecule is a mixture of at least one short chain fatty acid and at least one long chain fatty acid randomly attached to the glycerol backbone.

Salatrim

Interpreting the statement, "When consuming stevia and aspartame preloads, participants did not compensate by eating more food later, and reported similar levels of satiety compared to when they consumed the higher calorie sucrose preload," which choice below makes the least sense?

The highest caloric preload, sucrose, generated significantly lower satiety than the other preloads

True or False: From the research of Bell et al, the volume of food consumed, rather than its energy content, significantly affects (decreases) appetite, and significantly increases SSS.

True

True or False: In the manufacture of structured lipids (SLs), natural lipids are modified by an addition or rearrangement of fatty acids on the glycerol background.

True

True or False: It is believed that breastfeeding in the 1st 6 mos is associated with lower adiposity in the growing child.

True

True or False: It was important to compare satiety levels of 3 sweetener preloads to see whether a reduced calorie alternative sweetener would or would not provide similar satiety value to the standard caloric sweetener (sucrose).

True

True or False: PPAR-gamma is known as a master transcription factor regulating adipocyte differentiation, PPAR-gamma antagonists would therefore be expected to exert an anti-adipogenic activity.

True

True or False: Unless obese parents have experience health-related difficulties and/or special difficulties due to being obese, they may not perceive obesity in the child as something to try to prevent due to negative consequences.

True

One key finding from the Dutch famine had to do with:

a differential offspring response to nutritional restriction depending upon the trimester

Epidemiological studies have described a J- or U-shaped relationship between birth weight as a marker of fetal nutritional exposure and the tendency to develop adult-onset diabetes. What does this mean?

a higher birth weight does not always correlate to later obesity

Although cheese is generally rich in saturated fat, reports suggest that cheese is antiatherogenic; the most likely mechanism for this is:

a positive effect of cheese bioactive peptides on the cardiovascular system

When considering the indirect signal pathway, what is false?

activation of the afferent vagus nerve by CCK is relayed to the NTS, mediating orexigenic effects

Endogenous substances in unprocessed foods, and specific food ingredients and additives in processed foods, might not only affect food energy density, but also ____.

adipogenesis* food anti-matter density hunger and satiety*

BAT is important in the beta-oxidation of fatty acids and also glucose, while WAT stores energy (contributes to the fat mass). Research has shown that ____ regulates BAT growth and development, thereby reducing obesity.

arginine

What is not accurate regarding stevioside and rebaudoside-A?

both are glucosides both contain glucose molecules in their structures neither is considered an aglycone both are effective fat replacers*

There are several key receptors involved in hypothalamic food control, including:

both orexigenic and anorexigenic receptors

Both endogenous (hormonal signals) and exogenous (environmental) factors can serve as programming stimuli. Therefore, the mother's diet ___.

can be considered an exogenous/environmental factor

Which does not belong?

casein peptides aminostatic glucose* plasma amino acids whey peptides

Which is true regarding LPA?

cell signal molecule

As a means of preventing childhood obesity, which of the following should be considered?

counseling efforts to promote initiation and duration of breastfeeding counseling efforts to promote the adoption of appropriate maternal diet counseling efforts to promote appropriate infant feeding and physical activity counseling efforts to prevent excess gestational weight gain

When considering the brain's hypothalamus and its proper functioning, in response to appetite/hunger stimulation, when satiety signals ___ as hunger signals ___, and hunger signals ___ as satiety signals ___.

decrease, increase; decrease, increase

It has been suggested that piceatannol may serve to uncouple obesity from its related metabolic disease, insulin resistance. What does this mean?

excess visceral adiposity and lipid accumulation interferes with insulin signaling--causing insulin resistance--but with piceatannol treatment, insulin sensitivity is restored

True or False: It has been reported that ob/ob mice gut flora showed a higher number of Bacteriodetes bacteria in the obese mice compared to lean controls.

false

True or False: The hypothetical "feeding regulation model" presents a series of enzymatic reactions in the hypothalamus rather than a hypothalamic neuropeptide signaling pathway.

false

True or False: Suppose data from a 12 y.o. girl shows her to be in the 68th percentile, This percentile means that this child's BMI is less than the BMI of 68% of all other 12 y.o. girls in the reference population.

false; BMI is greater than 68% of all other girls her age in reference population

This refers to the notion that factors occurring during critical time periods early in life can have life-long consequences and is specifically related to the corresponding developmental biology concept:

fetal programming

If research is conducted that discovers that the decline in liking of a strong peach beverage did not differ from the decline in liking when participants consumed a weak peach beverage, what should the conclusion be?

flavor intensity did not affect SSS

In suggesting that consumers eat fewer desert and fried foods and more fruits, vegetables, and whole grains, the concept that is being addressed here is:

food energy density

Consider the statement, "It was observed that green tea extract not only exerted anti-hyperlipidemic effects with the shortest onset and greatest magnitude, but also suppressed the lipotrophic effects of SRD." Which interpretation below is the most accurate?

green tea intake reduced blood lipid levels and decreased fat breakdown due to high dietary sucrose* green tea intake increased blood lipid levels and also fat breakdown due to high dietary sucrose

The effect of suppressing MAPK:

impacts cell signaling* has been observed as a result of T3 treatment in adipocytes* occurs in adipose stem cells but not mature adipocytes

When the action of insulin is blocked in preadipocytes,

insulin can no longer control the cell cycle, and effects gene expression insulin can no longer control the cell cycle, which in turn inhibits cell differentiation adipogenesis and body adiposity may be diminished

Human breast milk supplies not only nutrients to the infant, but also an array of growth factors. Which of the following is not one of these?

lactoferrin

Which one does not belong?

lauric acid capric acid alpha-linolenic acid* caproic acid MCFA

Which amino acid satisfies these criteria? branched chain structure; may impact MTOR thereby reducing food intake; does not contain any sulfur atoms in the structure.

leucine

In order to conduct research in the area of SSS, it is important to have methodologies in place that can obtain the following types of data:

measurement of appetite/hunger/satiety measurement of food intake measurement of food palatability and oral stimulation measurement of food sensory properties

Which represents the correct sequence in the shift of thinking regarding the influence of the energy nutrients on specific mechanisms responsible for food consumption behaviors?

metabolic--> endocrine--> neural

Stimulating a patients' self-efficacy, desire, confidence, and personal control for behavior change is fundamental to MI, which refers to:

motivational interviewing

When considering the direct signal pathway, what is true?

mucosal EEC's release PYY rather than NPY or CCK the end result is an anorexigenic effect

Which represents the longest time interval?

neonatal to adolescent

Which does not belong?

obesogenic diet high sugar high fat high nutrient * high calorie

An HFD prior to pregnancy may re-program imprinted marks during both ____ and early ____ development.

oocyte and embryonic

Which of the following potential long-term fetal growth implications is not part of the vicious cycle proposed by Catalano in the Oken article?

parental (especially paternal) epigenetic factors

Which has not been suggested as an environmental or lifestyle behavior contributor to childhood obesity?

parental genes

____ is a critical time frame, and refers to the time preceding, including, and immediately following human conception--the upper time boundary being somewhat variable.

periconception

Which compound is thought to inhibit adipogenesis?

piceatannol

What are the agreed-upon 2 critical maternal parameters impacting infant birth weight?

pre-pregnancy BMI and gestational weight gain

Mellinkoff's aminostatic hypothesis basically says:

protein consumption causes appetite to diminish as the blood amino acid concentration rises and vice versa

In support of the statement "research has identified an anorectic effect for L-cysteine", all of the following make sense, except:

reduced food intake ghrelin suppression reduced levels of anorexigenic hormones* lack of appetite

Which pairing is incorrect?

satiation/meal termination higher SES/lower rates of obesity lower SES/lower ED food consumption* sweets and fried foods/high ED fruits and vegetables/high nutrient density

It has been suggested that lipid-based fat replacer products may interfere with a learned relationship between the ___ properties of food and the ___ consequences of consuming those foods.

sensory; caloric

Which one does not belong?

stevia aspartame sucrose esters* sucrose sucralose

Which one does not belong?`

technology exists to develop low energy density fat replacers there is a consumer market in the USA for low-calorie and fat-free food technology exists to develop lipid-based fat replacers having similar sensory properties certain fat substitutes are carbohydrate fatty acid esters and polyesters in the sucralose molecule, 3 OH groups are replaced by chlorine atoms*

The main difference between WPC and WPI is:

the protein content

The effect of green tea catechins on UCP gene expression is in the area of:

thermogenesis

MCFAs and MCTs in experimental studies suppress fat deposition through enhanced ____ and fat ____ in animal and human subjects.

thermogenesis; oxidation

If T3 molecules are known to modulate induction of preadipocyte apoptosis:

this might be correlated to reduced fat mass this might be correlated to reduced plasma concentrations of free fatty acids this might impact adipogenesis

It has been suggested that SSS might be a factor in contributing to obesity because:

through habitual food choices, an obese person might be consuming foods with low SSS values more than those with high

What is the significance of methylated CpG sites in DNA where a cytosine nucleotide is followed by a guanine nucleotide in the linear sequence of bases?

transfer of obese phenotype may be linked to this kind of epigenetic alteration

True or False: According to some studies, protein and carbohydrates have a greater effect on sensory-specific satiety in human subjects than fat.

true

True or False: Both maternal and paternal environmental factors are thought to act on the phenotype of the offspring via genetic alterations in the DNA sequences of the genome.

true

True or False: In the article by Weijzen et al, "Sensory specific satiety and intake: the difference between nibble- and bar-sized snacks," probably the major finding was that consumption of nibble-size snacks instead of bar-size snacks might facilitate the limitation of snack intake.

true

True or False: Obese parents who believe that their infants are genetically predisposed to be large will engage in child feeding practices that promote obesity in their child.

true

True or False: Recent research using mouse models observed that a dietary switch from HFD to NFD shortly before pregnancy, without weight loss, was not necessarily beneficial to offspring, and might even be harmful.

true

True or False: Some research has indicated that mothers may believe that it is better to have a heavy infant because infant weight indicates child health and successful parenting.

true

True or False: The hypothetical "feeding regulation model" presents a mechanism by which ghrelin regulates food intake.

true

True or False: The thrifty metabolic phenotype is able to manage on reduced nutrient and caloric intake.

true

The intended consequences of NNS include all of the following except:

weight loss increased food intake* sweet flavor consumer acceptance satiety