OB/GYN final study guide

The normal gestational sac will grow

1 mm per day

Implantation into uterine decidua completed within _______ after fertilization.

12

At what point in gestation do the cranial bones ossify?

12 weeks

The crown-rump length measurement may be used up to the _____ gestational week.

12th

The fusion of the chorion and amnion occurs between ________ weeks.

14 & 15

Best time to amniocentesis for genetic reasons is:

18-20 weeks of gestation

Umbilical cord has _____ artery(ies) and _____ vein(s).

2, 1

During this period of embryogenesis, crown-rump length (CRL) develops rapidly, measuring _______ by end of 10th week.

35mm

A nuchal translucency of _______ or greater has been used to define an abnormal thickness, increasing risk of aneuploidy.

3mm

Normal IUP <7 weeks demonstrates doubling ofquantitative maternal serum hCG levels every

48 hours

The diameter of a normal yolk sac should not exceed

6mm

The beta hCG levels plateau and subsequently decline, whereas the gestational sac continues to grow after _________ weeks

9-10 weeks

In this image shows deepest vertical fluid pocket measurement. Which of following answer is correct:

AF index between 5-24cm is normal

At what time is an embryo called a fetus?

After the first 9 weeks of gestation

Most severe form of holoprosencephaly

Alobar

Which one of the following structures forms early in gestation and surrounds the embryo?

Amniotic cavity

Which one of the following portions of the fallopian tube is the most coiled?

Ampulla

The uterine position in which the corpus tilts forward and comes in contact with the cervix describes

Anteflexion

A lemon shaped skull is related to

Arnold-Chiari II malformation

Which one of the following goals seeks a greater balance of clinical "goods" over clinical "harms?"

Beneficence

Which one is correct choice about fetal circulation:

Blood from IVC of fetus goes to the heart through RA across foramen ovale and into LA

The most accurate measurement of gestational age during the first trimester is which of the following?

Crown-rump length

Especially in the third trimester, a fetus in the breech position may demonstrate a cranium shape of which one of the following?

Dolichocephalic

Which of the following is best defined as difficult or painful menstruation?

Dysmenorrhea

Fetal scalp edema, pleural and pericardial effusions and ascites are sonographic findings of Hydrops Fetalis only in Immune hydrops.

False

First trimester of pregnancy is the best time for targeted ultrasound (detailed evaluation of all fetal anatomy).

False

Placenta increta is further extension of the chorionic villi into the endometrium.

False

Endometrium has the following layers

Functional and basal

A 24-year-old female patient presents to the sonography department for a pelvic sonogram with an indication of pelvic pain. Upon sonographic interrogation, the sonographer notes an anechoic mass within the vagina.This mass most likely represents a:

Gartner's duct cyst

A condition in which the fetus is not growing as fast as normal is which one of the following terms?

IUGR

Which one of the following muscle groups may be seen in the false pelvis along the lateral sidewall of the pelvis?

Iliopsoas

Uterine arteriovenous malformation (AVM):

Involves the myometrium

which of the following is correct about anencephaly?

It is caused by failure of closure of neural tube at cranial end

The left ovarian vein drains directly into the

Left renal vein

The clinical signs of a 32-year-old woman with an enlarged uterus on physical examination and a history of cyclic profuse and prolonged bleeding with increasing pain most likely represent which one of the following?

Leiomyoma

The true pelvis is delineated from the false pelvis by the

Linea terminalis

Chronic inflammatory retention cysts of cervix are

Nabothian cysts

Too little amniotic fluid, measuring <5 on the amniotic fluid index

Oligohydramnios

What abnormality results from the ovary twisting on its mesenteric connection?

Ovarian torsion

Which of the following could be described as an infection of the female genital tract that may involve the ovaries, uterus, and/or the fallopian tubes?

Pelvic inflammatory disease

Which of the following would be least likely to cause abdominal distention?

Polycystic ovarian disease

Too much amniotic fluid, measuring >22 on amniotic fluid index

Polyhydramnios

Most posterior and inferior reflection of peritoneal cavity

Posterior cul de sac (pouch of Douglas)

Fluid noted posterior to the uterus would most likely be located within the

Pouch of Douglas

what other term is used to describe the space of Retzius?

Retropubic space

Overlapping of skull bones, indicating fetal death

Spalding's sign

what kind of uterine abnormality may be caused by taking DES(diethylstilbestrol) while pregnant?

T-shaped uterus

The biparietal diameter (BPD) is the measurement of the fetal head at the level of which of the following structures?

Thalamus and cavum septum pellucidum

Which one of the following definitions best describes the term adnexa?

The area located posterior to the broad ligaments and adjacent to the uterus

In normal pregnancy embryo should be seen with MSD >18 mm.

True

Pulmonary hypoplasia most commonly occurs from prolonged oligohydramnios.

True

In which of the following structures might a Gartner's duct cyst be found

Vagina

The superficial layer of glands and stroma of the endometrium is called

Zona Functionalis

Which one of the following sonographic characteristics is the most common finding in endometrial carcinoma?

abnormal thickening of endometrial cavity, usually with irregular bleeding in perimenopausal and postmenopausal women

The invasion of endometrial tissue into the myometrium of the uterus is referred to as:

adenomyosis

Which of the following would typically not be associated with amenorrhea?

adenomyosis

Peritoneal spaces located posterior to the broad ligament are referred to as the

adnexa

The most common location of an ectopic pregnancy is the

ampullary portion of the uterine tube

What term describes the echogenicity of a simple ovarian cyst?

anechoic

Which one of the following abnormalities might demonstrate a small placenta?

aneuploidy

All of the following are associated with acute pelvic pain except

asherman syndrome

The sonographer who provides a detailed explanation of the examination is an example of respecting the patient's

autonomy

Fetal interests in sonography are understood exclusively in terms of

beneficence

A gestational sac in which the embryo fails to develop is described as which of the following

blighted ovum or anembryonic pregnancy

Which one of the following terms indicates that the fetal head is toward the fundus of the uterus?

breech

The ligament that houses the vasculature of the uterus is the

cardinal ligament

What is the first organ system to develop in an embryo?

cardiovascular

Which one of the following is the most frequent cause of nonimmune hydrops?

cardiovascular lesions

A circumscribed complex mass protruding from the fetal surface of the placenta is demonstrated on ultrasound. This appearance most likely represents which of the following?

chorioangioma

In the early gestation, where is the secondary yolk sac located?

chorionic cavity

All of the following are sonographic findings consistent with adenomyosis except

complex adnexal mass

The most common pelvic mass associated with pregnancy is the

corpus luteum cyst

Which of the following would be described as functional cysts that are found in the presence of elevated levels of human chorionic gonadotropin?

corpus luteum cysts

uterine decidual surface on the maternal side of the placenta is

decidua basalis

The decidual reaction that changes in the endometrium opposite the site of implantation is which one of the following?

decidua vera

The first sonographically identifiable sign of pregnancy is the

decidual reaction

A multiple pregnancy with two amniotic sacs is

diamniotic

In the first trimester normal hCG levels will

double every 48 hours

Which of the following is defined as pain during intercourse?

dyspareunia

A 35-year-old patient presents to the sonography department with a history of tubal ligation and positive pregnancy test. What condition should be highly suspected?

ectopic pregnancy

All of the following statements are true of endovaginal imaging except:

endovaginal imaging requires a full urinary bladder

All of the following are indications for a pelvic sonogram except

evaluation of pelvic anatomy immediately following a motor vehicle incident

Between 5 1⁄2 and 6 weeks of gestation, amnioticcavity and membrane, chorionic cavity, yolk sac,and embryo should not be seen.

false

Decrease hCG levels can be used as screeningmarker for Down syndrome during first andsecond trimesters.

false

Encephalocele is a term used to describe herniation of meninges without brain tissue through defect

false

Symmetric IUGR is usually the result of which one of the following?

first trimester insult

Sonographers will assist physician in amniocentesis procedure. Optimal collection site for amniotic fluid are all of the following listed below, except:

from central portion of placenta

Cordocentesis is more commonly used for which one of the following procedures?

guidance for transfusions to treat fetal isoimmunization

Which one of the following laboratory tests indicates pregnancy when the values are elevated?

hCG

What laboratory value would be most useful to evaluate a patient with suspected internal hemorrhage?

hematocrit

Immune hydrops is result of ________ .

hemolysis in fetal circulation

which of the following would be best defined as regularly timed menses but light flow?

hypomenorrhea

The paired muscles that are located lateral to the uterus and anterior to the iliac crest are the

iliopsoas muscles

The most potentially life-threatening ectopic gestation is which of the following

interstitial

The location of a fibroid within the myometrium is termed

intramural

Which one of the following fetal body organs is most severely affected by IUGR?

liver

Compared with a normal intrauterine pregnancy, an ectopic pregnancy will have a

low hCG

which condition is associated with increasing the risk of spina bifida?

maternal diabetes, maternal obesity, folic acid deficiency, hyperthermia

which one of the following about the measurement of nuchal translucency (NT) is correct?

measurement of >3mm is abnormal and association of first trimester fetal nuchal lucency with aneuploidy is well established

Abnormally heavy and prolonged menstrual flow between periods is termed

menometrorrhagia

Abnormally heavy or long menses is termed:

menorrhagia

which one of the following terms refers to a multiple pregnancy within one chorionic sac?

monochorionic

all of the following are clinical findings associated with leiomyomas except:

myometrial cysts

Modified biophysical profile include:

non stress test and amniotic fluid index

Which one of the following terms describes a group of conditions in which hydrops is present in the fetus but is not a result of feto-maternal blood group incompatibility?

nonimmune hydrops

Ultrasound scanning of 35 yr old pregnant, 10 1/5 weeks shows small bowel as echogenic mass within base of umbilical cord.

normal process

Choroid plexus cysts:

often resolve by 22-26 weeks of gestation, usually isolated findings, amniocentesis for karyotyping may be offered with abnormal triple screen

Symmetrical bilateral pelvic masses are likely to be which one of the following?

pelvic muscles

The migration of the embryonic bowel into the base of the umbilical cord at 9 weeks is referred to as

physiologic bowel herniation

The muscles that may be confused with the ovaries on a pelvic sonogram include the

piriformis and iliopsoas muscles

Abdominal circumference (AC) is the measurement of fetal abdomen at the level of:

portal-umbilical venous complex

Which vessels supply blood to the deeper layers of the myometrium?

radial arteries

Both the straight and spiral arteries are branches of the:

radial artery

Which of the following would be most indicative of a leiomyosarcoma?

rapid growth

The fundus and body of uterus is bent posteriorly

retroflexed uterus

accumulation of fluid within the pleural cavity(pleural effusion) that may appear in fetal anomaly ultrasound finding is all of the below except

shape of lung appears abnormal in presence of pleural effusion

A heterotopic pregnancy is which one of the following

simultaneous intrauterine and extrauterine pregnancy

Multiple factors associated with placenta previa except:

smoking

Which one of the following techniques uses a catheter inserted into the endometrial cavity with the insertion of saline or contrast media to fill the endometrial cavity to demonstrate abnormalities within the cavity or uterine tube?

sonohysterography

Obliteration of cisterna magna and banana sign is related to

spina bifada anomaly

A normal neurologic development in a fetus may occur in

spina bifida occulta

30-year-old patient ultrasound scanning shows a Myoma like mass with disruption into the endometrial cavity; heavy bleeding, infertility is probable

submucosal

Which of the following fibroid locations would most likely result in abnormal uterine bleeding because of its relationship to the endometrium?

submucosal

The pelvic ligament that provides support to the ovary to the pelvic side

suspensory ligament of the ovary

Chest circumference measurements are made in

transverse plane at level of four-chamber view of the heart

Doppler evaluation of fetal middle cerebral artery (MCA) can predict fetal anemia.

true

Embryonic heartbeat must be seen in livingembryo when CRL >4 mm.

true

Fetal production of urine and the ability to swallow begins between 8 and 11 weeks of gestation.

true

In normal pregnancy yolk sac should be seen when mean sac diameter (MSD) >12 mm.

true

aqueduct of sylvius connects the 3rd & 4th ventricles.

true

The presence of umbilical vessels crossing the internal os of the cervix is called which one of the following?

vasa previa

Which type of placenta shows in these images:

velamentous placenta

The first structure noted within the gestational sac is the

yolk sac