OBHR 330 Exam 2

Social Capital

Any aspect of social structure that creates value for the individuals within

differential reactivity

Being less likely to believe that one can cope with the stressors experienced on a daily basis

differential exposure

Being more likely to appraise day-to-day situations as stressful, thereby feeling that stressors are encountered more frequently

Quantitative Ability

Capabilities associated with doing basic mathematical operations and selecting and applying formulas to solve mathematical problems

Strong Ties

Close friends or family

Motivation

Set of forces that originates within and outside an employee that indicates work related effort

Negative Affectivity

a dispositional tendency to experience unpleasant moods such as hostility, nervousness, and annoyance

reasoning ability

a diverse set of abilities associated with sensing and solving problems using insight, rules, and logic

Ability

emotional intelligence

Valence (Expectancy Theory)

reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance

What do extraverted people prioritize?

status striving

high power distance

statuses are intrinsic and legitimate

Extraversion

talkative, sociable, passionate, assertive, bold, dominant, and high in positive affectivity

emotional intelligence

the ability to perceive, understand, manage, and use emotions

self-awareness

the appraisal and expression of emotions in oneself

other awareness

the appraisal and recognition of emotion in others

spatial ability

capabilities associated with visual and mental representation and manipulation of objects in space

Goal commitment is defined as a. a series of updates on employees progress toward attainment b.the belief that successful performance will result in some outcome c.the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it d. the belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviors required for task success e.the degree to which the information and actions needed to complete a task are complicated

The degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it

Direction

What do you do?

Equity Theory

When outputs are fair, given inputs, employees will work harder and for longer. Acknowledges that motivation doesn't just depend on your own beliefs and circumstances but also on what happens to other people

Accomplish striving

a desire to accomplish task related goals as a means of expressing personality

Positive affectivity

a dispositional tendency to experience pleasant, engaging moods such as enthusiasm, excitement, and elation

Communion striving

a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality

Status striving

a strong desire to obtain power and influence within a social structure as a means of expressing one's personality

High Individualism

value loosely knit social framework in which people are expected to take care of themselves and their immediate families, management of individuals

High Collectivism

value tight social framework in which people distinguish between in groups and out groups, management of groups

verbal ability

various capabilities associated with understanding and expressing oral and written communication

Types of Cognitive Ability

verbal, quantitative, reasoning, spatial, perceptual

Agreeableness

warm, kind, cooperative, sympathetic, helpful, and courteous

locus of control

whether people believe the events that occur around them are self-driven or driven by the external environment

Conscientiousness

Dependable, organized, reliable, ambitious, hardworking, and persevering

Types of Motivation

Direction, Intensity, and Persistence

Direct Reciprocity

Pay back the person who helps us

What do conscientious people prioritize?

Accomplishment striving

Weak Ties

Acquaintances or people we know through association with a third party

There are a list of opening procedures Brittany must accomplish before the store opens, but first checks the show times on the movie she plans to see that night after work. Brittany's __________ of effort is decided when she pulls up the cinema website. a. intensity b. direction c.motivation d.persistence e.sincerity

Direction

Goal Setting Theory

Employees work harder when they set specific and difficult goals (intensity and persistence)

Brandy has been given a great deal of opportunity to advance her career. She recently got a huge increase in authority and salary, and she was hired to do what she has always claimed was her dream job. However, Brandy is not enthusiastic about coming to work, and when she is there spends most of her time complaining about how Maurice got a bigger office and nicer furniture than she did. Brandy's behavior would seem to support __________ theory. a. equity b.extrinsic c.expectancy d. goal setting e. psychological empowerment

Equity

Instrumentality reflects the anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance.

False

Leticia has been assigned a task for which she knows that she does not have the necessary skills or knowledge. However, she really wants the bonus she can earn by completing the task. According to expectancy theory, Leticia will be highly motivated to complete the task.

False

Matchers

Give as much as they get

Takers

Give less than they get, less able to access weak ties

Givers

Give more than they get

Emotional Engagement

High intensity and high effort

Goal setting theory argues that assigning employees specific, difficult goals will result in a. lower self-esteem b. poor performance c. higher turnover rates d. elimination of self-set goals e. higher levels of performance

Higher levels of performance

Intensity

How hard are you going to work?

Persistence

How long are you going to work?

General Reciprocity

I'll help you because I'm confident when I need help, I will get it

Which of the following is true about "agreeableness" a. agreeable employees prioritize status striving b. agreeable employees tend to be high in positive affectivity c. it is the second most important trait from a job performance perspective d. it is responsible for the type A Behavior Pattern that has been shown to affect employees' health e. it reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as a means of expressing personality

It reflects a strong desire to obtain acceptance in personal relationships as means of expressing personality

Which of the follow scenarios illustrates a case of ethnocentrism? a. Liam, a millwright from Kentucky, ignores input from engineers at his tractor company's Japanese subsidiary because he believes Americans build the best tractors b. T.J. a television producer from Cali, goes out of his way to share ideas and methods with other producers from India, South Korea, and Hollywood c. Chad, a fisherman from Alaska, has tried using nets manufactured in Japan and Russia, but finds his American made nets perform slightly better d. Nelson, a civil engineer form New York, comes off as pushy and rude when he visits engineering firms in Nordic Europe e. Orlando, an architect from Missouri, is fascinated by the culture he encounters when his company sends him to Scandinavia

Liam

Which of the following is true of motivation? a. a person who works hard for a short time is unmotivated b. motivation show a high negative correlation with ability c. motivation is a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee d. motivation is a synonym for high levels of intensity and persistence in work effort e.motivational forces such as confidence are external to the employee

Motivation is a set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee

Joan felt stressed, and became a bit anxious when she thought about all the work she needed to do. When her manager brought her an additional project, she felt _____. a. overwhelmed b. depressed c. ashamed d. self-conscious e. jittery

Overwhelmed

Norm of Reciprocity

Repaying others for what they do for us

Cung leads the design team at Rapidware, a software firm that deigns custom software to meet its clients' needs. He needs to hire an employee to recognize when new approaches are needed and to learn what clients need and quickly come up with an innovative way to serve them. Which of the following candidates would best meet Cung's requirements? a. Larry, a fast worker who forces others to do things his way b. Gale, a lovable character who encourages and helps everyone c. Rico, a curious person who loves art and buys the latest gadgets d. Gage, a very successful worker who is self proclaimed "old school" e. Jennifer, a methodical worker who defines herself by her career success

Rico, a curious person who loves art and buys the latest gadgets

emotion regulation

The ability to recover quickly from emotional experiences

physical cultural intelligence

ability to adapt one's behavior when cultural encounter requires it

cognitive cultural intelligence

ability to sense differences among people & use this to plan cross- cultural encounters

When Ken starts his job at the customer service desk, he works with a nice man named Tom who is in his 50s. Tom has a great relationship with the supervisor and all the other customer service representatives. Tom said he never sought promotion as he did not want the extra work and responsibility that accompanied the higher position, he is happy with his desk job duties and his paycheck plus he is good at his job. Tom likes coming to work, can sooth even the most irritated customer, and is a courteous and giving colleague. Tom is most likely...

agreeable employee

What do agreeable people prioritize?

communion striving

Of the Big Five, ___________ has the strongest effect on task performance, partly because these employees have higher levels of _________ than other employees.

conscientiousness; motivation

openess to experience

curious, imaginative, creative, complex, refined, sophisticated

Expectancy Theory

describes the cognitive process employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses

Volkwear Ltd., a German clothing manufacturer, is known as a company that focuses on improving its customers' quality of life. In the context of Hofstede's dimensions, the cultural values dimension of ________ best describes Volkwear Ltd. a. femininity b. individualism c. high power distance d. short term orientation c. uncertainty avoidance

femininity

low power distance

hierarchical relationship is an inequality of roles, established for convenience

uncertanity avoidance

indicates the degree to which a national culture values the reduction of uncertainty and ambiguity

emotional cultural intelligence

level of effort & persistence individual exerts when trying to understand & adapt to new cultures

mixed

mix of social competencies

Neuroticism

nervous, moody, emotional, insecure, and jealous, high in negative affectivity

Big 5 Personality Traits

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

perceptual ability

refers to being able to perceive, understand, and recall patterns of information

Femininity

reflects dominant values that conform to a traditional view of female sex role characteristics, an emphasis on caring for others and quality of life

Masculinity

reflects the extent to which a culture's dominant values conform to a traditional view of male sex role characteristics- assertiveness

Instrumentality (Expectancy Theory)

represents the belief that successful performance will result in some outcomes

goal commitment

the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it

use of emotions

the degree to which people can harness emotions and employ them to improve their chances of being successful in whatever they are seeking to do

Power distance

the extent to which national culture accepts and reinforces the fact that power in institutions and organizations is disturbed unequally