OCE 1001 chapter 15

infauna

Nearly all large organisms that inhabit sediment-covered shores are called ________ because they burrow into the sediment.

some organisms a thick exterior some organisms

Of the following adaptations, which apply to life in rocky intertidal environments? Choose all that apply.

many benthic the vast majority high abundances

Of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

kelp is held the giant kelp

Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

blend in with the color and texture of the surrounding environment

One of the main ways in which octopuses avoid predators is to __________.

western

Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins.

Difficulty finding mates

Release of large numbers of eggs into the water column is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

sea urchin

The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the __________.

crustacean

The organism shown is an example of which of the following?

echinoderm

The organism shown is an example of which of the following?

two-spotted octopus

What is the common name of the octopus that is found in Southern California tidepools?

hydrothermal vents mid-ocean ridges hot water springs

Where do chemosynthesizers live? Choose all that apply.

Buckshot barnacle, striped shore crab

Which group of organisms are likely to live in the high tide zone?

Sea star, brittle star, sea urchins

Which group of organisms are likely to live in the low tide zone?

Abalones, sea urchins, barnacles

Which group of organisms have difficulty finding mates for attached species as an adverse condition of rocky intertidal zones?

Rock weed

Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore?

everything but "sunlight"

Which of the following are common to both chemosynthesis and photosynthesis? Choose all that apply.

corals

Which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent biocommunities?

C6H12O6

Which of the following chemical formulas represents a sugar molecule?

high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water

Which of the following factors does not limit coral growth?

overfishing

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs?

Acidification

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons?

Sea level rise

Which of the following human threats to the ocean may wreak havoc on corals by reducing the amount of sunlight they receive?

soft substrate

Which of the following is NOT considered an environmental condition necessary for coral growth?

All of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community.

Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival?

sunlight

Which of the following is not in the chemosynthesis equation?

hydrogen sulfide

Which of the following is not in the photosynthesis equation?

Temperature

Which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin?

crabs clams coral

Which of the following is/are examples of benthic organisms?

mud flats

Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?

buckshot barnacles sea anemones sponges

Which of the following organisms are sessile? Choose all that apply.

everything but "archaea"

Which of the following organisms use photosynthesis? Choose all that apply.

sea anemones

Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts?

everything but "over 50 different..."

Which of the following statements about corals are true? Choose all that apply.

everything but "there are..."

Which of the following statements about the characteristics of the deep-ocean floor are true? Choose all that apply.

serpent star

What is another name for the brittle star?

Mussels

A pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable features of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts?

five

A sea urchin has a ________-toothed mouth centered on the bottom side of its hard, spherical shell, consisting of fused calcium carbonate plates perforated to allow tube feet and water to pass through.

25%

Although coral reefs cover less than half a percent of the ocean's surface area, they are home to ________ of all marine species.

sea star

An important predator of mussel beds in the middle tide zone is the __________.

a black smoker releasing water at a temperature near 400°C

As a citizen scientist, you have been selected to participate in a once-in-a-lifetime journey to ride along in a deep-sea submersible to explore life in the bathypelagic zone of the ocean. As you descend, you anticipate nothing but abyssal plains, but what you see instead is an oasis of life dominated by the tubeworm Riftia. Later you learn that the results of the biological survey reveal that even though this community has 1000 times more biomass than surrounding deep-sea habitats, the overall diversity is very low. Considering these results, the deep-sea community you visited was _________.

Cold water reefs

Chemosynthetic bacteria do not form the base of the food web at which of the following biocommunities?

primary productivity

Chlorophyll concentration is a direct measurement of what in the ocean?

elevated temperatures

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.

0.5%; 25%

Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species.

30°

Corals cannot survive for long when the water temperature exceeds ________ Celsius.

64°F

Corals only grow within the tropics where average annual water temperature is above ________.

symbiotic zooxanthellae algae

Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have.

Exposure to strong wave activity

During a field trip to a rocky intertidal area during low tide, you notice an interesting cone-shaped shell. You reach down to pick it up, but to your surprise find it is firmly attached to the substrate by a strong muscle that acts like a suction cup. What abiotic factor drives these adaptations?

They have a shell that they can withdraw into.

How have organisms in the spray zone adapted to the constant threats of predation and drying out?

about the size of a small dinner plate

How large can kelp crabs get?

a couple of weeks

How long does it take for a brittle star to regrow an arm?

flanks of oceanic ridges and rises

In the deep ocean, oozes made of dead planktonic organisms are found on the ________.

High tide zone

In which area are you likely to find ghost shrimp?

lower intertidal

In which region of the tidepools are kelp crabs most often found?

middle tide zone

In which zone are organisms usually submerged by high tide twice per day and exposed by low tide twice per day?

sewage

Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers.

holdfast

Kelp uses a root-like anchor called a ________ to attach to rocky bottoms.

Western coast of the United States

Kelp with air bladders are likely to be found in which region?

mud flats

Organic matter decomposes most slowly in __________.

Lack of space or attachment sites

Planktonic larval forms are an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

sulfur-oxidizing archaea.

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:

two-thirds

Recent studies indicate that the deep biosphere, an environment that exists within the sea floor itself, may account for up to __________ of Earth's total bacterial biomass.

Serpentinization

Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea?

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth.

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:

have planktonic larval forms.

Some organisms living in the high water portion of the intertidal zone cannot survive in the supralittoral zone because they:

predators

Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

the productivity of the surface layer above it

The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on __________.

??

The animal shown lives in which of the following rocky shore tidal zones?

7

The area on a rocky shore inhabited by organisms adapted to withstand wave energy for the majority of the tidal cycle is indicated by the number:

eating the coral polyps

The crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ________.

length of its siphon.

The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the:

low-tide

The greatest biomass of clams is burrowed into the ________ region of sandy beaches and decreases where the sediment becomes muddier.

steeply; coarse

The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________-sand beach.

loss of zooxanthellae.

The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of:

red and brown algae and surf grasses.

The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by:

space

The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is:

Archaea

The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________.

humans

The most serious threat to coral reefs is ________.

burrowing into the sediment.

The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:

archaea

The primary producers in chemosynthetic vent communities are _____.

mutualistic symbiosis

The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a(n) ________.

Homarus

The so-called true lobsters belong to which genus?

mutualism

The symbiotic relationship between the coral animals and the zooxanthellae is an example of __________.

middle intertidal

What intertidal zone do sea anemones typically inhabit?

goose-necked barnacles and mussels

Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are:

buckshot barnacles and limpets.

Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:

feet

Under ideal conditions, the giant brown bladder kelp can grow up to two ________ per day.

tropical

Water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ________ regions of the oceans.

They can detach their arms to avoid a predator

What adaptation gives brittle stars their name?

organisms that live in or on the seafloor

What are benthic organisms?

spider crab family

What family do kelp crabs belong to?

The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect?

primary producers comprise primary producers photysnthesize areas with high primary

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding productivity in the ocean? Choose all that apply.

Benthic biomass includes organisms that burrow into the seafloor, attach themselves to the seafloor, crawl around on the seafloor, and swim close to the seafloor. Areas of high benthic biomass correspond to areas of high primary productivity in the surface ocean.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the distribution of oceanic benthic biomass? Choose all that apply.

Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product.

Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?

Mollusca

Which phylum does the bivalve belong to?

spray zone

Which rocky intertidal zone, also called the super tidal zone, is only covered by water during strong storms?

5

Within the intertidal zone, the area that receives equal amounts of air exposure and water coverage is indicated by the number:

too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore

You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that __________.