OCE Ch. 15

The subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by:

kelp

Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 20% of the surface intensity?

From 20 meters to 50 meters

Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore?

Rock weed

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons?

acidification

An important predator of mussel beds in the middle tide zone is the _________.

sea star

Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have.

symbiotic zooxanthellae algae

Corals need water where the average monthly temperature exceeds ________ Celsius throughout the year.

18

Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true?

-Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast -The giant kelp Marcocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.

Of the following statements about benthic communities along sediment-covered shores, which is/are true?

-Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores. -Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches. -Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores.

Of the following statements about organisms in rocky intertidal zones, which is/are true?

-Mussel beds are a common feature of the middle tide zone. -The spray zone is where organisms with shells are mostly found. -The low tide zone is home to the greatest number of soft-bodied organisms and marine algae.

Which of the following statements about corals are true?

-Some coral species grow in cold deep water beneath the euphotic zone. -Corals catch small food particles with stinging cells similar to those of jellyfish. -Most individual coral species are about the size of an ant. -Most corals go through a planktonic stage of life.

Of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true?

-The vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf. -Many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment. -High abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity.

Which of the following environments supports chemosynthesis?

-areas where high-salinity waters percolate from the sea floor -subduction zones where methane from the decomposition of organic material in folded sedimentary rocks trickles from the sea floor -mid ocean ridges associated with black smokers -hydrocarbon seeps that emit methane

Which of the following organisms are common in the middle tide zone along rocky shores?

-sea anemones -goose necked barnacles -carnivorous sea stars -hermit crabs

Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species.

0.5%; 25%

The water pressure in the deepest trenches exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level.

1000

The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level.

200

Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae.

90%

Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival?

All of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community.

The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________.

Archaea

Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?

Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product.

The coral in the Florida Keys is currently not suffering from which of the following?

Gas bubble

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields builds chimneys of calcium carbonate, instead of the metal sulfides found at typical black smokers?

Lost City

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers?

Lost City

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at much greater pH compared to typical black smokers?

Lost City

A pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable features of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts?

Mussels

Giant tubeworms dominate at hydrothermal vents in which of the following oceans?

Pacific

Which of the following lobsters exhibits a behavior of migrating single file across the sea floor in lines that are several kilometers long?

Panulirus argus

Ability to break off body parts and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

Predators

Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

Predators

Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts?

Sea Anemones

Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell?

Sea stars

Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp?

Sea urchins

Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea?

Serpentinization

Which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin?

Temperature

The diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following?

The past positions of the continents

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect?

The temperature rarely exceeds 0 degrees celsius at the deep-ocean floor.

In the deep ocean, mud like clay deposits are found on the ________.

abyssal plains and in deep trenches

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth

The primary producers in chemosynthetic vent communities are _________.

archaea

Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:

buckshot barnacles and limpets

The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:

burrowing into the sediment

Symbiotic archaea that live inside tubeworms can use two different methods to metabolize ________ and can switch back and forth to accommodate fast-changing environmental conditions.

carbon dioxide

The distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of ________ in surface waters.

chlorophyll

In hydrothermal vent ecosystems, tubeworms and giant ________ depend entirely on sulfur-oxidizing archaea that live symbiotically within their tissues.

clams

Which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent biocommunities?

corals

The zooxanthellae that live within the coral's tissues is a type of ________.

dinoflagellate

Zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some simple marine invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Zooxanthellae are:

dinoflagellates

The crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ________.

eating the coral polyps

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.

elevated temperatures

In the deep ocean, oozes made of dead planktonic organisms are found on the ________.

flanks of oceanic ridges and rises

Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are:

goose necked barnacles and mussels

Which of the following factors does not limit coral growth?

high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water

The most serious threat to coral reefs are ________.

humans

The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the:

length of its siphon

The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of:

loss of zooxanthellae

The common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the:

lugworm

Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called:

meiofauna

Organic matter decomposes most slowly in _________.

mud flats

Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?

mud flats

Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment?

mud flats

The symbiotic relationship between the coral animals and the zooxanthellae is an example of _________.

mutualism

The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an:

mutualistic symbiosis

Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs?

overfishing

The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by:

red and brown algae and surf grasses

A predatory echinoderm that lives and feeds below the sediment surface is the _________.

sand star

The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the _________.

sea urchin

Benthic animals inhabiting the rocky intertidal environment consist mostly of _________.

sessile animals, epifauna, and very few infauna

Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers.

sewage

The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is:

space

The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________-sand beach.

steeply; coarse

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:

sulfur-oxidizing archaea

The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _________.

the productivity of the surface layer above it

Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deep-ocean floor.

thousand

Coral reefs contain about ________ as much algal biomass as animal biomass.

three times

You are vacationing on a beautiful tropical island and want to see a coral reef. Your boat travels down a river estuary and then travels a considerable distance along the coast before any coral is seen. The reason you had to travel so far to see coral is probably that _________.

too much freshwater is flowing in from the river closer to shore

Water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ________ regions of the oceans.

tropical

Recent studies indicate that the deep biosphere, an environment that exists within the seafloor itself, may account for up to _________ of Earth's total bacterial biomass.

two-thirds

Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins.

western

The greatest diversity of reef-building corals is found on the ________ side of ocean basins.

western