OCE Ch 15

Which of the following organisms adapt to limited space by attaching to other organisms?

all except: sea cucumbers

Which of the following are common to both chemosynthesis and photosynthesis?

all except: sunlight

Which of the following adaptations help organisms avoid predation?

all except: swim bladder

The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is:

burrowing into the sediment.

Chlorophyll concentration is a direct measurement of what in the ocean?

primary productivity

The distribution of benthic biomass is related to:

primary productivity.

Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species.

0.5%; 25%

Where on the coral reef structure would you expect to find the largest, strongest coral heads?

20-50 meters water depth

At what water depth are delicate plate corals common?

50-150 meters (164-492 feet)

Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae.

90%

Part C

A: bristle worm B: ghost crab C: sand dollar D: ghost shrimp E: sand star

Part E

A: delicate plate corals B: massive branching corals C: no coral grows here D: massive head corals

Part A

A: middle tide zone B: low tide zone C: Spray zone D: high tide zone

Part B

A: mouth B: nematocyst C: cnidoblast D: gut E: trigger

Part D

A: stipe B: pneumatocyst C: blade D: holdfast

Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival?

All of the above might contribute to the decline of a coral community.

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding the distribution of oceanic benthic biomass?

Benthic biomass includes organisms that burrow into the seafloor, attach themselves to the seafloor, crawl around on the seafloor, and swim close to the seafloor. Areas of high benthic biomass correspond to areas of high primary productivity in the surface ocean.

Which of the following chemical formulas represents a sugar molecule?

C6H12O6

Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct?

Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product.

Which of the following statements is/are true of corals?

Corals live in tropical water. Corals are animals. Corals are benthic organisms.

Of the following statements about benthic communities along sediment-covered shores, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

Gently sloping beaches with finer sediment show less distinct intertidal zonation as compared to coarser beaches. Coarse sandy beaches usually have the same tidal zonations as rocky shores. Large numbers of organisms can generally be found buried in sandy shores.

Of the following statements about benthic organisms, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

High abundances of benthic organisms are found beneath surface waters with high primary productivity. Many benthic organisms spend the first part of their lives in the pelagic environment. The vast majority of benthic species live on the continental shelf.

Of the following statements about kelp and kelp forests, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

Kelp is held to the bottom by a strong anchor called a holdfast. The giant kelp Macrocystis can grow up to 0.6 meters (2 feet) per day.

Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers?

Lost City

Ability to break off body parts and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

Predators

Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone?

Predators

Which of the following statements is/are true regarding productivity in the ocean?

Primary producers comprise the base of the food chain. Areas with high primary productivity will also support more consumers. Primary producers photosynthesize.

Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts?

Sea Anemones

Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell?

Sea stars

Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp?

Sea urchins

Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea?

Serpentinization

Of the following adaptations, which apply to life in rocky intertidal environments? Choose all that apply.

Some organisms can grow directly on top of other organisms. Some organisms can survive for long periods of time out of water. A thick exterior or exoskeleton helps protect creatures from being crushed.

The diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following?

The past positions of the continents

Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect?

The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor.

In the lower intertidal zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They are well camouflaged so that they can blend in and hide from predators during low tide.

In the spray zone, what is one common adaptation that marine organisms typically exhibit?

They have hard shells that prevent organisms from drying out.

How did the discovery of hydrothermal vent communities in the 1970s change our understanding of life in the ocean?

all except: Prior to this discovery it was thought that there was no life in the deep ocean. Prior to this discovery it was thought that all primary producers were chemosynthetic.

Which of the following statements regarding corals and algae is/are true?

all except: Corals are photosynthetic.

Which of the following statements about corals are true? Choose all that apply.

all except: Over 50 different species of tropical reef-building corals inhabit the Atlantic Ocean.

Which of the following statements about the characteristics of the deep-ocean floor are true? Choose all that apply.

all except: There are extremely variable conditions on the deep-ocean floor.

Which of the following organisms use photosynthesis?

all except: archaea

Which of the following environments supports chemosynthesis? Choose all that apply.

all except: mid-water depths (below the euphotic zone but above the ocean floor)

Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the:

amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth.

The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________.

archaea

Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are:

buckshot barnacles and limpets.

The distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of ________ in surface waters.

chlorophyll

Which of the following is/are examples of benthic organisms?

coral clams crabs

Zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some simple marine invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Zooxanthellae are:

dinoflagellates.

Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.

elevated temperatures

Which of the following organisms is/are mentioned in the SmartFigure video as being common on the reef flat?

fine branching and soft corals anemones echinoderms

Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are:

goose-necked barnacles and mussels.

Where do chemosynthesizers live?

hot water springs hydrothermal vents mid-ocean ridges

The most serious threat to coral reefs are ________.

humans

Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called:

meiofauna.

Organic matter decomposes most slowly in _________.

mud flats

Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity?

mud flats

Which of the following organisms have the ability to exist in varied temperature, salinity, pH, and low-oxygen environments for extended periods?

mussels snails limpets

What are benthic organisms?

organisms that live in or on the seafloor

Which of the following organisms withdraw into their shells to avoid drying out during low tide and to avoid the effects of rapid changes in environmental conditions?

periwinkle snails black turban snails

The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by:

red and brown algae and surf grasses.

The organism posing the greatest threat to the kelp forest is the _________.

sea urchin

Which of the following organisms attach themselves to rocks or the seafloor with threads, adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet to anchor themselves?

snails kelp mussels sea stars

The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is:

space

In a tidepools area such as that shown in the video, what is the correct order of intertidal zones, going from the base of the coastal cliffs into deeper water?

spray zone, upper intertidal zone, middle intertidal zone, lower intertidal zone

Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are:

sulfur-oxidizing archaea.

(Intro) The amount of life on the ocean floor depends primarily on _________.

the productivity of the surface layer above it

Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deep-ocean floor.

thousand