OCE1001 - Chapter 5

Water (blank) when it is heated, making the density (blank)

expands, decrease

Sea surface salinity is greatest at which of the following latitudes? a. 25 degrees b. 65 degrees c. 85 degrees d. 45 degrees e. 5 degrees

a. 25 degrees

Which of the following best describes the Electrolysis Method for desalination? a. A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. b. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. c. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. d. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. e. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

a. A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater

Electrons

negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit an atomic nucleus

Thermocline

A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth

Which of the following hydrologic cycle reservoirs is the smallest? a. Atmospheric water vapor b. Groundwater and soil moisture c. World ocean d. Ice caps, glaciers, and snow e. Streams and lakes

a. Atmospheric water vapor

Which of the following processes causes sea surface salinity to increase near the Tropics of Cancer and Capricorn? a. Evaporation b. Freezing c. Polarization d. Melting e. Condensation

a. Evaporation

The average salinity of typical seawater is: a. 25%. b. 3.5%. c. 0.35%. d. 2.0%. e. 10%.

b. 3.5%

Which of the following occurs at the same temperature as the melting point? a. Boiling point b. Freezing point c. Condensation point d. Lagrangian point e. Polarization point

b. Freezing point

The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: a. pH. b. temperature. c. salinity. d. density. e. chlorinity.

b. temperature

On an annual basis which of the following fluxes between reservoirs of the hydrologic cycle is the largest? a. Atmosphere to continent b. Atmosphere to ocean c. Ocean to atmosphere d. Continent to atmosphere e. Continent to ocean

c. ocean to atmosphere

A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth: a. thermocline. b. barocline. c. pycnocline. d. isocline. e. halocline.

c. pycnocline

Which of the following properties of pure water is different depending on the amount of water present? a. Density b. pH c. Odor d. Color e. Taste

d. color

As the salinity of seawater increases, its:

density increases

In lower latitudes where a thermocline exists, as we drop down from the surface through ocean water, water density will (blank) while water temperature will respond inversely

increase

We expect a water column to be (blank) for density at high latitudes

isopycnal

What are the two controlling factors that affect water density?

temperature and salinity

Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. a. In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds. b. In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. c. When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. d. When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, it releases heat to the environment. e. Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. f. In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules.

All except a

Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? a. An increase in salinity increases seawater density. b. A decrease in salinity increases seawater density. c. An increase in temperature increases seawater density. d. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. e. An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on density.

a. An increase in salinity increases seawater density d. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density e. An increase in pressure with depth has a negligible effect on denisty

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? a. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. b. Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. c. Melt recently frozen seawater. d. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago.

a. Catch and melt fresh falling snow b. Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor d. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago

The ion in sea water that serves as a buffer is: a. HCO3-. b. CO2. c. Cl-. d. Ca+2. e. Na+.

a. HCO3-

The low pH layer in the ocean is due to which of the following processes? a. Respiration b. Buffering c. Photosynthesis d. Dissolution e. Oxidation

a. Respiration

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. a. Seawater salinity averages 3.5%. b. Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt. c. The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride. d. Seawater salinity does not vary from place to place in the ocean. e. An increase in salinity causes a corresponding decrease in electrical conductivity.

a. Seawater salinity averages 3.5% b. Seawater salinity averages 35 ppt c. The two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride

A layer of rapidly changing salinity with depth is called a ________. a. halocline b. lysocline c. pycnocline d. syncline e. thermocline

a. halocline

The salinity curve for low latitudes shows ________ salinity at the surface and ________ salinity at depth. a. increased, decreased b. decreased, decreased c. decreased, increased d. increased, increased

a. increased, decreased

Which of the following statements regarding pH is true? a. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. b. As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic. c. A pH of 10 is acidic, and a pH of 3 is alkaline. d. pH will change in deeper water when organisms with calcite shells sink. e. Buffers accelerate large changes in the pH of a solution.

a. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination to provide fresh water is: a. the high cost of energy involved b. environmental damage from the brine effluent c. the destruction of marine life by the process d. high maintenance costs for the plants e. poor quality of water produced by the plants

a. the high cost of energy involved

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Choose all that apply. a. Water molecules have polarity. b. Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. c. Water has cohesion and surface tension. d. Water density is greatest when solid. e. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything.

all except d

Pycnocline

area of rapid change in density with slight change in depth

Halocline

area of rapid change in salinity with slight change in depth

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply. a. Observe the clarity of the water. b. Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. c. Pass electrical current through the water. d. Record the temperature of the water. e. Determine very exactly the amount of light that can pass through the water. f. Measure the chlorinity of the water.

b. Evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out c. Pass electrical current through the water f. Measure the chlorinity of the water

Which of the following statements regarding water density is correct? a. Decreasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals that can be created. b. Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited. c. Decreasing amounts of dissolved substances inhibits the formation of hydrogen bonds, which restricts the number of ice crystals that can form. d. Adding dissolved substances increases the temperature of maximum density for water because the formation of less-dense ice crystals is suppressed.

b. Increasing the pressure decreases the temperature of maximum density for freshwater because the formation of bulky ice crystals is inhibited

A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? a. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. b. It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. c. It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. d. It immediately begins to rise slowly. e. It rises rapidly as the ice melts.

b. It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise

Which of the following is an application of the principle of constant proportions? a. Siliceous ooze accumulates on the ocean floor as it is being dissolved because it accumulates siliceous tests faster than seawater can dissolve them. b. The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample. c. Calcium carbonate dissolves at an increasing rate with increasing depth until the calcite compensation depth is reached. d. Increasing pressure increases the number of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals.

b. The concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity of a water sample

The density curve for high latitudes shows ________ density at the surface and ________ density at depth. a. increased, decreased b. decreased, increased c. increased, increased d. decreased, decreased

b. decreased, increased

The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: a. the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. b. the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change. c. ocean salinity varies as a function of season. d. the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. e. ocean salinity varies with geographical location.

b. the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change

Both the thermocline and pycnocline present a (blank) to mixing between near surface waters and deep ocean depths

barrier

Atoms

basic building blocks of all matter

Hydrogen Bonds

bonds that hold adjacent water molecules together

Covalent Bonds

bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater? a. Sodium b. Potassium c. Chloride d. Magnesium e. Calcium

c. Chloride

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern? a. The water is more saline with depth, and higher salinity means greater acidity. b. The lack of marine life in deep water means that a smaller amount of organic acids is released into the water by biological activity. c. Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower. d. The carbonate buffering effect makes the water more basic or alkaline. e. The low temperature and high pressure at depth both work to lower the pH.

c. Deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower

Which of the following best describes the Distillation method for desalination? a. A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. b. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. c. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. d. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. e. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

c. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply. a. An increase in the pH of seawater means it is becoming more acidic. b. Seawater is slightly acidic. c. The pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water. d. The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater. e. Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater.

c. The pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water d. The carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater e. Dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________. a. both precipitation and evaporation rates are low b. evaporation is much less than precipitation c. evaporation is much greater than precipitation d. both precipitation and evaporation rates are high e. precipitation occurs only as snowfall

c. evaporation is much greater than precipitation

A group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons are called ________. a. electrons b. neutrons c. molecules d. ions e. protons

c. molecules

Condensation

change in state from gas to liquid

Evaporation

change in state from liquid to gas

Sublimation

change is state from solid to gas

Ions

charged atoms due to the gain or loss of one or more electrons

Which of the following best describes the Freeze Separation Method for desalination? a. A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. b. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. c. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. d. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. e. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

d. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing

Which of the following best defines heat? a. The amount of heat energy required to raise the temperature of a substance by 1 degree Celsius. b. The direct measure of the average kinetic energy of a substance's molecules. c. The energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold molecules in place. d. The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature. e. Weak interactions that become significant when molecules are very close together.

d. The energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature

Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? a. low viscosity b. low heat capacity c. high salinity d. high heat capacity e. high viscosity

d. high heat capacity

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________. a. in the mid latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean b. in the trade wind belt of the North Pacific Ocean c. in the Persian Gulf d. off the coast of Washington and Oregon e. in the Mediterranean Sea

d. off the coast of Washington and Oregon

Hydrogen bonds form between neighboring water molecules because of: a. Surface tension b. Electron sharing c. Electron transfer d. Polarity of water molecules e. The viscosity of water

d. polarity of water molecules

Which of the following methods cannot be used to desalinate water? a. Reverse osmosis b. Distillation c. Electrolysis d. Freeze separation e. Osmosis

e. Osmosis

Which of the following is the second most abundant negatively charged component of seawater? a. Calcium b. Chloride c. Magnesium d. Sodium e. Sulfate

e. Sulfate

Which of the following best describes the Reverse Osmosis Method for desalination? a. A current is run through positive and negative electrodes in freshwater separated by semipermeable membranes from seawater. b. Large icebergs are brought to coastal waters off countries that need freshwater where they are melted. c. Saltwater is boiled and the water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser, where it condenses as freshwater. d. Seawater is frozen and thawed multiple times, with the salts washed from the ice between each thawing. e. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side.

e. Water on the salty side of a semipermeable membrane is pushed under high pressure through the membrane to the freshwater side

Which of the following is not one of the reasons why water is considered a universal solvent? a. Water molecules stick to other polar chemical compounds. b. Water molecules makes it much easier for ions to separate. c. Water molecules reduce the attraction between ions of opposite charges. d. Water molecules interact with other water molecules and other polar molecules. e. When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules.

e. When the ions separate, they become attracted to identically charged water molecules

Atoms that have lost or gained one or more electrons are called ________. a. protons b. neutrons c. molecules d. electrons e. ions

e. ions

Water that is (blank) will be represented by a straight line on a graph showing variations in temperature with depth

isothermal

The sun penetrates surface waters at (blank) to create a thermocline

low latitudes

What common household item can be use to demonstrate how the ocean is layered based on density?

tap water and food coloring