OCE1001 CHP 7

Which of the following statements is most accurate about tsunami hazards and the number of people at risk? -A low tsunami hazard and a high number of people at risk are present along the coast of the eastern United States. -A significant tsunami hazard and a high number of people at risk are present along the coast of western South America. -A low tsunami hazard and a high number of people at risk are present along the coast of northern Australia. -The greatest tsunami hazard and a low number of people at risk are present along the coast of southern Africa. -A low tsunami hazard and a high number of people at risk are present along the coasts of islands located in the western Pacific Ocean.

-A low tsunami hazard and a high number of people at risk are present along the coast of the eastern United States.

Which of the following statements about earthquakes and tsunami hazards is most accurate? -A relatively high number of earthquakes and the greatest tsunami hazard occur along the eastern coast of South America. -A relatively low number of earthquakes and the greatest tsunami hazard occur along the western rim of the Pacific Ocean. -A relatively high number of earthquakes and a low tsunami hazard occur along the eastern coast of North America. -A relatively high number of earthquakes and a significant tsunami hazard occur along the coast of northern Australia. -A relatively high number of earthquakes and the greatest tsunami hazard occur along the western coast of South America.

-A relatively high number of earthquakes and the greatest tsunami hazard occur along the western coast of South America.

Which body of water is shown to have the greatest amount of coastal pollution? -Baltic Sea -Bay of Biscay -Mediterranean Sea -Black Sea -Atlantic Ocean

-Baltic Sea

Which of the following is a western boundary current? -Brazil Current -Peru Current -California Current -Benguela Current -Canary Current

-Brazil Current

One of the world's most powerful currents, located off the east coast of the United States, is the __________. -Kuroshio Current -Gulf Stream -North Equatorial Current -North Atlantic Current -Canary Current

-Gulf Stream

The current in the northwestern part of the North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre that transports warm water toward the North Atlantic is called the __________. -Gulf Stream -Kuroshio Current -North Atlantic Current -Canary Current -North Equatorial Current

-Gulf Stream

What happened to the Styrofoam cup that was subjected to the high pressure of the deep ocean? -It broke into many pieces. -The cup turned inside-out. -A hole was punctured on the bottom of the cup. -It was crushed so much that the cup turned into a flat disk. -It became a miniature-sized cup.

-It became a miniature-sized cup.

What is the Walker Circulation Cell? -It is the path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and back to high pressure, in the South Pacific under El Niño conditions. -It is the path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and back to high pressure, in the North Pacific under normal conditions. -It is the path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and back to high pressure, in the South Atlantic under normal conditions. -It is the path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and back to high pressure, in the South Pacific under normal conditions. -It is the path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and back to high pressure, in the South Atlantic under El Niño conditions.

-It is the path that air takes as it moves from high to low pressure, and back to high pressure, in the South Pacific under normal conditions.

Which swift-flowing surface current in a major subtropical gyre transports a large volume of warm water from the equator towards mid latitudes? -Kuroshio Current -California Current -North Equatorial Current -West Australian Current -Benguela Current

-Kuroshio Current

What common household item is used in this video to demonstrate the Ekman spiral? -a deck of playing cards -a balloon -oil and vinegar salad dressing -a can of soda -a kitchen utensil

-a deck of playing cards

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. West Wind Drift -cold current, northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes -cold current, southern hemisphere, temperate latitudes -northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes, warm current -cold current, polar latitudes, southern hemisphere

-cold current, polar latitudes, southern hemisphere

When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off into the warm water south of the current, the eddy is called a __________. -geostrophic circulation -cyclonic circulation -warm-core eddy or ring -cold-core eddy or ring -Langmuir cell

-cold-core eddy or ring

Match the term or description with the appropriate phrase. upwelling -movement of water from the top to the bottom of the water column -movement of water from the bottom to the top of the water column -water flow driven by gravity and modified by the Coriolis force -net water movement to the left or right of the direction of the wind

-movement of water from the bottom to the top of the water column

Match the term or description with the appropriate phrase. Ekman transport -water flow driven by gravity and modified by the Coriolis force -movement of water from the top to the bottom of the water column -movement of water from the bottom to the top of the water column -net water movement to the left or right of the direction of the wind

-net water movement to the left or right of the direction of the wind

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. Gulf Stream -northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes, warm current -cold current, southern hemisphere, temperate latitudes -cold current, northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes -cold current, polar latitudes, southern hemisphere

-northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes, warm current

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. thermohaline circulation B. density-driven circulation C. Antarctic Bottom Water D. Kuroshio Current E. North Atlantic Deep Water

D. Kuroshio Current

Thermohaline circulation is wind-driven. (T/F)

FALSE

A Doppler flow meter is a scientific instrument used to measure current flow rates. (T/F)

TRUE

Deep ocean water can be enriched in oxygen when it is mixed with surface water. (T/F)

TRUE

Deep ocean water masses have characteristic temperatures and salinities. (T/F)

TRUE

To produce a surface current of 1.6 knots in the open ocean, a steady wind of _____ knots would be required. -50 -40 -80 -100 -60

-80

Organize the following stages of the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm phase into chronological order. In a severe warm phase, fisheries productivity on the west coasts of the Americas is dramatically reduced. Which stage of ENSO would come just before this fisheries collapse? -The thermocline deepens in eastern boundary currents of the Pacific Ocean subtropical gyres. -The pressure gradient in the Walker Circulation Cell weakens. -Coral reefs in the equatorial Pacific show signs of damage in response to increasing water temperature. -Sea level increases in the eastern Pacific Ocean. -The southeast trade winds diminish and may even reverse.

-The thermocline deepens in eastern boundary currents of the Pacific Ocean subtropical gyres.

Of the following statements about deep-ocean currents, which is/are true? -The volume of water involved in the downward movement of deep-ocean currents is equal to the flow of 100 Amazon-sized rivers. -Deep-ocean currents are important regulators of global climate. -Deep-ocean circulation is often referred to as thermohaline flow. -Deep-ocean currents often travel faster than ocean surface currents. -Deep-ocean currents contain water that is high in oxygen. -Deep-ocean currents are initiated by downwelling of cold, dense water near Antarctica and in the North Atlantic Ocean.

-The volume of water involved in the downward movement of deep-ocean currents is equal to the flow of 100 Amazon-sized rivers. -Deep-ocean currents are important regulators of global climate. -Deep-ocean circulation is often referred to as thermohaline flow. -Deep-ocean currents contain water that is high in oxygen. -Deep-ocean currents are initiated by downwelling of cold, dense water near Antarctica and in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Which of the following is true of surface water circulation near Antarctica? -The circulation of water around the Antarctic continent is driven by density differences. -The surface ocean has no strong currents. -It is dominated by water flow directly away from the polar region toward the north. -Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west. -There is no connection with the southern hemisphere subtropical gyres.

-Two circumpolar currents dominate it, one current that moves water to the east and one current that moves water to the west.

Records indicate that the ocean is warming faster in the Arctic polar regions than elsewhere. If that continues, a possible consequence could be __________. -decreased humidity and precipitation in the Arctic region, resulting in aridity and the loss of boreal forests -acceleration of deep ocean circulation, resulting in lower carbon dioxide levels in deep water -an increase in upwelling in the Arctic, resulting in increased surface biological productivity -increased albedo in the polar areas, resulting in the cooling of nearby landmasses -slowing of deep ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water

-slowing of deep ocean circulation, resulting in lower oxygen levels in deep water

High amounts of _____ caused one of the items to _____. -sugar; sink -salt; float -chlorine; float -dissolved nutrients; sink -dissolved gases; float

-sugar; sink

Thermohaline circulation in the ocean is driven primarily by differences in __________ and __________ among water masses. -salinity; pH -salinity; precipitation -temperature; salinity -salinity; dissolved gas -temperature; pH

-temperature; salinity

In comparison to wind energy, ocean currents can generate more clean, renewable energy because __________. -currents are more consistent than winds -devices that harness subsurface current energy are not exposed to weather like wind farms -water currents move more slowly than air currents -water turbines experience less fouling than wind turbines -the density of water is greater than that of air

-the density of water is greater than that of air

The El Niño Southern Oscillation can best be described as: -relative changes between two different atmospheric pressure systems at high altitude. -tidal differences between coastal Peru and Darwin, Australia. -wind speed and wind direction differences along the equator. -variation in wind speed over the Pacific Ocean. -the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure.

-the relationship between sea surface temperature and changing atmospheric pressure.

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. Agulhas Current B. Benguela Current C. California Current D. Canary Current E. West Australian Current

A. Agulhas Current

Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. A. California Current B. Canary Current C. Gulf Stream D. North Atlantic Current E. North Equatorial Current in the Atlantic Ocean

A. California Current

An eastern boundary current is generally narrow and swift. (T/F)

FALSE

Surface currents affect about 90% of the world's ocean water. (T/F)

FALSE

The circular movement of surface water currents driven by the major wind belts are called gyres. (T/F)

TRUE

Which of the following is not an eastern boundary current? -Gulf Stream -California Current -Canary Current -W. Australian Current -Peru Current

-Gulf Stream

Of the following surface currents, which one(s) flow from south to north? -Kuroshio Current -North Pacific Current -Canary Current -the Gulf Stream -Brazil Current -Peru Current

-Kuroshio Current -the Gulf Stream -Peru Current

Of the following statements about Ekman spiral and Ekman transport, which is/are true? -The two factors that affect the Ekman spiral are the wind direction and the Coriolis effect. -Connecting the arrows of water movement from the surface into deeper waters shows the spiral pattern. -Because of the Coriolis effect, surface waters move at an angle to the wind direction. -Ekman transport is to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere. -Within the Ekman spiral, deeper water can move in a direction exactly opposite of the wind direction. -Ekman transport is the same thing as thermohaline flow.

-The two factors that affect the Ekman spiral are the wind direction and the Coriolis effect. -Connecting the arrows of water movement from the surface into deeper waters shows the spiral pattern. -Because of the Coriolis effect, surface waters move at an angle to the wind direction. -Ekman transport is to the right of the wind direction in the Northern Hemisphere. -Within the Ekman spiral, deeper water can move in a direction exactly opposite of the wind direction.

Why does upwelling occur along the west coast of South America under normal conditions? -Winds moving northward in the South Pacific drive ocean currents toward the north; deep water rises to replace water driven northward. -Winds moving eastward in the South Pacific drive ocean currents toward the east; deep water rises to replace water driven eastward. -Winds moving westward in the South Pacific drive ocean currents toward the west; deep water rises to replace water driven westward. -Winds moving southward in the South Pacific drive ocean currents toward the south; deep water rises to replace water driven southward.

-Winds moving westward in the South Pacific drive ocean currents toward the west; deep water rises to replace water driven westward.

The thermocline is _________________. -a steep gradient in the ocean that separates deeper less salty water from saltier upper water. -a steep temperature gradient in the ocean that separates deeper cold water from warmer upper water -a steep temperature gradient in the ocean that separates deeper warm water from colder upper water -a steep gradient in the ocean that separates deeper saltier water from less salty upper water

-a steep temperature gradient in the ocean that separates deeper cold water from warmer upper water

During a strong El Niño event, the news media might be expected to cover __________. -low market prices for soybeans in the U.S. Midwest -flooding in Indonesia and Australia -abnormally high sea level, leading to coastal flooding in western Pacific countries -a tropical cyclone in Hawaii or Tahiti -drought on the western coast of South America

-a tropical cyclone in Hawaii or Tahiti

To what depth in the ocean does the Ekman spiral extend? -about 10 meters (33 feet) -about 100 meters (330 feet) -about 1000 meters (3300 feet) -all the way to the sea floor, no matter how deep the ocean is

-about 100 meters (330 feet)

Surface ocean currents ___. Choose all that apply. -are influenced by Coriolis effect -transfer large amounts of heat from the high latitudes toward the equator -are driven by winds -form large rotating gyres in the major ocean basins

-are influenced by Coriolis effect -are driven by winds -form large rotating gyres in the major ocean basins

Warm ocean currents ___. -are warmer than the surrounding water -generally flow from high latitudes towards the equator -are warmer than 15 degrees Celsius -generally flow along the west coasts of continents

-are warmer than the surrounding water

When a meander from the Gulf Stream pinches off and isolates a body of water within the North Atlantic gyre, the body of water is called a: -cold core ring. -Langmuir cell. -geostrophic circulation. -cyclonic circulation. -warm core ring.

-cold core ring.

Match the term or person with the appropriate phrase. California Current -northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes, warm current -cold current, northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes -cold current, polar latitudes, southern hemisphere -cold current, southern hemisphere, temperate latitudes

-cold current, northern hemisphere, temperate latitudes

The coastlines with the greatest tsunami hazard are most commonly associated with what type of plate boundary? -divergent -convergent -uncertain plate boundary -transform faults -There is no relationship between tsunami hazards and the type of plate boundary.

-convergent

Downwelling can result from __________. -an ocean current flowing over submerged banks or seamounts -Ekman transport away from a coast -converging surface currents -diverging surface currents -strong offshore winds

-converging surface currents

The Gulf Stream moves water away from the equator; the Benguela Current moves some of this same water back toward the equator. (T/F)

FALSE

The five subtropical gyres exhibit geostrophic flow, related to pressure gradients, friction, and the Coriolis effect.(T/F)

TRUE

The main current in Antarctic waters is the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, also called the West Wind Drift. (T/F)

TRUE

Identify the mismatched pair from the choices below. -Kuroshio Current, California Current -Labrador Current, Humboldt Current -Canary Current, Gulf Stream -Agulhas Current, West Australia Current -Brazil Current, Benguela Current

-Labrador Current, Humboldt Current

The Gulf Stream transports warm water into the __________. -South Atlantic -Caribbean Sea -Gulf of Mexico -North Atlantic -Eastern Atlantic

-North Atlantic

A deep and powerful southward subsurface current that flows under the Gulf Stream in the North Atlantic is the __________. -Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW) -North Atlantic Deep Water -North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre -Canary Current -Antarctic Intermediate Water

-North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre

Of the following gyres, which one(s) flow in a counterclockwise direction? -North Atlantic Subtropical Gyre -Northern Hemisphere Subpolar Gyres -South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre -Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre -South Pacific Subtropical Gyre -North Pacific Subtropical Gyre

-Northern Hemisphere Subpolar Gyres -South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre -Indian Ocean Subtropical Gyre -South Pacific Subtropical Gyre

Of the following currents, which ones are parts of the South Atlantic Subtropical Gyre? -South Equatorial Current -West Wind Drift -West Australian Current -Benguela Current -Brazil Current -Agulhas Current

-South Equatorial Current -West Wind Drift -Benguela Current -Brazil Current

Which of the following statements is true of surface ocean currents? -Surface currents transport warm water toward the equator. -Surface currents form circular patterns in the major ocean basins called "gyres." -Surface currents occur within and below the pycnocline. -Surface currents transport cold water toward the poles. -Surface currents concentrate warm water in the center of the gyre at mid latitudes.

-Surface currents form circular patterns in the major ocean basins called "gyres."

What would you expect weather to be like on the eastern coast of Australia if the western coast of South America were experiencing unusually warm, wet weather? -The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually wet weather. -The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually cool weather. -The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually warm weather. -The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually dry weather.

-The eastern coast of Australia would be experiencing unusually dry weather.

The loss of heat from the ocean surface, resulting in a lowered temperature, causes ocean water to become __________. -more acidic -less saline -more oxygenated -denser -less dense

-denser

Deep ocean currents are driven primarily by ________ . -wind -density differences -Earth's rotation -bathymetry -latitude

-density differences

Thermohaline circulation is driven by: -density differences. -longitude. -wind. -latitude. -the Coriolis effect.

-density differences.

Equatorial currents that are part of the subtropical gyres flow ___. Equatorial counter currents between the gyres flow ___ . -west to east; west to east -east to west; east to west -west to east; east to west -east to west; west to east

-east to west; west to east

Which direction do ocean currents in the South Pacific move under El Niño conditions? -southward -westward -northward -eastward

-eastward

Ocean frontal systems that spin off from currents such as the Gulf Stream, akin to atmospheric storms, are known as __________. -geostrophic flow -eddies -meanders

-eddies

Cool ocean currents ___. -are still warmer than the surrounding water -generally flow from high latitudes towards the equator -generally flow along the east coasts of continents -are cooler than 15 degrees C

-generally flow from high latitudes towards the equator

Which type of current flow moves in a circular path around a subtropical convergence, reflecting Ekman transport, gravity, and the Coriolis effect? -density-driven circulation -counter-current circulation -geostrophic circulation -Langmuir circulation -thermohaline circulation

-geostrophic circulation

Which of the following two factors cause geostrophic circulation within a gyre? -density and the wind. -temperature and pressure. -the wind and pressure. -gravity and the Coriolis effect. -salinity and gravity.

-gravity and the Coriolis effect.

Deep-water circulation brings oxygen from the surface to the deep ocean because of: -greater volcanic outgassing at the ocean surface. -greater dissolution of oxygen in colder water than warmer water. -increase in pH with depth. -greater rates of photosynthesis in deep water. -decrease in pH with depth.

-greater dissolution of oxygen in colder water than warmer water.

currents, usually driven by the major wind belts, is called a(n) __________. -eastern boundary current -western boundary current -equatorial current -gyre -northern or southern boundary current

-gyre

What is the overall effect of the stronger than normal trade winds typical of La Niña conditions? -lowering of the South Pacific ocean temperature from normal conditions -flipping of the South Pacific ocean current direction from normal conditions -swapping of the South Pacific high and low pressure zones from normal conditions -raising of the South Pacific ocean temperature from normal conditions

-lowering of the South Pacific ocean temperature from normal conditions

Fluctuations in the flow of the Gulf Stream current result in curving loops of water known as __________. -eddies -meanders -fronts

-meanders

The subtropical gyres ___. -result from changes in water density (due to temperature and salt content) -drive the trade winds -are only important because the currents affect ships crossing them -play a large role in climate

-play a large role in climate

What common household items are used in this video to demonstrate the properties of different water masses? -an apple and an orange -a fork and a spoon -balloons -regular and diet sodas -two different light bulbs

-regular and diet sodas

Deep ocean currents ___. -are primarily driven by wind patterns -include deep water that rises in the North Atlantic and surface water that sinks in the Pacific and Indian Oceans -result from changes in water density (due to temperature and salt content)

-result from changes in water density (due to temperature and salt content)

In the Northern Hemisphere, the Ekman spiral moves layers of water to the _____ of the wind direction and Ekman transport (the overall direction of water movement) is to the _____. -right; right -right; left -left; right -left; left

-right; right

What is the Southern Oscillation? -the swapping of high and low pressure zones in the South Pacific under El Niño conditions -the swapping of high and low temperature zones in the South Pacific under El Niño conditions -the swapping of high and low pressure zones in the South Pacific under normal conditions -the swapping of high and low temperature zones in the South Pacific under normal conditions

-the swapping of high and low pressure zones in the South Pacific under El Niño conditions

Under which conditions are droughts and wildfires common in Australia? -under La Niña conditions -under El Niño conditions -under normal conditions -under Walker Circulation conditions

-under El Niño conditions

Surface waters are pushed away from land and replaced by nutrient-rich bottom water through: -sea breezes. -land breezes. -upwelling. -downwelling. -convergence.

-upwelling.

Warm core rings and cold core rings are associated with __________. -eastern boundary currents -equatorial countercurrents -contour currents -western boundary currents -tropical cyclones

-western boundary currents