Oceanography
ideas about the development of life on Earth make scientific sense
-As life developed on Earth, it began to significantly change Earth's environment
related to the formation of a density-stratified Earth
-Earth is layered based on density, with the highest-density material located at the deepest depths beneath Earth's surface
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen
can form ozone and block some UV radiation
P waves
can go through liquid rock
Early Polynesians only traveled within sight of land.
False
Free oxygen was abundant in the Earth's primordial atmosphere.
False
In Europe, significant oceanographic knowledge was acquired during the Middle Ages.
False
Oceanic crust is less dense than continental crust because it is made of silica and manganese.
False
What is a nebula?
large, diffuse cloud of dust and gas in space
In general, the salinity content of ocean water has remained constant throughout the majority of Earth's history.
True
lithosphere atmosphere core asthenosphere mesosphere
atmosphere
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to:
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
All the following were accomplishments of Captain James Cook except :
exploring the Southern Ocean near Antarctica. mapping of unknown islands, including Hawaii, in the Pacific. measuring environmental characteristics such as water temperature. determining the outline of the Pacific Ocean.
Eratosthenes
first determination of Earth's circumference
If a container ship that is floating on water has weight removed from the deck, it would float __________ in relation to its previous position.
higher
Since the end of the last Ice Age, the melting of glaciers has caused continental landmasses to ride __________ with respect to the mantle.
higher
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an
hypothesis
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:
hypothesis
The term "scientific certainty"
is false because science never reaches an absolute truth, because we can never be certain that we have all of the observations
The vertical movement of Earth's crust due to the addition or removal of weight is called __________.
isostatic adjustment
Where did the energy of the Sun come from originally?
thermal energy that was converted from the gravitational energy of the original nebula collapse
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to
water vapor released from volcanic outgassing
A. Vasco de Gama B. Ptolemy C. Christopher Columbus D. John Cabot E. Ferdinand Magellan
B
The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the
Pacific Ocean
The largest of the ocean basins, which currently covers more than half of the ocean surface, is the:
Pacific Ocean
One of the reasons that free oxygen in our atmosphere is important to the development and maintenance of life on Earth is because oxygen:
can form ozone and block some UV radiation.
S waves
cannot go through liquid rock
The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the
Phoenicians
The first humans from Western Hemisphere known to have developed the art of navigation were the:
Phoenicians.
core
composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer
What is the difference between an ocean and a sea
Seas are smaller and shallower bodies of saltwater, somewhat enclosed by land, but directly connected to the world oceans
What did Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrate
Stanley Miller's experiment demonstrated that vast amounts of organic molecules could have been produced in Earth's early oceans (a "pre-biotic soup")
The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the:
differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth
Radiometric dating is used to determine the ages of rocks.
True
The Earth's crust solidified around 4.5 billion years ago.
True
In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation
Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle
In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation?
Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle.
The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was
a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet
The important contribution to navigation made by Eratosthenes in the third century BC was __________.
a reasonably accurate calculation of the circumference of our planet
Indian
does not fit
Jurassic
does not fit
Ptolemy
does not fit
atmosphere
does not fit
oxygen
does not fit
According to the nebular hypothesis
all bodies in the solar system formed from an enormous cloud composed of mostly hydrogen and helium, with only a small percentage of heavier elements
All of the following were accomplishments of Captain James Cook except
all of the above are correct
If all were accessible, which of the following items would be best for geologists to examine to better understand Earth's internal structure?
an iron meteorite
Earth is about:
4.6 billion years old.
continental and oceanic crust
Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust
Faster waves?
P waves
basalt
oceanic crust
asthenosphere
-The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles)
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many total atoms will be in the container after 3 months?
100 atoms
A container holds 100 atoms of an isotope. This isotope has a half-life of 1.5 months. How many atoms of the radioactive isotope will be in the container after 3 months?
25 atoms
The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately
3,682 meters (12,080 feet)
The average depth of the world's oceans is approximately:
3,682 meters (12,080 feet).
Earth is about
4.6 billion years old
When did our Solar System begin to form?
5 billion years ago
A rock sample contains 75 atoms of a parent isotope and 25 atoms of a daughter isotope. The half-life of the parent isotope is 100 years. How old is this rock?
50 years
A. oxygen B. water vapor C. carbon dioxide D. methane E. ammonia
A
How did our Solar System begin to form?
A large cloud of dust and gas began to contract under the force of gravity.
Have the oceans always been salty
Although Earth's oceans have existed since early in the formation of the planet (at least 4 billion years ago), its chemical composition must have changed due to the high carbon dioxide and sulfur dioxide content in the early atmosphere, as well as volcanic outgassing of gases such as chlorine
The European "Age of Discovery" began with
Christopher Columbus' discovery of the "New World."
The European "Age of Discovery" began with:
Christopher Columbus's discovery of the "New World."
Which of the following statements regarding continental and oceanic crust is TRUE?
Continental crust is thicker and less dense than oceanic crust.
A. Adriatic B. Black C. Caspian D. Indian E. Mediterranean
D
density stratification
Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core
Of the following statements about density stratification, which is/are true?
Density stratification has caused the highest-density material to be found at Earth's core. Density stratification has caused Earth's internal structure to be layered. Outgassing is a direct result of density stratification. The origin of Earth's oceans and atmosphere are a result of density stratification.
Which of the following ideas about the development of life on Earth make scientific sense?
Early organisms likely evolved into more complex organisms. As life developed on Earth, it began to significantly change Earth's environment. The "prebiotic soup" of the primitive oceans provided a likely environment for life to develop. Primitive life likely existed without the need for oxygen.
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was
Eratosthenes
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:
Eratosthenes
Of the following statements about the asthenosphere, which is/are true?
The asthenosphere is very hot and contains areas of partially molten rock The asthenosphere is a plastic layer that extends from the base of the lithosphere to a depth of about 700 kilometers (430 miles).
Describe how the half-life of radioactive materials can be used to determine the age of a rock through radiometric age dating
The half-life of a material is the time required for one-half of the atoms in a sample to decay to other atoms. The older Earth material is, the more radioactive material will have been converted to decay product(s). Scientists can measure the amount of radioactive material and the amount of resulting decay product in the rocks. By comparing these two quantities, the age of the material can be determined
Describe the origin of Earth's oceans
The water that fills our oceans was mostly derived from outgassing, with a minor component coming from ice comets
According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest
Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles
According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?
Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles
mantle
contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification
lithosphere
crust and the uppermost mantle consisting of a solid rock layer
The lithosphere consists of Earth's
crust and uppermost mantle
The lithosphere consists of Earth's __________.
crust and uppermost mantle
The separation of the Earth into layers while it was molten was the result of the
differing densities of the elements that make up the Earth
During the height of the last Ice Age (~21,000 years ago), large glaciers made the continents ride __________ with respect to the mantle.
lower
Ptolemy
mapped world with Roman knowledge showing latitude and longitude
The water in Earth's oceans came
mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets
The water in Earth's oceans came __________.
mostly from volcanic outgassing and partly from comets
The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a
nebula
The Sun and the rest of the solar system formed about 5 billion years ago from a huge cloud of dust and gas called a:
nebula.
What happens during radioactive decay?
parent isotopes turn into daughter isotopes
Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because
plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration
Earth's current atmosphere supports animal life because __________.
plant photosynthesis provides oxygen that is critical for aerobic respiration
solar system
the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it
What is the scientific definition of half-life?
the amount of time over which the number of parent isotopes decreases by half
Density stratification in relation to Earth's interior results in
the highest density materials concentrated toward Earth's core, whereas progressively lower density components form concentric spheres around the core toward the planet's surface
Two containers hold the same radioactive isotope. Container A contains 1000 atoms, and container B contains 500 atoms. Which of the following statements about containers A and B is true?
the rate of decay of atoms in container A is greater than the rate of decay of atoms in container B.