Oceanography 1 (GOL 111) Chapters 1-4
Definitions for these words: Mantle? Crust? Nebula? Core? Solar system?
- Contains minerals rich in iron and magnesium, between the crust and the core, and has the second largest volume according to the chemical classification. - Outermost portion of the Earth composed largely of the igneous rocks basalt and granite. - Gaseous and dusty space cloud (precursor to a solar system). - Composed mostly of iron and nickel with a liquefied metallic outer layer. - the Sun and the eight major planets revolving around it
Calcareous oozes are represented by the number(s):
4
Archaeological evidence suggests that boat technology was developed about ___________ years ago.
40,000
What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 0 degrees and a longitude 60 degrees east?
50%-80% by weight
What percent of Earth's volcanic activity, each year, takes place on the seafloor?
85%
How many volcanic peaks are known to exist on the Pacific sea floor?
>20,000
The average slope of the continental shelf is similar to the slope of which of the following?
A large parking lot
Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1,000 meters (0.6 miles) tall are called:
Abyssal hills or seaknolls
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the:
Abyssal plain far from a continent
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Aleutian Islands, Azores, Galapagos Islands, Canary Islands, and Iceland)
Aleutian Islands
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic convergent plate boundary?
Aleutian Islands
The great oxidation event resulted in the massive die-off of which of the following?
Anaerobic bacteria
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-continental convergent plate boundary?
Andes Mountains
Tectonic plates move about as fast as?
As your fingernails grow.
Oceanic crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called?
Basalt
Oceanic crust is primarily:
Basalt
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Observation, Hypothesis, Belief, Theory, and Testing)
Belief
The White Cliffs of Dover are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Biogenous Sediment
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Biogenous sediment usually contains abundant calcite below the calcite compensation depth BECAUSE it readily dissolves above the calcite compensation depth.
Both the assertion and the reason are incorrect.
Trilobites were dominant during which geologic period?
Cambrian
Passive margins are usually produced over geologic time by which of the following?
Continental rifting and continued sea floor spreading.
The San Andreas Fault is an example of a _______________ plate boundary.
Continental transform
The Alps are an example of a _________________________________ plate boundary.
Continental-continental convergent
The Gulf of California is an example of a _________________ plate boundary.
Continental-continental divergence
How does convection in the asthenosphere explain ocean basin features, heat flow, and the thickness of the lithosphere?
Convection cells are the driving mechanism which are associated with circular movement of rock material in the mantle. The rock material moved in the mantle made the ocean basin features. The thickness of the asthenopshere protects the features from the intense heat of the hot molten rock that comes to the surface. Convection cells regulate the heat throughout this process.
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called
Cosmogenous
Micrometeorites are an example of which of the following sediment types?
Cosmogenous Sediment
Plate convergence begins during which stage of the Wilson Cycle?
Declining
Older lithosphere is destroyed in association with:
Deep-sea trenches
All the following are examples of lithogenous sediment except :
Diatom ooze
Shortly after the devastating 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake, the Chikyu drillship began an expedition to study which of the following?
Earthquake-generated heat from friction
Which of the following is an example of the embryonic stage of the Wilson Cycle?
East Africa
Which of the following is an example of an oceanic-oceanic divergent plate boundary?
East- Pacific Rise
All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along?
Edges at around 2,000 meters depth
The first person we are aware of who determined the circumference of the Earth using trigonometry and the angle of sunlight at Alexandria, Egypt, was:
Eratosthenes
Which of the following is the standard unit of ocean depth?
Fathom
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via:
Fecal pellets
Who was killed in the Philippines during his last sea voyage after a skirmish with local people?
Ferdinand Magellan
Of the following events, which occurred during the Age of Discovery in Europe?
Ferdinand Magellan's crew completed the first circumnavigation of the globe & Christopher Columbus made several trips across the Atlantic and discovered a "new world."
Which of the following features is related to transform faults along mid-ocean ridges?
Fracture zones
Coral reefs that initially develop along the margin of an island or continent where environmental conditions are suitable are called:
Fringing reefs
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (SeaBeam, Global positioning system GPS, GLORIA, Sea MARC, or Precision depth recorder PDR)
Global positioning system or GPS
Continental crust is predominantly composed of the igneous rock called?
Granite
What is the expected calcium carbonate content in modern surface sediments at a latitude of 20 degrees south and a longitude of 20 degrees west?
Greater than 80% by weight
A tablemount is another name for a(n)
Guyot
Underwater volcanic peaks that resemble volcanoes on land except that they are flat on top are called?
Guyots
The Big Island of Hawaii is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a
Hotspot
A tentative, testable statement about the general nature of a phenomenon is called a/an:
Hypothesis
Based on the Theory of Plate Tectonics, you would expect to find __________ heat flow at the mid-ocean ridge and ____________ heat flow at subduction zones when compared to other parts of the crust.
Increased; decreased
Moving from an oceanic ridge to an oceanic trench, the thickness of the lithosphere:
Increases in proportion to the distance
Which of the following modern seven seas was also recognized by pre-15th century Europeans as one of their seven seas?
Indian Ocean
The island of Java is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a?
Island arc
What happened to the nebular gas that remained from the formation of the planets and their satellites?
It was blown away by the solar wind.
The explorer who advanced oceanography by introducing systematic soundings, or depth measurements, was?
James Cook
Pelagic clays contain lots of material that settles to the seafloor through the water column and are:
Less than 30% biogenous material.
Sandstone is an example of which of the following sediment types?
Lithogenous Sediment
Terrigenous sediment is another name for which of the following?
Lithogenous Sediment
Which of the following is Earth's rigid layer that includes the crust plus the topmost portion of the mantle?
Lithosphere
Which of the following represents Earth's plates that are involved in plate tectonic motion?
Lithosphere
21. Tectonic plates are pieces of the ___________ that float on the more fluid _____________ below.
Lithosphere; asthenosphere
Ascension Island is an example of a volcanic island associated with volcanic activity at a
Mid-ocean ridge
The seafloor magnetic pattern is best described as: parallel to and symmetric about ___________________.
Mid-ocean ridges.
How many holes have been drilled into the sea floor using a drill ship to collect cores for scientific study?
More than 2000
What percentage of the rocks exposed on the continents originated as sedimentary rocks deposited in ancient ocean environments?
More than fifty percent
Why does a map of worldwide earthquakes closely match the locations of worldwide plate boundaries?
Most earthquakes occur along the edge of the oceanic and continental plates & Earthquakes usually occur where 2 plates are running into each other or sliding past each other.
Is a linear sea floor feature that has the following properties a transform fault, a fracture zone, or neither? It is seismically active, it occurs between offset mid-ocean ridge segments, and the relative movement between two points on either side of the feature is in the same direction.
Neither
Segments of the oceanic ridge system that are gentler and less rugged in slope due to faster rates of seafloor spreading are called:
Oceanic rises
Along the margins of the Pacific are found most of Earth's:
Oceanic trenches
The Peru Chile Trench is an example of an __________ plate boundary.
Oceanic-continental convergence
The Andes Mountains are an example of an ____________ plate boundary.
Oceanic-continental convergent
The Mariana Trench is an example of an ___________________ plate boundary.
Oceanic-oceanic convergent
The most likely place for the basic building blocks for the development of life to interact and produce life is in Earth's?
Oceans
Most of Earth's water was derived from?
Outgassing
The largest geographic feature on the surface of Planet Earth is?
Pacific Ocean
The study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted in the past to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate is called
Paleoceanography
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Gondwanaland, Panthalassia, Panamerica, Pangea, or Tethys Sea)
Panamerica
The number of organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor is called
Productivity
China currently supplies about 90% of which of the following resources?
Rare-earth elements
Demand for which of the following resources has skyrocketed in recent years?
Rare-earth elements
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Continental arc, Volcanic arc, Island arc, Rift valley, or Convergent plate boundary)
Rift Valley
Which of the following techniques is used to determine the ocean data shown on the map?
Satellite-derived gravity
Volcanic features on the ocean floor that are less than 1000 meters tall are called?
Seaknolls
Large volcanoes on the seafloor that are cone-shaped on top because they never reached sea level are called:
Seamounts
Oceanographers who want to know about ocean structure beneath the sea floor use which of the following techniques?
Seismic Reflection
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Glaciers, Rivers, Siliceous ooze, Volcanic ash, and Turbidity currents)
Siliceous ooze
The two relatively flat areas on the hypsographic curve represent:
Some interior continental areas/coastal plains and abyssal plains on the ocean floor.
Deep ocean trenches are associated with:
Subduction Zones
Which of the following is the predominant process that forms the thick blanket of sediment on abyssal plains the deep-ocean floor?
Suspension settling
Volcanoes on the seafloor that are flat-topped because of wave erosion are called?
Tablemounts
The particles found in some sediment that suggests that an extraterrestrial impact event are:
Tektites
How did the Moon form
The Moon formed due to the impact of a Mars-sized body with the Earth.
Which ocean is the deepest ocean in the world?
The Pacific Ocean
Which of the following statements is supported by the nebular hypothesis regarding the formation of our solar system?
The Sun became a star when its temperature and density became so great that nuclear fusion began.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Continental slopes around the margins of the Atlantic and Indian Oceans are less than the global average slope BECAUSE they contain mostly passive continental margins.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: An increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide due to the burning of coal will cause the calcite compensation depth to rise BECAUSE the oceans will get more acidic.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Ancient marine phosphate deposits that have been uplifted onto land are extensively mined BECAUSE they are valuable as fertilizers.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Microscopic biogenous ooze is common on the deep-ocean floor BECAUSE there is so little lithogenous sediment deposited at great distances from the continents that could dilute the biogenous material.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The Earth's longest mountain chain called the mid-ocean ridge differs from mountain chains on land BECAUSE along most of its crest it contains a central downdropped rift valley.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: The next reversal of Earth's magnetic poles is thought to be overdue BECAUSE the last major reversal occurred 780,000 years ago.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, and the reason is valid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Future offshore petroleum exploration will continue in the deeper waters of the continental margins BECAUSE offshore petroleum exploration has inevitable oil spills caused by inadvertent leaks or blowouts during the drilling process.
The assertion and the reason are both correct, but the reason is invalid.
Judge the following sentence according to the criteria given below: Abyssal clays are commonly red-brown or buff in color BECAUSE they contain gypsum.
The assertion is correct, but the reason is incorrect.
Of the following statements about the internal structure of Earth, which is/are true?
The magnesium-silicate rocks of Earth's mantle exist in both solid and molten form and the mesosphere & the asthenosphere have the same chemical composition.
Relatively few abyssal plains are located in the Pacific Ocean due to:
The presence of convergent active margins.
Which part of Earth's cumulative hypsographic curve includes the continental shelves of passive margins?
The shallowest slope below sea level
Satellites are used to map the ocean floor because?
The shape of the ocean surface reflects large features on the seafloor.
Compared to continental crust, oceanic crust is generally?
Thinner, denser, darker in color, and at lower elevations.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. Words: (Rift valley, Seamounts, Pillow basalts, Metal sulfide deposits or Trenches)
Trenches
According to the Geologic Time Scale, which selection lists the correct order of coexistence, from earliest to latest?
Trilobites and amphibians, insects and dinosaurs, dinosaurs and birds, flowering plants and fishes, humans and reptiles.
In general, polar neritic sediment tends to have more gravel than in
Tropical waters
Submarine canyons were most likely formed by: erosion by?
Turbidity currents
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and debris are:
Turbidity currents
Which of the following best describes turbidity currents?
Underwater avalanches of muddy water mixed with rocks and other debris.
Which of the following is characteristic of continental-continental convergent plate boundaries?
Uplifted mountain ranges
Who is credited with being the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
Vasco Nunez de Balboa
Who sailed from Europe around the tip of Africa to India and established a new trade route?
Vasco de Gama
Current scientific knowledge indicates that the most likely origin of most of Earth's oceans was due to?
Water vapor being released from volcanic outgassing.
In science, which one of the following would be considered an observation?
Waves are seen to approach the beach at an angle.
To find the largest area of the ocean with the oldest ocean crust, you should go to the?
Western Pacific
The main energy resources associated with marine sediments are petroleum and ______________?
gas hydrates.
