Oceanography 103H Final
An isotope is an atom whose nuclei contain the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons a. True b. False
a
Atlantic-type continental margins are not associated with active seismicity or volcanism a. True b. False
a
Barrier beaches are most likely to be found a. Along passive continental margins b. Along active continental margins
a
Benthic organisms include epifauna and infauna a. True b. False
a
Coastal upwelling brings ___ waters to the surface a. Cold, nutrient-rich b. Cold, nutrient-poor c. Warm, nutrient-rich d. Warm, nutrient-poor
a
Continent-continent collisions produce very high mountain ranges a. True b. False
a
Evaporation removes latent heat from the ocean and condensation/precipitation releases latent heat to the atmosphere a. True b. False
a
Excess nutrient input to the oceans can cause hypoxia/dead zones a. True b. False
a
For deep water waves, the longer the wavelength, the faster the speed a. True b. False
a
For the Coriolis Effect, there is no deflection at the equator but deflection increase towards the higher latitudes a. True b. False
a
You are on a ship echo sounding. The velocity of sound through seawater is 1000m/sec. What is the water depth in m if t=4 seconds? a. 1000 m b. 2000 m c. 4000 m d. 500 m e. 200 m
b
You own an airplane and take it for a flight. You take-off from the equator heading straight towards Dallas, TX. After flying for hours with the jet on auto-pilot, what city are you the closest to? a. Dallas b. Boston c. San Francisco
b
____ results in good fisheries for Peru? a. El Nino b. La Nina
b
____ shores commonly exhibit vertical zonation in the types of organisms present a. Sediment covered b. Rocky c. Both
b
_____ organisms survive by eating other organisms; this group includes grazers, predators, filter feeders, scavengers and deposit feeders a. Autotrophic b. Heterotrophic
b
___shores commonly exhibit vertical zonation in the types of organism present a. Sediment covered b. Rocky c. Both
b
According to the equilibrium model of the timing of the tides, what should the time between successive high tides be for a diurnal tide? a. 12 hours and 25 minutes b. 6 hours c. 24 hours and 50 minutes d. 24 hours e. 6 hours and 12 minutes
c
How long does it take for a parcel of water to complete a loop of the global conveyor? a. A year b. A few hundred years c. A thousand years d. Tens of thousands of years e. Millions of years
c
How old is the Earth? a. 3.8 billion years b. 4.0 billion years c. 4.56 billion years d. 3.5 billion years e. 4.3 billion years
c
In the Northern Hemisphere, hurricanes rotate ____ and their path of travel is deflection to the ____ a. Clockwise, right b. Counterclockwise, left c. Counterclockwise, right d. Clockwise, left
c
Island arcs are produces from _____ collisions? a. Ocean-continent b. Continent-continent c. Ocean-ocean
c
Manganese nodules are an example of what kind of marine sediment? a. Red clays b. Terrigenous c. Authigenic d. Biogenic
c
Oligotrophic environments have _____ nutrients and _____ productivity a. Low and high b. High and low c. Low and low d. High and high
c
Organisms with no ability to move about are called: a. Nekton b. Benthon c. Sessile
c
Six ions account for 99% of the total mass of salt (salinity) in the ocean. Of those six what are the three most abundant? a. Chloride, Sodium, Magnesium b. Chloride, Sulfate, Magnesium c. Chloride, Sodium, Sulfate d. Sodium, Sulfate, Magnesium
c
The continental shelf, slope, and rise are a characteristic of a? a. Active continental margins b. Passive continental margins c. Convergent plate boundaries d. Spreading centers
c
The layer in the ocean where the density gradient is greatest is called the ____? a. Thermocline b. Halocline c. Pycnocline
c
What happens in the ocean when respiration is greater than photosynthesis a. Excess oxygen is produced b. Excess methane is produced c. Oxygen is consumed; the water goes anoxic
c
What type of reef would you expect to find near a very old (extinct, or dormant) volcano a. Fringing reef b. Barrier reef c. Atoll
c
What types of phytoplankton have an external shell composed of calcareous plates? a. Diatoms b. Cyanobacteria c. Coccolithophorids d. Dinoflagellates e. Radiolarians
c
Which of the following is not an adaptation by plankton to resist sinking? a. Large area to volume ratio b. Adding appendages and spines c. Swim/gas bladders to regulate buoyancy d. Producing oil droplets within their cells e. Forming chains
c
Within the kingdom Animalia, there are 9 different phyla. Three of the phyla are for what type of organism? a. Fish b. Plankton c. Worms d. Jellyfish e. Sponges
c
Air and water masses flow from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure a. True b. False
a
A low angle of incidence in the high latitudes results in incoming solar energy being dispersed across a larger area than at the tropics a. True b. False
a
Four sources of dissolved "salts" include? a. Weathering, volcanic emissions, hydrothermal activity, accretionary prisms b. Weathering, volcanic emissions, hydrothermal activity, biogenic recycling c. Weathering, volcanic emissions, biogenic recycling, accretionary prisms d. Weathering, volcanic emissions, biogenic recycling, precipitation of metalliferous deposits
a
Headlands receive ____ energy a. Focused b. Dispersed
a
If wave steepness exceed 1/7, the wave breaks a. True b. False
a
In an El Nino year, the depth of the thermocline near Peru ____ a. Gets deeper b. Gets shallower c. Does not change
a
List the 3 most abundant types of phytoplankton in the oceans: a. Diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophorids b. Diatoms, cyanobacteria and zooxanthellae c. Nekton, cyanobacteria, and diatoms
a
Mixed tides have characteristics of both diurnal and semidiurnal tides with successive high and/or low tides having significantly different heights a. True b. False
a
Neap tides occur during a. First quarter & third quarter b. Full moon & new moon c. Full moon only d. New moon only e. During winter months
a
Nekton are motile organisms and are passive floaters (they cannot move independently of ocean currents) a. True b. False
a
Osmotic pressure causes water molecules to move from low salinity to high salinity a. True b. False
a
Plankton that spend only part of their life cycle in the water column, usually the eggs and larvae of benthic or nektonic adults, are known as: a. Meroplankton b. Phytoplankton c. Holoplankton d. Zooplankton
a
Red clay are sourced from? a. Continental dust b. The Amazon Rain Forest c. Calcareous shelled phytoplankton d. Siliceous shelled phytoplankton e. Turbidities
a
Salinity inside cells is greater than it is outside for a. Hypertonic cells b. Isotonic cells c. Hypotonic cells
a
Sponges are animals a. True b. False
a
Terrigenous sediments are sourced from the continents a. True b. False
a
The Atlantic Ocean in saltier than the Pacific Ocean a. True b. False
a
The Pacific Ocean basin has been shrinking over the past 200 million years as the Atlantic Ocean basin has widened. a. True b. False
a
The euphotic zone is the upper part of the photic zone that receives enough light to support net productivity (productivity > respiration) a. True b. False
a
The longest mountain ranges on Earth are on the seafloor a. True b. False
a
The oxygen compensation depth marks the base of the euphotic zone a. True b. False
a
The smaller an organism is, the ____ the A/V ratio is a. Greater b. Smaller
a
The symbiotic zooxanthellae in coral polyps are a type of a. Dinoflagellate b. Cyanobacteria c. Diatom d. Radiolarian
a
The world's major deserts are all associated with falling air masses a. True b. False
a
Water depth, latitude, and the seasons are the 3 major factors that limit light in the oceans a. True b. False
a
Water masses and air masses move from areas of _____ pressure to areas of ____ pressure a. High, low b. High, high c. Low, high d. Low, low
a
Wave refraction only happens when waves approach the shore at an angle. a. True b. False
a
What is the main source of nutrients to the ocean a. The continents/land b. Dust c. Whale falls d. Marine snow
a
Which is not a major source of food and nutrients to the deep ocean a. Sewage waste released from ships b. Marine snow c. Whale falls d. Hydrothermal vents e. Turbidities/turbidity currents
a
Your chronometer is set for Greenwich Mean Time (GMT or Universal Time, UT). High noon at your present location is 10 am UT. What is your longitude? Make sure to indicate W or E for full credit a. 15 Degrees East b. 30 Degrees East c. 45 Degrees East d. 15 Degrees West e. 30 Degrees West
a
____is the amount of organic matter produced by photosynthesis in a given volume of water a. Net primary productivity b. Respiration c. Gross Primary Productivity
a
____organisms live on the sea floor a. Benthic b. Pelagic
a
___environments are characterized by fewer and more recycled nutrients, smaller plankton, and food webs with many trophic levels a. Oligotrophic b. Eutrophic
a
A person in Alaska is travelling faster than a person in Florida due to Earth's rotation a. True b. False
b
A sextant is used to measure longitude. a. True b. False
b
As water cool from 100 degrees Celsius to 4 degrees Celsius becomes less dense a. True b. False
b
At the equator, the salinity of the surface ocean is ____ a. Slightly more saline than average seawater (by a few parts per million) b. Slightly less saline than average seawater (by a few parts per million) c. Has the same salinity as global average seawater (35 parts per million) d. Significantly more than average seawater (by > 10 parts per million) e. Significantly less saline than average seawater (by > 10 parts per million)
b
Calcareous ooze is a type of biogenic sediment found in the oceans below the CCD a. True b. False
b
Changes in deep ocean temperature (> 4000 meters below the surface of the ocean) experience a gradational change of 5-10 degrees Celsius as you increase every 15 degrees in latitude. a. True b. False
b
Crystalline ice has a higher density than liquid water a. True b. False
b
Deep water waves move water in elliptical orbits a. True b. False
b
Diffusion is the passive movement of water molecules from solution with a higher to lower concentration of solutes a. True b. False
b
Earth's two tidal bulges are the same size a. True b. False
b
Equatorial winds diverge at the equator a. True b. False
b
Fish living in salt water drink a lot and also urinate a lot a. True b. False
b
For a waves that has a wavelength of 200m, at what water depth will it no longer behave as a deep water wave? a. 200m b. 100m c. 50m d. 90m e. 201m
b
For shallow water waves, celerity depends only on wavelength a. True b. False
b
Hot spots occur along plate boundaries. a. True b. False
b
How do we know the composition of Earth's early atmosphere? a. By measuring the composition of the atmosphere today b. By examining the composition of volcanic gasses c. By examining ancient gas bubbles trapped in rocks
b
Humid air has a higher density than dry air. a. True b. False
b
Hurricanes in the Southern Hemisphere rotate counterclockwise a. True b. False
b
If Earth's rotation axis was not tilted, what would happen to the seasons? a. Nothing- the seasons would remain as they are now b. There would be no seasons on Earth c. There would be more extreme seasons on Earth (hotter summers, colder winters) d. There would still be seasons on Earth but they would be less extreme than a present (cooler summers, warmer winters)
b
If you wanted to collect some diatom ooze, where would be the best place to go? a. On the continental shelf, in shallow waters (<100m) near a major river outflow b. In the open ocean, in waters >6000m deep c. In the open ocean, in waters <2500m deep d. Near hydrothermal vents or mid ocean ridges
b
In most places on Earth, tides closely follow the equilibrium model a. True b. False
b
In the chemosynthesis reaction, water plus oxygen plus what two things are required? a. Carbon dioxide and nitrate b. Hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide c. Carbon dioxide and sulfuric acid
b
In the mid-latitude Atlantic Ocean, diel cycling hypoxia occurs in the summer but only during the day a. True b. False
b
Latent heat is related to changes in temperature of a gas or object with no change in phase a. True b. False
b
Ocean crust is less dense than continental crust. a. True b. False
b
Ocean-continent collisions produce island arcs a. True b. False
b
Organisms that can only tolerate a narrow range of salinity are called a. Eurythermal b. Stenohaline c. Euryhaline d. Stenohaline
b
Organisms that live in the seafloor sediments are called epifaunal a. True b. False
b
Polar water have a permanent thermocline. a. True b. False
b
Productivity along the equator is low compared to the high latitudes; however, along the equator productivity is relatively higher than in the surrounding subtropical gyres due to _____ a. Down welling b. Upwelling c. Excess nutrients from land delivered by large rivers located near the equator d. El Nino
b
Surface Ekman transport is 90 degrees offset to the prevailing wind direction a. True b. False
b
The Coriolis Effect acts equally across Earth's surface but acts in opposite directions in the Northern and Southern Hemispheres a. True b. False
b
The Kuroshio Current a major eastern boundary current in the Pacific Ocean a. True b. False
b
The Podcast "Ten Minutes in Lituya Bay" tells the story of: a. A group of campers who survived a giant landslide b. Several fishermen who survived a megatsunami wave c. Several fishermen whose boat was swept away in a powerful tide d. A group of ice climbers who were caught in a landslide on the Lituya glacier
b
The Science article by de Groej et al. (2013) present what new finding about coral reefs? a. Coral reefs prefer to live in water with high light intensity b. Dead sponge filter cells provide an important food source for coral reefs c. Coral reefs prefer to feed on isotopically labeled food sources d. That nutrients recycled by bacteria are the major food source for coral reefs
b
The celerity of a wave with a period of 100 seconds is 15.6m/sec a. True b. False
b
The lunar tidal bulge is about half the size of the solar tidal bulge a. True b. False
b
The mid-Atlantic ridge is spreading at a faster rate than the East Pacific Rise a. True b. False
b
The oceans are getting saltier over geologic time a. True b. False
b
The principal source of nutrients to the oceans is from upwelling of deep, nutrient-rich waters. a. True b. False
b
The pull of the moon on earth can explain one tidal bulge per day. What explains the other? a. Coriolis Effect b. Centrifugal force c. Gravitational force d. Slower rotation of the moon relative to the Earth
b
The strongest current system on Earth is the ____? a. Gulf Stream b. Antarctic Circumpolar current c. Kuroshio Current d. Canary Current e. East Australia Current
b
The strongest current system on Earth is the ____? a. Gulf Stream b. Antarctic Circumpolar current c. Kuroshio Current d. Canary Current e. East Australian Current
b
The subtropical gyres are regions of high primary productivity. a. True b. False
b
To navigate on the ocean (e.g. to be able to determine your latitude and longitude), the two most basic pieces of equipment you need are: a. A star chart and a protractor b. A protractor and a watch c. A watch and a star chart
b
Tsunamis behave like deep water waves a. True b. False
b
Wave refraction occurs because a. Of gravity b. Because water depth along a coastline is variable c. Of longshore drift
b
Waves are influenced by the Coriolis Effect a. True b. False
b
What do seismic profiles reveal? a. The liquid characteristics of the outer core b. The structure of sedimentary layers beneath the seafloor c. Relief of the seafloor d. The gravitational distortion of the ocean surface
b
What is thermocline circulation? a. Surface ocean circulation driven by the trade winds b. Density driven circulation c. Upper ocean circulation driven by geostrophic currents (ocean gyres) d. A & B
b
When waves enter shallow water, celerity ____, wavelength ___ and wave height ____ a. Increases, decreases, increases b. Decreases, decreases, increases c. Decreases, increases, increases d. Increases, decreases, decreases e. Decrease, decreases, decreases
b
Which layer in earth is liquid? a. Inner core b. Outer core c. Athenosphere d. Mantle
b
Which of the following statements are true about S waves a. S waves travel through liquids and are faster than P waves b. S waves cannot travel through liquids and are slower than P waves c. S waves result from compression and stretching in the direction of travel d. S waves can travel through liquids and are slower than P waves e. S waves vibrates side to side perpendicular to the direction of travel
b
You pick up a rock, which when it first formed, contained 80 atoms of a radioactive element. How many of the parent atoms remain after 3 half-lives have passed? a. 40 atoms b. 20 atoms c. 10 atoms d. 5 atoms e. 80 atoms
c
You sail your boat across the Atlantic Ocean leaving from Boston and arriving in Portugal. How does age of the ocean crust below you vary as you make the journey? a. The crust gets continuously younger as you go from Boston to Portugal b. The crust gets continuously younger as you go from Boston to Portugal c. The oldest crust is found near Boston but as you sail to the mid-Atlantic ridge it gets progressively younger, then after crossing the ridge, it gets progressively younger again d. The youngest crust is found near Boston but as you sail to the mid-Atlantic ridge it gets progressively older, then after crossing the ridge, it gets progressively older again e. The crust is the same age everyone in the Atlantic Ocean basin
c
Eastern boundary currents are ____ and ____ in comparison to western boundary currents a. Fast & narrow b. Fast & wide c. Slow & narrow d. Slow & wide
d
Hawaii is an example of ____? a. An active continental margin b. An ancient mid-ocean ridge c. A passive mid-ocean ridge d. A hot spot e. Oceanic plates converging with other oceanic plates
d
In deep water, celerity depends on a. Wavelength b. Wave period c. Water depth d. A & B e. A, B & C
d
Net Ekman transport in the Northern Hemisphere is: a. 45 degrees to the left of the prevailing wind direction b. 90 degrees to the left of the prevailing wind direction c. 45 degrees to the right of the prevailing wind direction d. 90 degrees to the right of the prevailing wind direction
d
The main difference(s) between food webs and food chains is: a. Food webs have multiple interactions between organisms while a food chain has a linear arrangement b. There are usually more organisms involved in a food chain than in a food web c. Food chains are mainly in terrestrial environments and food webs are more in marine biomes d. Both A and B are true e. A, B, and C are true
d
What are geostrophic currents? a. Geostrophic currents flow from the equator to the poles in the surface oceans, and they are driven by the temperature gradient of Earth b. Geostrophic currents occur in deep water masses and are deflected due to the Coriolis Effect c. The subtropical gyres are geostrophic currents that represent the flow of intermediate water masses d. Geostrophic currents are established by winds and are balanced by the Coriolis and pressure gradient forces, causing water to pile up in the middle of ocean basins, and gravity, which forces the water back down slope
d
Which currents are western boundary currents? a. Gulf Stream b. East Australian Current c. Kuroshio Current d. A, B, & C e. A & C
d
Who is considered to the "father" of oceanography? a. Aristotle b. Eatosthanes c. Darwin d. Matthew Maury
d
Considering lines of latitude and longitude, which of the following statement(s) is true? a. The distance between lines of latitude changes depending on the longitude b. The distance between lines of longitude is the same everywhere across the globe c. The distance between lines of latitude is the same everywhere across the globe d. The distance between longitude lines changes depending on latitude e. Both c and d are true
e
In addition to mineral salts (e.g. Cl, Na) what other substances that contribute to salinity? a. Gasses b. Nutrients c. Organic molecules d. Vitamins and trace metals e. All the above
e
What factors determine how large wind waves can become? a. Fetch b. Duration c. Wind speed d. B & C e. A, B, & C
e
Where are deep waters formed today? a. Antarctica b. The North Pole c. The North Atlantic d. A, B, and C e. A and C
e
Which of the following statements about photosynthesis are true? a. Photosynthesis converts inorganic materials into organic compounds b. Photosynthesis is the basis of most marine production c. The reverse process of photosynthesis is respiration d. Phytoplankton are the dominant primary producers in the pelagic realm e. All of the above statements are true
e
Which of the following statements about radiometric dating are true? a. The age of the Earth is determined by radiometric dating b. In radiometric dating the amount of parent atoms remaining decreases with time c. In radiometric dating the amount of daughter atoms produced increases with time d. There are now well over 40 different radiometric dating techniques, each based on a different radioactive isotope e. All the above
e
Which statements about solar radiation are true? a. In the low latitudes more solar radiation is received during daylight hours than is radiated back into space at night b. In the high latitudes the heat absorbed by the ocean and atmosphere is less than the energy radiated back to space c. The tropical ocean receives more solar energy than it loses; the reverse is true in the temperate and polar latitudes d. Statements B and C are true e. Statements A, B, and C are all true
e
