oceanography

Place the descriptions of Earth's mass extinction events in order, with the oldest event at the top and the most recent event at the bottom.

96, 50, dinosaurs

Which of the following are true regarding a great circle?

A great circle connecting any two points on Earth's surface defines the shortest distance between them. All longitude lines form great circles. They include any circle on Earth's surface with its center at Earth's center.

Where did the seven epic voyages of the Chinese admiral Zheng He travel?

Across the Indian Ocean In the western Pacific Ocean To Africa

Seagoing ships are most likely derived from early _____ vessels

Egyptian

Which of the following are considered subdisciplines of oceanography?

Geological oceanography Chemical oceanography Marine meteorology

The objective of establishing the ______ was to enhance understanding of ocean phenomena such as El Niño events to better predict such events, provide greater accuracy in understanding their potential impact, and to give a greater lead time to those who might be impacted.

Global Ocean Observing System

GPS stands for

Global Positioning System

What was discovered during the voyage of the Fram?

Great plankton blooms occur in the Arctic Ocean. The Arctic Ocean is a deep-ocean basin, not a shallow sea.

The 1769 Franklin-Folger chart of the Stream current aimed to expedite sea travel between England and America.

Gulf

Which of the following statements are true regarding Ptolemy's world atlas?

His atlas listed more than 8000 places by latitude and longitude. It was the first documented world atlas.

The hypsographic curve compares which of the following?

Land and water elevation relationships

In 1855, ____ published The Physical Geography of the Sea, which documents the atmosphere, currents, depths, winds, climates, and storms of the oceans and is often considered the first oceanography textbook.

Lieutenant Matthew F. Maury

What challenges faced Portugal's expeditions to find new and faster routes to obtain spices and silks of the East?

Mariners believed that sea monsters would engulf the ships. Mariners believed that the water temperatures at the equator were at the boiling point.

The expedition is best known for its first use of the echo sounder.

Meteor

The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration combined which of the following entities?

National Marine Fisheries Service National Weather Service National Ocean Survey

NOAA stands for the U.S. government's

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

Amerigo Vespucci is known for his explorations of the

New World

In the latter half of the sixteenth century, many crews sought a trading shortcut to China around North America called the Passage.

Northwest

The objectives of the ______ includes providing up to thirty years of continuous ocean data on topics such as climate variability, ocean circulation, ecosystem dynamics, air-sea interaction, seafloor process, and plate tectonics.

Ocean Observatories Initiative

The Austronesians were the first to populate

Pacific Ocean Basin

The boundaries of the various units of geologic time were established mainly by which two methods?

The appearance or disappearance of certain fossils and radiometric dating

solar day

The average time for Earth to make one rotation relative to the Sun

Sublimation

The conversion of ice directly to water vapor

What is the primary force that causes Earth to have a greater equatorial radius than the polar radius?

The force of rotation causes Earth to have a greater equatorial radius than the polar radius.

sidreal day

The measurement of a day on Earth based on making a complete rotation with respect to a far-distant point in space

If Earth's axis were not tilted, what would happen to the seasons?

There would be no perceived seasons on Earth and global day lengths and temperatures would be uniform.

Which of the following are findings of the Challenger expedition (1872-1876)?

They found one of the deepest depth soundings in the Marianas Trench. They found Bathybius haeckelii was a chemical precipitate produced by the reaction of the sediment with alcohol.

How did early Arab navigators determine latitude with the use of a kamal?

They held a specific knot between their teeth and aligned the device with the horizon and the Pole Star.

How was knowledge of oceanography useful during World War II?

To move personnel and materials by sea to remote locations To predict ocean and shore conditions for amphibious landings To chart beaches and harbors from aerial reconnaissance

Which of the following are objectives of the Global Ocean Observing System?

To provide detailed temperature and salinity data of the upper 2000 m of the ocean To better predict events such as El Niño

What was Fridtjof Nansen's objective for the voyage of the Fram

To test his ideas about the direction of ice drift in the Arctic

During the winter solstice for the Northern Hemisphere, the Sun is directly overhead at which of the following locations?

Tropic of Capricorn

The ______ project collects real-time data from a massive array of nearly seventy moored buoys stretching across the tropical Pacific Ocean basin

Tropical Atmosphere Ocean

The hydrologic cycle involves ___

a constant movement of water into and out of reservoirs

The epic voyages of the Chinese admiral Zheng He, from 1405 to 1433, included

a fleet of over 300 ships many large treasure ships

A chronometer is ______.

a high-accuracy clock

Edward Forbes's contributions to oceanography include _____

a systematic survey of marine life around the British Isles and in the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas a proposed system of ocean depth zones, each characterized by specific animal populations

Residence time is the average length of time that

a water molecule spends in any one reservoir

The Northwest Passage would have

allowed for a faster trading route from Europe to China

The shallowest of the five oceans is the Ocean.

arctic

The Strait of Magellan was so named because Ferdinand Magellan was the first to lead ships

around the tip of South America

Eratosthenes's achievements include ____.

calculating Earth's circumference inventing the study of geography inventing a system of latitude and longitude

William Dittmar's findings, from the information collected during the Challenger expedition, include _

confirmation that the relative proportions of the major dissolved elements in seawater are constant the identification of the major elements present in seawater

Geologic time is divided into four major : the Hadean, Archean, Proterozoic, and Phanerozoic.

eons

A chronometer was useful in navigation because it

established a relationship between time and longitude

deep sea drilling program

first international drilling venture, glomar

Rank the following ways in which early human societies interacted with the oceans from the oldest ways at the top to the most modern ways at the bottom.

fishing with barbed spear, nets, boats

A sidereal day is about ______ than the mean solar day.

four minutes shorter

__ are generally found in groups called clusters.

galaxies

If a(n) _______ is supported consistently, it may be advanced to the level of a theory.

hypothesis

The accomplishments of Lieutenant Matthew F. Maury include ______

initiating a systematic collection of wind and current data from both U.S. and international ships' logs publishing the first atlas of sea conditions and sailing directions

Integrated Ocean Drilling Program

international marine drilling program

A scientific method used for determining the age of Earth is based upon the radioactive decay of

isotopes

Because lines of rotate with Earth, 360 degrees in twenty-four hours, it is necessary to know the time of day and the position of the Sun or the stars relative to one's line

longitude

Transpiration

loss of water from a plant through its leaves

Captain James Cook is known for being one of history's greatest navigators as well as a fine scientist because he

made soundings to depths of 1200 ft carefully observed wind, currents, and water temperature, making him a founder of oceanography

Which of the following time periods is based upon the lunar cycle?

month

A rotating interstellar cloud of gas and dust is referred to as a

nebula

Most of the world's landmasses are located in the ______ Hemisphere.

northern

A satellite sensor for oceanography called the Coastal Zone Color Scanner provides data on the

ocean's chlorophyll distributions and productivity

Rank the following water reservoirs from longest residence time at the top to shortest residence time at the bottom.

ocean, large lake, pond, atmosphere

A light-year is equal to the distance light travels in

one year

The evolution of photosynthetic organisms on the early Earth resulted in an increase in the levels of the gas Unavailable in its free or "pure" form.

oxygen

The most important gaseous element to accumulate in Earth's atmosphere, which had to await the evolution of photosynthesis in order to exceed its loss to space, is ______.

oxygen

Rank the five parts of the world's oceans from largest at the top to smallest at the bottom.

pacific, Atlantic, Indian, southern, arctic

Lines of latitude, also known as , are referenced to the equator.

parallels

In the lunar month, the Moon

passes through its four phases

The process of involves organisms converting carbon dioxide and water into organic matter and free oxygen.

photosynthesis

Edward Forbes made a theoretical mistake regarding the

presence of an azoic, or lifeless, zone in the ocean below 1800 ft

If the central line of latitude is the equator, the central line of longitude is the

prime meridian

The accomplishments of Lieutenant Matthew F. Maury include

publishing the first atlas of sea conditions and sailing directions initiating a systematic collection of wind and current data from both U.S. and international ships' logs

The accomplishments of Lieutenant Matthew F. Maury include ______.

publishing the first atlas of sea conditions and sailing directions initiating a systematic collection of wind and current data from both U.S. and international ships' logs

Old maps are accurate in their north and south depictions of Earth's surface, but many are badly distorted by their east and west dimensions of geographic forms. This is because _

sailors have been able to calculate latitude since ancient times

Earth's tilt of 23.5 degrees as it orbits the Sun is responsible for the , which occur in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres at opposite times of the solar year.

seasons

ocean drilling program

second international drilling partnership

The Sun is directly over the two tropics, Cancer and Capricorn, at two times during the solar year. These two dates are called ______.

solstices

A galaxy is composed of clumps of _____

stars

For navigation purposes, Polynesians used careful observation and recording of where ______ rose and set on the horizon.

stars

Lord Kelvin based his estimate of Earth's age on ______, but his results were way off compared to modern-day methods of dating

temperature

The major changes in the state of the universe that occurred immediately after the Big Bang were in ______ and ______.

temperature; size

If our galaxy has a thickness of about 1000 light-years, this is equal to _

the distance that light can travel in a single year multiplied by 1000

Austronesian populations expanded southeast through the Philippines, and this movement was aided by

the short distances between islands and because the Austronesians could readily travel

A satellite sensor for oceanography called the TOPEX/Poseidon, launched jointly by the United States and France, collects information on

the surface height of the ocean (that is, sea surface elevation)

Captain James Cook is known for his

three great voyages to chart the Pacific Ocean between 1768 and 1779

The Big Bang is the currently accepted theory about the origin of the ___

universe

The were highly accomplished seamen who engaged in extensive exploration, trade, and colonization for nearly three centuries from about 793 to 1066.

vikings

Because Earth's mean surface temperature is about 61°F, is able to exist as a gas, a liquid, and a solid.

water

Two potential sources of the on Earth include the mantle and continual addition from outer space by icy comets.

water

When the Sun is at its , it is at the highest elevation above a reference longitude.

zenith

Earth has been divided into time ______ that are 15 degrees of longitude wide, although some adjustments have been made when necessary to follow political boundaries for the convenience of people living in those areas.

zones

Which of the following is the scientifically accepted age of Earth?

4.5 to 4.6 billion years

Approximately ______ years ago, the Big Bang initiated the formation of the universe.

13.8 billion

Our solar system formed approximately ______ years ago.

5 billion

The lunar month, whereby the Moon passes through all four phases, takes ______ days.

29 1/2

Fridtjof Nansen discovered that the Ocean was a deep-ocean basin and not a shallow sea.

Arctic

Which of these reservoirs has the shortest residence time?

Atmosphere

Which of the following were common navigation components used by early Polynesians?

Careful observation and recording of where prominent stars rise and set on the horizon Observations of waves and cloud formations

Magellan's crew was the first to

Circumnavigate the globe

Which of the following pieces of technology had to be developed in order to calculate longitude accurately?

Clocks