Oceanography Ch. 4
Which of the following contains calcium carbonate (CaCO3)? (a) diatoms (b) foraminiferans (c) glauconite (d) phosphorites (e) radiolarians
b. forminiferans
Calcium carbonate is most likely to dissolve in water with which characteristics? (a) low carbon dioxide and warm temperatures (b) lots of carbon dioxide and cold temperatures (c) lots of carbon dioxide and warm temperatures (d) low pressure and warm temperatures (e) low pressure and cold temperatures
b. lots of carbon and cold temperatures
The deepest sediment samples are obtained by __________. (a) grab samplers (b) piston corers (c) gravity corers (d) platform drilling
b. piston corers
Dredge samplers are used to collect samples of __________. (a) specific sediment types (b) rock or sediment in bulk quantities (c) bottom dwelling organisms (d) suspended sediments (e) buried sediments
b. rock or sediment in bulk quantities
Sediment may be an accumulation of the remains or products of organisms. (a) True (b) False
(true)
Which of the following is not an important control on oceanic sediment accumulation? (a) degree of preservation (b) dilution (c) input from other sediments (d) rate of deposition (e) all of the above factors are important
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The oldest ocean floor sediments are about __________. (a) 160 million years old (b) 60 million years old (c) 1 billion years old (d) 6,000 years old (e) 600 million years old
a. 160 million years old
The most likely place to find abundant manganese nodules is on the _________. (a) abyssal plain far from a continent (b) continental rise (c) continental shelf (d) crest of a mid-ocean ridge (e) All of the above locations are contain manganese nodules
a. abyssal plain far from a continent
Underlying the unconsolidated sediments of the seafloor are __________. (a) Basalt pillows and basement rocks (b) Granite boulders (c) Glacial deposits left from the Ice Age (d) Ancient remnants of sunken continents
a. basalt pillows and basement rocks
Fine and coarse sediments derived from the hard parts of organisms are termed __________. (a) Biogenous (b) Cosmogenous (c) Hydrogenous (d) Volcanogenic (e) Terrigenous
a. biogenous
Coccolithophores, a type of phytoplankton, produce __________. (a) biogenous sediment (b) cosmogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous sediment (d) terrigenous sediment
a. biogenous sediment
Diatomaceous ooze is a type of __________. (a) biogenous sediment (b) cosmogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous sediment (d) terrigenous sediment
a. biogenous sediment
Stromatolites are a type of __________. (a) biogenous sediment (b) cosmogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous sediment (d) terrigenous sediment
a. biogenous sediment
Sediments with an extraterrestrial origin are called __________. (a) cosmogenous (b) biogenous (c) hydrogenous (d) lithogenous or terrigenous (e) volcagenic
a. cosmogenous
The Wentworth scale is used to arrange the amount of sorting in a sediment deposit. (a) True (b) False
a. false
The element found in some sediments which suggest that a meteorite or asteroid impact occurred nearby is _________. (a) iridium (b) manganese (c) strontium (d) uranium (e) yttrium
a. irridium
A pelagic clay contains lots of material that settle to the seafloor through the water column and are _________. (a) less than 30% biogenous material (b) more than 30% biogenous material (c) more than 30% hydrogenous material (d) less than 30% neritic material (e) more than 30% neritic material
a. less than 30% biogenous material
Sediments that arrive in the ocean from continents via rivers are called __________. (a) terrigenous sediments (b) biogenous sediments (c) hydrogenous or authigenic sediments (d) cosmogenous sediments (e) all of these
a. terrigenous
The most abundant sediment in the ocean is __________. (a) terrigenous sediment (b) biogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous or authigenic sediment (d) cosmogenous sediment (e) all of these
a. terrigenous sediment
Paleoceanography is __________. (a) the study of the ocean's past (b) analysis of sediment age by tektite content (c) the study of ocean color (d) analysis of the color of sediments (e) none of the above
a. the study of ocean's past
Beach sand is usually well-sorted. (a) True (b) False
a. true
Calcareous shells will not accumulate on the ocean floor when the water depth exceeds about 4500 meters (around 15,000 feet). (a) True (b) False
a. true
Geologists classify sediment either by grain size or by source. (a) True (b) False
a. true
Organisms that live on the ocean floor may be responsible for keeping manganese nodules from being buried in the sediment. (a) True (b) False
a. true
Phosphate nodules are found on the continental shelf. (a) True (b) False
a. true
Radiolarian oozes form near the equator. (a) True (b) False
a. true
Some ocean sediments have come from outer space. (a) True (b) False
a. true
Texture refers to the size and shape of sediment particles. (a) True (b) False
a. true
Sediments that are organic in origin, meaning made by organisms, are called __________. (a) terrigenous sediments (b) biogenous sediments (c) hydrogenous or authigenic sediments (d) cosmogenous sediments (e) all of these
b. biogenous
The sediment that covers the greatest area of seabed is __________. (a) terrigenous sediment (b) biogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous or authigenic sediment (d) cosmogenous sediment (e) all of these
b. biogenous
Oozes are also called __________. (a) terrigenous sediments (b) biogenous sediments (c) hydrogenous or authigenic sediments (d) cosmogenous sediments (e) all of these
b. biogenous sediments
In the process of lithification, sediments __________. (a) are subducted into the mantle at a deep trench (b) are converted into solid rock (c) slip into the center of the mid-ocean ridges and become new seafloor (d) are uplifted to form the edges of continents (e) are uplifted to form high mountains like Mt. Everest
b. converted into solid rock
Tektites are a type of __________. (a) biogenous sediment (b) cosmogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous sediment (d) terrigenous sediment
b. cosmogenous sediment
All of the following are lithogenous sediments except __________. (a) beach sand (b) diatom ooze (c) glacial deposits (d) illite clays (e) volcanogenic particles
b. diatom ooze
The calcium sulfate and other substances found in the Mediterranean by Hsü and Ryan are classified as __________. (a) oozes (b) evaporites (c) clays (d) terrigenous sediments (e) poorly sorted sediments
b. evaporites
A glacial deposit is well-sorted. (a) True (b) False
b. false
A well-sorted sand deposit with rounded particles might be called immature. (a) True (b) False
b. false
The deposition of radiolarian oozes is affected by the carbonate compensation depth. (a) True (b) False
b. false
The oldest sediments are comparatively young because __________. (a) the rocks of the underlying ocean floor react chemically with the lowest sediments, converting them directly into rock (b) the ocean floor is recycled through plate tectonics, dragging the oldest sediments into the mantle at subduction zones (c) sediments have been falling to the ocean floor only comparatively recently (d) the physical and biological processes that make sediments have been active only a comparatively short time (e) sediments are consumed by bottom-dwelling marine organisms
b. the ocean floor is recycled through plate tectonics, dragging the oldest sediments into the subduction zones
Which of the following metals is not usually found in manganese nodules? (a) iron (b) uranium (c) nickel (d) cobalt (e) copper
b. uranium
Sediments derived from weathered rock and volcanic activity are called biogenous sediments. (a) True (b) False
b.. false
Hydrogenous sediments are largely __________ precipitates that form in place. (a) extraterrestrial (b) inorganic (c) biochemical (d) volcanic
c. biochemical
Select the finest particles in this list __________. (a) sand (b) silt (c) clay (d) granules
c. clay
A very important way to increase the settling rate of fine particles in the open ocean is via _________. (a) carbonate dissolution (b) deposit feeders (c) fecal pellets (d) precipitation (e) wind
c. fecal pellets
Sediment particles precipitated near the sea floor by chemical or biochemical reactions are termed __________ sediments. (a) Biogenous (b) Cosmogenous (c) Hydrogenous (d) Volcanogenic (e) Terrigenous
c. hydrogenous
Sediments produced as a result of chemical reactions in seawater are called __________. (a) cosmogenous (b) biogenous (c) hydrogenous (d) lithogenous or terrigenous (e) volcagenic
c. hydrogenous
This sediment type has particles that are sometimes made of glass. (a) terrigenous sediment (b) biogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous or authigenic sediment (d) cosmogenous sediment (e) all of these
c. hydrogenous or authigenic sediment
Sediments that are generated in place or on the spot where find them are called __________. (a) terrigenous sediments (b) biogenous sediments (c) hydrogenous or authigenic sediments (d) cosmogenous sediments (e) all of these
c. hydrogenous or authigenic sediments
Halite is a type of __________. (a) biogenous sediment (b) cosmogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous sediment (d) lithogenous or terrigenous sediment
c. hydrogenous sediment
Manganese nodules are a type of __________. (a) biogenous sediment (b) cosmogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous sediment (d) lithogenous or terrigenous sediment
c. hydrogenous sediment
Metal sulfides are a type of __________. (a) biogenous sediment (b) cosmogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous sediment (d) lithogenous or terrigenous sediment
c. hydrogenous sediment
Manganese nodules are an example of a _________. (a) biogenous sediments (b) cosmogenous sediments (c) hydrogenous sediments (d) terrigenous sediments (e) volcagenic sediments
c. hydrogenous sediments
High energy environments are most likely to contain which one of the following? (a) clay-sized particles (b) cosmogenous sediments (c) large particles such as gravel (d) manganese nodules (e) silt-sized particle
c. large particles such as gravel
Sediments found on continental margins are called _________. (a) continental (b) estuarine. (c) neritic (d) oceanic (e) pelagic
c. neritic
Most of the floor of the North Pacific Ocean is covered with __________. (a) foraminiferan ooze (b) windblown dust and sand (c) red and brown clays (d) diatom ooze
c. red and brown clays
In general, polar neritic sediment has more _________. (a) clay than in temperate waters (b) coral debris than in tropical waters (c) rock and gravel than in tropical waters (d) shell fragments than in temperate waters (e) silt and sand than in tropical waters
c. rock and gravel than in tropical waters
Carbonate sediments are rare in deep sea sediments because __________. (a) The organisms providing shells do not live in the deep sea (b) The abundance of muds and clays cover the carbonate shells (c) The carbonate shells dissolve in deep water (d) The organisms do not live beyond the edge of the continental shelf
c. the carbonate shells dissolve in deep water
Very small particles sometimes fall surprisingly quickly from near the ocean surface to the seabed, thus avoiding being carried great lateral distances by currents. This is possible because __________. (a) the particles, though tiny, are very heavy and fall quickly (b) the particles adhere to large particles and fall with them (c) the particles are compressed in the fecal pellets of small marine animals (d) the particles resist the action of currents and fall straight to the bottom
c. the particles are compressed in the fecal pellets of small marine animals
Sediments which are poorly sorted and made of a variety of minerals could have been deposited by __________. (a) a glacier (b) a river delta (c) turbidity currents (d) a volcanic eruption (e) the wind
c. turbidity currents
The processes which break rock and minerals into smaller particles are collectively termed __________. (a) metamorphism (b) igneous activity (c) weathering (d) erosion (e) fractionalization
c. weathering
Sediments that are extraterrestrial in origin are called __________. (a) terrigenous sediments (b) biogenous sediments (c) hydrogenous or authigenic sediments (d) cosmogenous sediments (e) all of these
d. cosmogenous sediments
In contrast to manganese nodules which form on the abyssal plain, phosphate-rich nodules form in _________. (a) continental shelf waters (b) estuaries (c) hydrothermal vent areas (d) intermediate to shallow depth water (e) mid-ocean ridge
d. intermediate to shallow depth water
Sediments derived from preexisting rocks are called __________. (a) cosmogenous (b) biogenous (c) hydrogenous (d) lithogenous of terrigenous (e) volcagenic
d. lithogenous or terrigenous
The oozes on the seafloor mostly consist of __________. (a) boulders and cobbles from glaciers oozing off the land (b) bones and teeth of bottom-dwelling fishes (c) fine muds washed down the continental slope to the seafloor (d) microscopic hard parts of single-celled surface living organisms (e) treated sewage from urban areas
d. microscopic hard parts of single-celled surface living organisms
Floating and drifting single-celled plants can be referred to as __________. (a) Foraminiferans (b) Radiolarians (c) Zooplankton (d) Phytoplankton (e) Pteropods
d. phytoplanktons
Abyssal clay is a type of __________. (a) biogenous sediment (b) cosmogenous sediment (c) hydrogenous sediment (d) terrigenous sediment
d. terrigenous
Large volumes of bottom sediments may be transported long distances by __________. (a) storm waves (b) icebergs (c) tidal action (d) turbidity currents
d. turbidity currents
Scientists can derive information about __________ from observing deep ocean cores: (a) basin age (b) mineral resources (c) water temperature in years past (d) the history of life in the upper layers of water (e) all of the above
e. all of the above
This sediment type can be used to learn about the age and history of the seafloor. (a) terrigenous sediments (b) biogenous sediments (c) hydrogenous or authigenic sediments (d) cosmogenous sediments (e) all of these
e. all of these
In volume and quantity, most marine sediments are associated with __________. (a) the edges of the deep trenches (b) the deep sea floor away from the continental slopes (c) seamounts (d) mid-ocean ridges (e) the continental slopes and rises
e. continental slopes and rises
Carbonate sediments composed of the shells of marine organisms are found __________. (a) widely on all continental shelves (b) on shelf areas that were exposed to the atmosphere during periods of glaciation (c) only in the tropical Pacific (d) only on land areas once covered with ocean water (e) on some continental shelves in tropical and sub-tropical regions
e. on some continental shelves in tropical and sub-tropical regions
Which of the following contains silica (SiO2)? (a) coccolithophores (b) corals (c) foraminiferans (d) phosphorites (e) radiolarians
e. radiolarians
All of the following are hydrogenous sediments except _________. (a) evaporites (b) halites (c) manganese nodule (d) phosphates (e) stromatolites
e. stromatolites
Fine and coarse grains of sediment produced by weathering on land are termed __________ sediment. (a) Biogenous (b) Cosmogenous (c) Hydrogenous (d) Volcanogenic (e) Terrigenous
e. terrigenous
The major force bringing continental sediments to the open ocean is (are) (a) glaciers (b) neritic currents (c) rivers (d) turbidity currents (e) wind
e. wind
