Oceanography Chapter 15
The subtidal rocky bottom zone along temperate shorelines is dominated by ________. 8) _____ A) green algae B) Zostera C) kelp D) Thalassia E) coralline algae
kelp
Symbiotic archaea that live inside tubeworms can use two different methods to metabolize ________ and can switch back and forth to accommodate fast-changing environmental conditions. 83) _____ A) sulfuric acid B) arsenic C) cadmium D) hydrogen sulfide E) carbon dioxide
carbon dioxide
The most serious threat to coral reefs are ________. 68) _____ A) floods B) hurricanes C) sea stars D) humans E) tsunami
humans
Planktonic larval forms are an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? 32) _____ A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity
lack of space or attachment sites
The depth to which a bivalve can bury itself depends on the ________. 11) _____ A) composition of the sediment B) oxygen content of the sediment C) turbidity of the surface water D) length of its siphon E) wave frequency and water velocity
length of its siphon
Which of the following do not eat oysters? 45) _____ A) Snails B) Lobsters C) Crabs D) Sea stars E) Fishes
lobsters
The loss of color (coral bleaching) in coral reef organisms can be a result of ________. 19) _____ A) loss of zooxanthellae B) increased sediment loads C) crown-of-thorn sea stars D) fungal parasites E) increase in zooxanthellae concentrations
loss of zoocanthellae
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields builds chimneys of calcium carbonate, instead of the metal sulfides found at typical black smokers? 87) _____ A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque
lost city
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at a much lower temperature compared to typical black smokers? 85) _____ A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque
lost city
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields emits fluids at much greater pH compared to typical black smokers? 86) _____ A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque
lost city
The distribution of benthic biomass is related to ________. 1) _____ A) primary productivity B) thermocline depth C) current patterns D) sediment variety E) wave energy
primary productivity
The water pressure in the deepest trenches exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. 74) _____ A) 1000 B) 2000 C) 3000 D) 4000 E) 5000 or more
1000
Coral reefs cover less than ________ of the ocean's surface area but they are home to ________ of all marine species. 62) _____ A) 0.5%; 33% B) 1.0%; 50% C) 1.0%; 25% D) 1.0%; 33% E) 0.5%; 25%
0.5%; 25%
The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. 75) _____ A) 700-900 B) 300-500 C) 500-700 D) 100-300 E) 1000 or more
100-300
Corals need water where the average monthly temperature exceeds ________ Celsius throughout the year. 46) _____ A) 22° B) 26° C) 30° D) 18° E) 34°
18
The water pressure at the mid-ocean ridges exceeds ________ times greater than atmospheric pressure at sea level. 73) _____ A) 100 B) 200 C) 300 D) 400 E) 500 or more
200
Of the 230,000 known species that inhabit the marine environment, about how many live in or on the ocean floor? 25) _____ A) 165,000 B) 225,000 C) 185,000 D) 145,000 E) 205,000
225,000
Corals cannot survive for long when the water temperature exceeds ________ Celsius.47) _____ A) 30° B) 26° C) 18° D) 34° E) 22°
30
Most reef-building corals receive about ________ of their nutrition from symbiotic zooxanthellae algae. 56) _____ A) 90% B) 80% C) 60% D) 70% E) 50%
90%
Which of the following lobsters exhibits a behavior of migrating single file across the sea floor in lines that are several kilometers long? 43) _____ A) Nephrops norvegicus B) Panulirus interruptus C) Metanephrops japonicus D) Homarus americanus E) Panulirus argus
Panulirus Argus
In the deep ocean, mud like clay deposits are found on the ________. 76) _____ A) abyssal plains and in deep trenches B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) flanks of oceanic ridges and rises E) steep areas of the continental slope
abyssal plains and in deep trenches
Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in making it more difficult for corals to build skeletons? 70) _____ A) Acidification B) Aquaculture C) Increased ocean warming D) Overfishing E) Sea level rise
acidification
The giant brown bladder kelp the fastest-growing ________ in the world. 41) _____ A) algae B) mammal C) plant D) annelid E) meiofauna
algae
Sewage discharge and fertilizer runoff is detrimental to coral growth because it increases the ________. 15) _____ A) amount of toxic synthetic chemicals which stimulate excessive bacterial growth B) amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth C) water temperature that kills zooxanthellae D) water temperature that results in coral bleaching E) salinity of the water that results in coral bleaching
amount of inorganic nutrients in the water that stimulates excessive algal growth
The most important members of hydrothermal vent biocommunities are microscopic ________. 81) _____ A) Archaea B) Zooxanthellae C) Eukarya D) Ediacaria E) Bacteria
archaea
Which of the following oceans has the least diversity of reef-building corals? 51) _____ A) Indian and Pacific Oceans B) Atlantic and Pacific Oceans C) Indian Ocean D) Atlantic Ocean E) Pacific Ocean
atlantic ocean
Which of the following is a threat to coral reef survival? 18) _____ A) Suspended sediment B) Fishing C) Scuba and snorkeling D) Boat collisions E) Boating, fishing, scuba, snorkeling and suspended sediment might contribute to the decline of a coral community.
boating, fishing, scuba, snorkeling, and suspended sediment might contribute to the decline of a coral community
Two dominant organisms of the rocky shore found high on the rocks of the intertidal zone are ________. 4) _____ A) periwinkle snails and kelp B) goose barnacles and mussels C) buckshot barnacles and limpets D) sea anemones and hermit crabs E) keyhole limpets and Irish moss
buckshot barnacles and limpets
The most successful adaptation for living on a sediment-covered shore is ________. 10) _____ A) flattened body shape B) attachment to the substrate C) burrowing into the sediment D) sessile lifestyle E) swimming
burrowing into the sediment
The distribution of benthic biomass closely matches the distribution of ________ in surface waters. 26) _____ A) density B) salinity C) chlorophyll D) temperature E) carbonic acid
chlorophyll
In hydrothermal vent ecosystems, tubeworms and giant ________ depend entirely on sulfur-oxidizing archaea that live symbiotically within their tissues. 82) _____ A) lobsters B) crabsC) corals D) clams E) mussels
clams
Chemosynthetic bacteria do not form the base of the food web at which of the following biocommunities? 84) _____ A) Hypersaline seeps B) Cold water reefs C) Subduction zone seeps D) Hydrothermal vents E) Hydrocarbon seeps
cold water reefs
In the deep ocean, coarse sediments from nearby land sources are found on the ________. 78) _____ A) abyssal plains and in deep trenches B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) flanks of oceanic ridges and rises E) steep areas of the continental slope
continental rise
Which of the following statements regarding the benefits coral reefs provide to people is correct? 60) _____ A) Coral reefs contain about twice as much algal biomass as animal biomass. B) Fisheries associated with coral reefs supply more than one fourth of all fish from the sea. C) Coral reefs protect coasts from volcanoes, storm waves and tsunami. D) Coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product. E) About 300 million people worldwide depend on healthy reef systems.
coral reef tourism provides some countries with over 50% of their gross national product
Which of the following are not a species found in hydrothermal vent biocommunities? 80) _____ A) Mussels B) Clams C) Corals D) White crabs E) Tubeworms
corals
Release of large numbers of eggs into the water column is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? 30) _____ A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity
difficulty finding mates
The zooxanthellae that live within the coral's tissues is a type of ________. 55) _____ A) foraminifera B) copepod C) dinoflagellate D) radiolarian E) ostracod
dinoflagellate
Zooxanthellae are autotrophic marine protists that are found in the living tissues of some simple marine invertebrates such as corals, sea anemones, and jellyfish. Zooxanthellae are ________. 16) _____ A) protozoans B) foraminifera C) dinoflagellates D) golden algae E) bacteria
dinoflagellates
The crown-of-thorns sea star destroys coral reefs by ________. 63) _____ A) covering the coral with sediment B) depleting dissolved oxygen C) excreting waste on the coral D) eating the coral polyps E) releasing toxins that kill zooxanthellae
eating the coral polyps
Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.64) _____ A) predator attacks B) high turbidity C) influx of freshwater D) depleted oxygen E) elevated temperatures
elevated temperatures
Coral bleaching often occurs in response to ________.65) _____ A) influx of freshwater B) elevated temperatures C) decreased sunlight D) high turbidity E) increased nutrients
elevated temperatures
Under ideal conditions, the giant brown bladder kelp can grow up to two ________ per day. 40) _____ A) inches B) feet C) yards D) meters E) centimeters
feet
In the deep ocean, oozes made of dead planktonic organisms are found on the ________. 77) _____ A) abyssal plains and in deep trenches B) continental rise C) continental shelf D) flanks of oceanic ridges and rises E) steep areas of the continental slope
flanks of oceanic ridges and rises
Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 20% of the surface intensity? 58) _____ A) From a few centimeters to a few meters B) From a few meters to 20 meters C) From 20 meters to 50 meters D) From 50 meters to 150 meters E) Below 150 meters
from 20 meters to 50 meters
Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 4% of the surface intensity? 57) _____ A) From a few centimeters to a few meters B) From a few meters to 20 meters C) From 20 meters to 50 meters D) From 50 meters to 150 meters E) Below 150 meters
from 50 meters to 150 meters
Which of the following vertical zones of a large coral reef has light intensity of about 60% of the surface intensity? 59) _____ A) From a few centimeters to a few meters B) From a few meters to 20 meters C) From 20 meters to 50 meters D) From 50 meters to 150 meters E) Below 150 meters
from a few centimeters to a few meters
The coral in the Florida Keys is currently not suffering from which of the following? 66) _____ A) Gas bubble B) Yellow blotch C) Rapid wasting D) Black band E) White plague
gas bubble
Two dominant organisms commonly found at mid-water levels of the rocky intertidal zone are ________. 5) _____ A) sea anemones and hermit crabs B) fiddler crabs and Littorina C) buckshot barnacles and rockweed D) periwinkle snails and kelp E) goose-necked barnacles and mussels
goose-necked barnacles and mussels
Some organisms living in the high water portion of the intertidal zone cannot survive in the supralittoral zone because they ________. 6) _____ A) have planktonic larval forms B) are sessile C) cannot tolerate desiccation or drying out D) cannot tolerate temperature fluctuations E) cannot tolerate fluctuating salinity
have planktonic larval forms
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words or phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 23) _____ A) Hermit crab B) Periwinkle C) Buckshot barnacle D) Limpet E) Chiton
hermit crab
Which of the following factors does not limit coral growth? 14) _____ A) Low light B) Water temperatures below 18°C C) High sediment load in the water D) Low nutrient levels in the water E) High concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water
high concentrations of calcium carbonate in the water
The so-called true lobsters belong to which genus? 44) _____ A) Homarus B) Panulirus C) Metanephrops D) Portunus E) Nephrops
homarus
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields is thought to be driven by serpentinization? 89) _____ A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque
lost city
Which of the following hydrothermal vent fields releases methane and hydrogen into the surrounding water instead of hydrogen sulfide and dissolved metals from typical black smokers? 88) _____ A) Coaxial B) Guaymas Basin C) Lost City D) Lucky Strike E) Tubeworm Barbeque
lost city
The common annelid found in a sandy beach environment is the ________. 12) _____ A) feather duster worm B) ghost crab C) clam D) lugworm E) fan worm
lugworm
Organisms that live in the spaces between sediment particles are called ________. 13) _____ A) meiofauna B) mesofauna C) microfauna D) epifauna E) subfauna
meiofauna
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words or phrases. Choose the one option that does not fit the pattern. 22) _____ A) Stinging cells B) Mimicry C) Regeneration D) Withdrawal into shell E) Inking
mimicry
Which of the following marine habitats has the lowest species diversity? 9) _____ A) Mud flats B) rocky shores C) Mangrove swamps D) Kelp forests E) Coral reefs
mud flats
Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment? 37) _____ A) Mud flats B) Sand beaches C) Pebble berms D) Salt marshes E) Boulder beaches
mudflats
Which of the following sediment-covered shores represents the lowest-energy environment? 38) _____ A) Sand beaches B) Pebble berms C) Mud flats D) Boulder beaches E) Salt marshes
mudflats
A pronounced layer of which of the following can often be one of the most recognizable features of middle tidal zones along rocky coasts? 34) _____ A) Sea urchin B) Sea stars C) Sea Anemones D) Limpets E) Mussels
mussels
The relationship between the protistan zooxanthellae and the polyps of reef-building corals is best described as a/an ________. 17) _____ A) mutualistic symbiosis B) facultative ectoparasitism C) facultative commensalism D) obligate commensalism E) obligate endoparasitism
mutualistic symbols
Which of the following human threats to the ocean has resulted in algae smothering the reefs? 69) _____ A) Acidification B) Aquaculture C) Increased ocean warming D) Overfishing E) Sea level rise
overfishing
Giant tubeworms dominate at hydrothermal vents in which of the following oceans? 90) _____ A) Arctic B) Pacific C) Caribbean D) Atlantic E) Indian
pacific
A common inhabitant of the supratidal zone on the rocky shores of the Pacific Northwest is the ________. 3) _____ A) gooseneck barnacle B) mussel C) periwinkle snail D) kelp E) sea urchin
peiwinkle snail
Ability to break off body parts and regrow them later is an adaptation to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? 31) _____ A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity
predators
Stinging cells, camouflage, and an inking response are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? 29) _____ A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity
predators
The low-water portion of the rocky intertidal zone is dominated by ________. 7) _____ A) mussels B) hermit crabs C) red and brown algae and surf grasses D) fiddler crabs E) limpets
red and brown algae and surf grasses
Which of the following are among the first organisms to colonize a rocky shore? 33) _____ A) Sea anemone B) Sea cucumber C) Sea urchin D) Rock louse E) Rock weed
rock weed
Which of the following protects itself with stinging needlelike cells called nematocysts? 36) _____ A) Sea stars B) Sea urchin C) Limpets D) Sea Anemones E) Snails
sea anemones
Which of the following human threats to the ocean may wreak havoc on corals by reducing the amount of sunlight they receive? 71) _____ A) Acidification B) Aquaculture C) Increased ocean warming D) Overfishing E) Sea level rise
sea level rise
Which of the following digests the edible tissue inside a mussel shell by turning its stomach inside out and slipping it through the crack in the shell? 35) _____ A) Limpets B) Sea stars C) Sea Anemones D) Snails E) Sea urchin
sea stars
Which of the following animals feed directly on living kelp? 42) _____ A) Sea urchins B) Mollusks C) Otters D) Lobsters E) Sea stars
sea urchins
Scientists have proposed that which of the following deep ocean processes may hold part of the answer to the question of whether life on Earth emerged from the deep sea? 91) _____ A) Acidification B) Photosynthesis C) Oxidation D) Serpentinization E) Sedimentation
sepentinization
Increased human populations near coral reefs increases the nutrient levels of the reef waters from ________ and farm fertilizers. 67) _____ A) sediment B) fishing C) sewage D) mining E) bioerosion
sewage
The most important limiting factor in rocky intertidal communities is ________. 2) _____ A) food B) light C) predation D) nutrients E) space
space
The intertidal zonation of sediment-covered shores is best developed on a ________ sloping, ________-sand beach. 39) _____ A) steeply; fine B) gentle; fine C) gentle; coarse D) steeply; coarse
steeply; coarse
Which of the following environmental conditions is not necessary for coral growth? 54) _____ A) A hard substrate B) Wave or current action C) Salt water D) High turbidity E) Strong sunlight
strong sunlight
Strong attachment threads, biological adhesives, a muscular foot, multiple legs, or hundreds of tube feet are adaptations to cope with which of the following adverse conditions of the rocky intertidal zone? 28) _____ A) Difficulty finding mates B) Drying out during low tide C) Lack of space or attachment sites D) Predators E) Strong wave activity
strong wave activity
Primary producers in hydrothermal vent communities are ________. 20) _____ A) sulfur-oxidizing archaea B) Riftia tubeworms C) giant clams D) algae E) eyeless shrimp
sulfur-oxidizing archea
Deep-water corals lack the ________ that their shallow-water cousins have. 53) _____ A) symbiotic zooxanthellae algae B) stinging tentacles C) bright coloration D) calcium carbonate skeletons E) large reef structures
symbiotic zooxanthellae algae
Which of the following is the most important variable affecting species diversity at similar latitudes on opposite sides of an ocean basin? 27) _____ A) Salinity B) Conductivity C) Temperature D) Density E) Carbonic acid
temperature
The diversity pattern of reef-building coral observed in today's oceans is related to which of the following? 52) _____ A) The past positions of the continents B) Increased nutrients provided by upwelling C) The distance from Earth to the Sun D) The El Nino Southern Oscillation E) The mass extinction that killed the dinosaurs
the past positions of the continents
) Which of the following statements about the physical environment of the deep-ocean is incorrect? 72) _____ A) The temperature rarely exceeds 0°C at the deep-ocean floor. B) Oxygen content at the deep-ocean floor is constant and relatively high. C) The physical environment is comparable to that at the surface. D) The physical environment is quite unstable and high variable. E) Below 1500 meters, light is present but in low concentrations.
the temperature rarely exceeds 0 degrees celcius at the deep-ocean floor
Biocommunities at active hydrothermal vents had up to one ________ times more biomass than the rest of the deepocean floor. 79) _____ A) twenty B) fifty C) million D) thousand E) hundred
thousand
Coral reefs contain about ________ as much algal biomass as animal biomass. 61) _____ A) half B) three times C) one fourth D) twice E) four times
three times
Water warm enough to support coral growth is found primarily in the ________ regions of the oceans. 48) _____ A) tropical B) subtropical C) polar D) subpolar E) temperate
tropical
Reefs grow as far north and south as 35° latitude on the ________ margins of ocean basins. 49) _____ A) southern B) central C) western D) northern E) eastern
western
The greatest diversity of reef-building corals is found on the ________ side of ocean basins. 50) _____ A) western B) central C) eastern D) northern E) southern
western
