Oceanography - Chapter 2

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Aleutian Islands B. Canary Islands C. Galapagos Islands D. Hawaiian Islands E. Iceland

A. Aleutian Islands

Of the following statements about nemataths and volcanic arcs, which is/are true? A volcanic arc is associated with a convergent plate boundary. In a volcanic arc, any of the volcanoes can be active at any time. Nemataths and volcanic arcs are both the result of volcanic activity. A nematath is created by a hotspot. In a nematath, the age of the volcanoes progressively decreases as you move closer to the volcanic source.

ALL

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Gondwanaland B. Panamerica C. Pangaea D. Panthalassa E. Tethys Sea

B. Panamerica

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Aleutian Islands B. Andes Mountains C. Hawaiian Islands D. Japan E. Mariana Trench

C. Hawaiian Islands

Which of the following is the main reason that Earth has a magnetic field? Select only one answer. Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field. The solid iron-nickel inner core spins rapidly in the opposite direction. There is a giant bar magnet inside Earth. The Sun has such a powerful magnetic field that it creates a magnetic field on Earth. The solid iron-nickel inner core spins rapidly in the same direction as Earth, but much faster.

Convection in the liquid iron-nickel outer core generates a magnetic field.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. Alfred Wegener B. Harry Hess C. Drummond Matthews D. Frederick Vine E. Stanley Miller

E. Stanley Miller

Mantle plumes are columnar areas of hot molten rock that arise from within the lithosphere. True False

False

New crust is formed at trenches and older crust is subducted at oceanic ridges. True False

False

The magnetic north pole has remained very close to the geographic North Pole throughout all of geologic time. True False

False

Water depth decreases as you move away from the mid-ocean ridge. True False

False

What piece of evidence supports Wegener's hypothesis of continental drift? Calculations of tidal forces show that this mechanism is sufficient to cause landmasses to move. Records of glacial masses in the tropics indicate a worldwide ice age. Modern-day species that evolved in isolation share a common ancestor. Rocks of varying ages found in mountain chains separated by the Atlantic Ocean indicate that they formed at different times in history. Coal deposits that form in tropical swamps are absent from continents near the poles.

Modern-day species that evolved in isolation share a common ancestor.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. ancient precursor of the Pacific Ocean Pangaea paleomagnetism rift valley subduction zone Panthalassa

Panthalassa

Which of the following statements is true of the lithosphere? The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle. The lithosphere is composed of the inner portion of the mantle and the outer core. The lithosphere is composed of igneous rock. The lithosphere is composed of outer mantle material. The lithosphere is composed of metamorphic rock.

The lithosphere is composed of the crust and the uppermost portion of the mantle.

What do all plate boundaries have in common? Select only one answer. They are all associated with zones of earthquakes. They occur only on the ocean floor. They are all associated with an abundance of volcanic activity. They are all located along the edges of continents. They occur entirely within the middle of continents.

They are all associated with zones of earthquakes.

Of the following statements about sea floor magnetic anomalies, which is/are true? They are oriented perpendicular to deep sea trenches. They are oriented parallel to all mountain ranges. They are oriented perpendicular to all mountain ranges. They are oriented perpendicular to the mid-ocean ridge. They are oriented parallel to the mid-ocean ridge. They are oriented parallel to nemataths.

They are oriented parallel to the mid-ocean ridge.

Charles Darwin was the first person to propose a hypothesis on the origin of coral reefs. True False

True

Fast-moving spreading zones tend to be more gently sloping than slow-moving ridges. True False

True

Iceland is geologically active because it is located along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. True False

True

Evidence shows that periodic reversals of Earth's magnetic field have resulted in __________. apparent polar wandering interruption of Earth's gravitational field seafloor spreading mass extinction of life-forms a symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crustal rocks

a symmetrical pattern of normal and reverse magnetization in ocean crustal rocks

Which of the following is characteristic of oceanic-continental convergent plate boundaries? volcanic island arcs hot spots mid-ocean ridges fracture zones andesitic volcanoes

andesitic volcanoes

All continents fit together with the least number of overlaps and gaps when the continents are matched along: edge of the continental shelf. contours at around 2,000 meters depth. edges of the deep sea floor. oceanic trenches in subduction zones. current shorelines.

contours at around 2,000 meters depth.

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. divergent plate boundary B. oceanic-continental convergence C. oceanic-oceanic convergence D. transform plate boundary E. hot spot

hot spot

Coral reefs: include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs. are most common in the tropical portion of the Atlantic Ocean basin. were first described by Christopher Columbus during his voyage to the Caribbean Island of Hispaniola. can be found at latitudes above 60°. form when underwater volcanoes are thrust upward during a tectonic event.

include atolls, barrier, and fringing reefs.

Earthquakes can occur only in the __________. outer core asthenosphere mesosphere lithosphere crust

lithosphere

Tectonic plates are pieces of the ________ that float on the more fluid ________ below. asthenosphere; lithosphere lithosphere; asthenosphere lithosphere; mesosphere crust; lithosphere mantle; crust

lithosphere; asthenosphere

Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. rift valley B. oceanic trench C. rifting D. seafloor spreading E. divergent plate boundary

oceanic trench

What type of plate boundary will result in the formation of a volcanic island chain or arc near a deep-sea trench? oceanic-oceanic divergent boundaries continental-continental convergent boundaries oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries ocean-continental convergent boundaries continental-continental divergent boundaries

oceanic-oceanic convergent boundaries

A researcher interested in the vertical zonation of oceanic lithosphere would want to study __________. mantle plumes magnetic reversals atolls ophiolites nemataphs

ophiolites

The study of historical changes of continental shapes and positions is called: paleoclimatology. paleogeography. sedimentology. paleomagnetism.

paleogeography.

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. study of magnetism over geologic time Pangaea subduction zone Panthalassa paleomagnetism rift valley

paleomagnetism

Fossils of ancient tropical plants are currently found near the poles because the: poles were at the equator at times in the geologic past. entire earth had warm, humid conditions at the time the plants were living. plants probably were tolerant of both tropical and polar conditions. plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations. plants were distributed to current locations by ancient glacial ice sheets.

plants lived in the tropics, but landmasses have drifted to current locations.

Wegener used all the following to provide evidence for continental drift except : age of selected continental rocks. apparent polar wandering. location of coral reef fossils. shape of continental margins. seafloor magnetic pattern.

seafloor magnetic pattern

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. seafloor magnetic stripes subduction zone spreading center

spreading center

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. island arc spreading center subduction zone

subduction zone

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. sloping area from a trench along a downward moving plate subduction zone Pangaea rift valley Panthalassa paleomagnetism

subduction zone

Match the term with the appropriate phrase. trench subduction zone spreading center

subduction zone

Deep ocean trenches are associated with: rift valleys. subduction zones. the mid-ocean ridge. transform faults. submarine canyons.

subduction zones.

Based on paleogeographic records, _____________. the North Atlantic opened before India separated from Antarctica India separated from Antarctica before the continents came together as Pangaea India separated from Antarctica before North America was located at the equator the North Atlantic opened before North America was located at the equator the continents came together as Pangaea before North America was located at the equator

the North Atlantic opened before India separated from Antarctica

Frederick Vine and Drummond Matthews determined that new ocean floor was being produced at ocean ridges by examining: apparent polar wandering. the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor. glacial debris at various locations. fossils in marine sediments. the location of ancient coral reefs.

the magnetic pattern of rocks on the seafloor.

The flat top of a guyot or tablemount in deep water is evidence that __________. the seamount has been submerged by rising sea level that resulted from global climate change the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level. burrowing organisms have destroyed the peak of the seamount the seamount is an erosional remnant of a flat abyssal plain the seamount is an extinct volcano with the crater filled by a solidified lava lake

the seamount was once at the surface of the ocean, but is now submerged due to plate movement and erosion when it was near sea level.