Oceanography - Chapter 5
All the following processes decrease seawater salinity except : iceberg melting. sea ice melting. evaporation. river runoff. precipitation.
evaporation
We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________. both precipitation and evaporation rates are high both precipitation and evaporation rates are low precipitation occurs only as snowfall evaporation is much less than precipitation evaporation is much greater than precipitation
evaporation is much greater than precipitation
Which property of water causes coastal communities to have only moderate differences in daily highs and lows when compared to inland communities? high viscosity low heat capacity high heat capacity high salinity low viscosity
high heat capacity
We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________. in the mid latitudes of the North Atlantic Ocean in the Mediterranean Sea in the trade wind belt of the North Pacific Ocean in the Persian Gulf off the coast of Washington and Oregon
off the coast of Washington and Oregon
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in salinity with depth evaporation pycnocline sublimation condensation halocline
halocline
Water can pile up a short distance above a container's rim due to: low surface tension. high surface tension. strong covalent bonds. high viscosity. low viscosity.
high surface tension.
Imagine you are swimming in the open ocean at a location near the equator. Based on the following data, can you determine how deep you would need to dive to reach a water temperature of 19°C? Seawater temperature at the surface: 24°C Thermocline: 1°C per 50 meters of depth (occurs between 300 and 1000 meters) 5 meters 550 meters 250 meters 190 meters
550 meters
Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Water molecules form hydrogen bonds. Water has the ability to dissolve just about anything. Water molecules have polarity. Snowflakes form six-sided crystals. Water has cohesion and surface tension.
ALL
Of the following statements about water's latent heat and changes in state, which is/are true? -In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds. -In the solid state, all water molecules are connected by weak (hydrogen) bonds. -When water evaporates, its latent heat of evaporation absorbs heat. -In the vapor state, there are no weak (hydrogen) bonds between water molecules. -Latent heat allows water to transfer energy from one place to another. -When water vapor condenses and forms a liquid, its latent heat of condensation releases heat to the environment; this is what powers hurricanes.
ALL BUT -In all three states of matter, there are no strong (covalent) bonds.
Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and the formation of ice, which is/are true? As the temperature of water decreases from 20ºC to 4ºC, its density also decreases. Water's maximum density is at 4ºC. As the temperature of water decreases from 4ºC to 0ºC, its density decreases. Water at 2ºC is less dense than it is at 4ºC. Ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats.
ALL BUT As the temperature of water decreases from 20ºC to 4ºC, its density also decreases.
If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor. Catch and melt fresh falling snow. Take seawater and freeze and melt it several times to purify it. Heat sea ice that formed a long time ago. Melt recently frozen seawater.
ALL BUT MELT
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. basic building blocks of all matter covalent bonds electrons atoms ions hydrogen bonds
ATOMS
Of the following statements about the density of seawater, which is/are true? -A decrease in salinity increases seawater density. -An increase in salinity increases seawater density. -An increase in temperature increases seawater density. -A decrease in temperature increases seawater density. -None of the listed choices is correct; seawater density is independent of salinity and temperature changes.
An increase in salinity increases seawater density. A decrease in temperature increases seawater density.
All the following statements regarding pH are true except : pH will be buffered in deeper water where organisms with calcite shells sink. Buffers prevent large changes in the pH of a solution. pH relates to relative acid-base ion balance in a solution. A pH of 3.0 is acidic and a pH of 10.0 is alkaline. As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.
As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly acidic.
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. desalination B. solar distillation C. pycnocline D. electrolysis E. reverse osmosis
C. pycnocline
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. sodium ion B. calcium ion C. potassium ion D. hydrogen ion E. magnesium ion
D. hydrogen ion
Examine the five words and/or phrases and determine the relationship among the majority of words/phrases. Please identify the word and/or phrase that does NOT fit the pattern. Enter only the letter of the answer (caps, no period, and not the full entry) in the field below. A. temperature B. salinity C. thermocline D. pycnocline E. distillation
E. distillation
Of the following processes, which INCREASES the salinity of seawater? Precipitation sea ice melting Evaporation glaciers calving into the ocean, producing icebergs that melt Runoff the formation of sea ice
Evaporation the formation of sea ice
Greater temperature fluctuations are seen in coastal areas due to the marine effect. True False
FALSE
A beaker contains a mixture of ice and pure liquid water at 0oC. What happens to the temperature of the liquid water as heat is added? It rises slowly until it reaches 32oC, and then it remains constant as the ice melts. It rises rapidly as the ice melts. It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise. The temperature pattern cannot be predicted. It immediately begins to rise slowly.
It remains constant until the ice melts, and then it begins to rise.
Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Measure ocean depth. Pass electrical current through the water. Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out. Record the temperature of the water. Determine very exactly the amount of light that can pass through the water. Observe the clarity of the water.
Pass electrical current through the water. Evaporate the water sample, and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out.
The heat capacity of liquid water is 1 calorie per gram per degree C. True False
TRUE
The latent heat of vaporization of water is larger than the latent heat of melting. True False
TRUE
Water is one of the few substances that exists naturally on Earth in all three states of matter (ice, water, and water vapor). True False
TRUE
Why do ionic compounds dissolve readily in water? -The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the specific heat of water. -The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the cohesive properties of water. -The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water. -The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the surface tension of water. -The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the latent heat of water.
The electrostatic attraction between ions is weakened by the polarity of water.
Of the following statements about seawater properties in high and low latitudes, which is/are true? There is a thermocline in low latitudes. There is a thermocline in high latitudes. There is a halocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in high latitudes. There is a pycnocline in low latitudes. There is a pycnocline in high latitudes.
There is a thermocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in low latitudes. There is a halocline in high latitudes.
The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________. have a high heat capacity are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar are organic have no latent heat are smaller than water molecules
are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar
The amount of energy that is necessary to raise the temperature of one gram of water by one degree C is the definition of: boiling point elevation. latent heat of evaporation. calorie. thermal capacity. latent heat of condensation.
calorie
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. bonds that involve the sharing of electrons between atoms hydrogen bonds ions atoms electrons covalent bonds
covalent bonds
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. precipitation increases seawater salinity decreases seawater salinity
decreases seawater salinity
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. river input increases seawater salinity decreases seawater salinity
decreases seawater salinity
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. change in state from liquid to gas evaporation condensation sublimation halocline pycnocline
evaporation
Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale? precipitation stream runoff evaporation river discharge melting glaciers
evaporation
At high latitudes, abundant precipitation and runoff from melting of freshwater icebergs both increase salinity. True False
false
In distillation, saltwater is highly pressurized to drive water molecules through a membrane to remove salts. True False
false
Processes that decrease seawater salinity include evaporation and sea ice formation. True False
false
Salinity refers to all of the solid materials in seawater including dissolved and suspended substances. True False
false
The density of seawater is slightly lower than the density pure water. True False
false
In comparison to most other liquids, the heat capacity of liquid water is: lower than other liquids. higher than other liquids. related to solvent concentration. about the same as other liquids. a function of salinity.
higher than other liquids.
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. high temperature increases seawater salinity decreases seawater salinity
increases seawater salinity
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. sea ice formation decreases seawater salinity increases seawater salinity
increases seawater salinity
The surface tension of water: is related to salinity. increases as density decreases. is relatively high. is very similar in other liquids. is relatively low.
is relatively high
A layer in the ocean where a rapid change in ocean density occurs with a change in depth is called a: halocline. pycnocline. isocline. thermocline. barocline.
pycnocline
Match the term with the appropriate phrase. layer of the ocean that experiences a rapid change in density with depth sublimation halocline condensation evaporation pycnocline
pycnocline
The states of matter in which water exists is primarily determined by: pH. salinity. temperature. density. chlorinity.
temperature
By measuring only chlorinity (concentration of the chloride ion, Cl-) in seawater, we can then calculate the total salinity. This is an application of _________. the marine effect the principle of constant proportions chemical residence time the salinity equilibrium constant hydrodynamic equilibrium
the principle of constant proportions
The Principle of Constant Proportions states that: -ocean salinity varies as a function of season. -the percentage of chloride varies with geographical location. -the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change. -the percentage of sodium varies with ocean depth. -ocean salinity varies with geographical location.
the relative concentrations of the major ions in seawater does not change.
A rapid change in ocean temperature with a change in depth occurs in the: pycnocline. thermocline. barocline. isocline. halocline.
thermocline
As a whole, the pH of the ocean is slightly alkaline. True False
true
Chlorinity, which is the weight of the chloride ion of a water sample, can be used to calculate salinity. True False
true
Except for the water itself, the chloride ion is the most abundant constituent in seawater. True False
true
Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? -On the pH scale, 7 is neutral, the low numbers indicate highly alkaline substances, and the high numbers indicate highly acidic substances. -In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline. -The pH of seawater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3. -Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system. -Seawater is slightly acidic.
-In a natural state, the carbonate buffering system protects the ocean from getting too acidic or too alkaline. -The pH of seawater averages about 8.1 and ranges from about 8.0 to 8.3. -Additional carbon dioxide from the atmosphere is getting into the ocean, overwhelming the natural carbonate buffering system.
Examine the accompanying table. Can you calculate how much less water is contained in saturated air at a polar location with a temperature of -10°C when compared to a tropical location with a temperature of 40°C? 45 grams 47 grams 30 grams 50 grams
45 grams
Water molecules exhibit strong cohesion. True False
True
The density of seawater is affected by salinity and temperature. True False
true
Independent of the actual salinity, the ratios or proportions of the major dissolved constituents of seawater such as chloride, sodium, and magnesium are relatively constant. True False
true