Oceanography - Chapters 1-3, Oceanography - Chapter 4, Oceanography Wk 8, Oceanography wk 11

At which temperature does pure water have the lowest density?

100C

About how many calories are required to convert 2 g of ice at 0°C to water vapor at 50°C ?

160

The average salinity of the oceans is about ________ parts per thousand (‰).

35

An average value for the salinity of seawater could be (pick the best choice).

35 g/kg

At which temperature does pure water have the lowest density?

4oC (liquid) - wrong

Fresh water has its maximum density at ________.

4°C

How many calories does it take to heat 10 grams of ice at 0oC to 50 oC water?

500 calories - wrong try - 1300

Which of the following equations correctly represents a simplified equation for photosynthesis?

6 CO2 + 6 H20 --> C6H12O6 + H20 + 6 O2

Water covers ________ percent of Earth's surface.

71

Salinity

A measure of the amount of dissolved salts in a given amount of liquid

GPS

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

The ________ wavelengths of light penetrate deepest into the ocean.

Blue

Ice-edge ecosystems favor ____ components of the pelagic food web.

Classical

Which substance has the greatest density?

Cold salt water

Longitude

Distance east or west of the prime meridian, measured in degrees

Which latitudinal area tends to have the highest average surface salinity?

Equatorial areas (0° to 10°) -wrong

The proportions of the major salts in seawater are constantly changing.

False

The total productivity of upwelling areas is greater than the total productivity of open-ocean areas.

False

The major ionic constituents of sea salt are normally found to ________.

Have a constant ratio of each constituent to each other, behave a conservative materials, and have the same ratio to each other even when diluted by rainwater

The following change would result in a density increase.

Increase in salinity

List the most 6 abundant elements or ions that are dissolved in water

Sodium, magnesium, calciumm potassium, chloride and sulfate.

Which processes cause surface seawater to increase in density?

Surface water evaporation; Sea ice formation

The polar nature of water molecules aids in water's solvent abilities.

True

The shorter food chains of coastal and upwelling areas generally are more efficient than longer open-ocean food chains.

True

Water is the only substance that occurs on Earth naturally as a liquid, a solid, and a gas.

True

Which of the following materials has the highest specific heat?

Water

The sharing of electrons between hydrogen and oxygen in a water molecule creates a chemical bond known as

a covalent bond

Evaporating two samples of seawater with a different salinity will yield

a different weight of salts

The bond between an electropositive hydrogen on one water molecule and an electronegative oxygen atom on another water molecule is called

a hydrogen bond

The separation of positive and negative charges on a water molecule makes it

a polar molecule - wrong try - all of the above

A place where water can be found on our planet is called

a reservoir

Upwelling ecosystems are a good example of

a transitional food web

The breakdown of organic matter in the presence of oxygen is called

aerobic respiration

Ice-edge ecosytems are driven by

all of the above

An electronegative oxygen atom on a water molecule will attract

an electronegative chloride ion - wrong try - an electropositive sodium ion

As water freezes, the water molecules which causes the density of ice to be than liquid water.

become crystalline; more dense - wrong

Which of the following are affected by the orbit of Earth around the Sun?

both a and b are correct

Heat is measured in ________.

calories

Crustacean zooplankton include the following groups except ________.

chaetognaths

Which substance has the greatest density?

cold salt water

The transformation of water from a gas to a liquid is called

condensation

The polarity of water molecules is responsible for all of the following, except ________.

covalent bonding

Nutrients tend to be produced by ___________ of organic matter at depth then returned to the surface by the physical processes of vertical circulation.

decomposition

Upwelling is the result of all of the following EXCEPT

deep ocean currents

Which of the following phytoplankton created the diatomaceous cliffs of Newport Back Bay?

diatoms

Latitude

distance north or south of the Equator, measured in degrees

The only zone of the ocean with sufficient light for photosynthesis is the ________.

euphotic zone

The transformation of water from a liquid to a gas is called

evaporation

The two processes that control the salinity of most of the surface waters in the ocean over the short term are

evaporation and condensation - wrong

The evaporation of water through the leaves of plants and trees is known as

evapotranspiration

The feeding relationships of organisms--who eats whom--are best depicted as

food web

Which of the following is not a biologically important element for phytoplankton growth?

gold

The ________ of a substance is a measure of the average kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in the substance.

heat - wrong try - specific heat capacity temperature

______ is a measure of the total kinetic energy of the atoms and molecules in a substance while ______ is a measure of

heat; temperature

Which compound does not serve as a pigment in phytoplankton?

hemoglobin

As organic material sinks through the ocean, much of it is remineralized by ________.

heterotrophic bacteria

A water molecule can bond with other water molecules by ________ bonds.

hydrogen

If we freeze the surface of the Arctic Ocean, the salinity of the unfrozen water will

increase

The sun evaporates water from the surface of the tropical Pacific. The salinity of the surface waters will

increase

In general, as a substance cools its density will

increasee

Which of the following events occur in the water column that set off and accompany a phytoplankton bloom in temperate oceans . Check ALL correct answers.

increases in solar radiation at the sea surface; increase in sea surface water temperatures; decrease in light penetration due to increases in phytoplankton biomass; an increase in the angle of penetration of solar radiation (i.e., solar altitude) into the water column; decreases in solar radiation at the sea surface; a decrease in the mixed layer depth

The addition of salt to fresh water to form salt water ________.

increases the density of the water

The water molecule is a polar molecule which means that ________.

it has a slightly negative and a slightly positive side

In Peru, the Coriolis force deflects objects in motion to the ________ in the direction of travel.

left

At high latitudes, phytoplankton blooms are typically most limited by ________.

light

Identify the four seawater constituents that are present in the highest concentration.

magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium - wrong

The separation of charges on a water molecule

makes it a polar molecule - wrong try-all of the above

Density is defined as

mass x volume - wrong try - mass / volume

Upwelling systems are among the______ecosystems in the world ocean.

most productive

In the light-dark bottle method, the light bottle is used to determine rates of

net primary productivity, or NPP

Characteristics of recently upwelled waters are

nutrient-rich; Cooler SST

At low latitudes, primary production is controlled more by the seasonality of the sunlight than by the availability of nutrients.

nutrients

The two most important inorganic nutrients for photosynthesis are ________.

oxygen and carbon dioxide - wrong

In the dark-light bottle experiment, which one of the following is measured in the dark bottle?

photosynthesis plus respiration - wrong

Single-celled photosynthetic microbes that drift with the ocean currents are called

phytoplankton

Which of the following are primary producers in the world ocean? Check all that apply.

phytoplankton -wrong

Organisms that consume plankton are known as

planktivores

The gravity-driven descent of liquid or solid water through the atmosphere to the ground is known as

precipitation

Dinoflagellates are known for ________. Group of answer choices

producing toxins that can be lethal to humans, their ability to glow with bioluminescence, and their formation of bottom sediments - wrong

Primary productivity is best described as ________.

rate of production of organic carbon

In California, the Coriolis force deflects objects in motion to the ________ in the direction of travel.

right

Electrical conductivity readings at a known temperature measure ________

salinity

Density of seawater increases as ________.

salinity and pressure increase and temperature decreases

Tides of large amplitude occurring every two weeks at the new and full moon are called ________ tides. Group of answer choices

spring

Food webs that persist under relatively unvarying conditions are called

steady-state foods webs

The transformation of ice directly to water vapor is known as

sublimation

The transformation of solid water directly to a gas is known as

sublimation

The dissolving ability of water is related to ________.

the attraction between the water molecule's positive and negative charges and charges on other atoms

At midlatitudes in spring, a phytoplankton bloom is often preceded by ________.

the critical depth being equal to the compensation depth - wrong

The Principal of Constant Proportions states that

the relative proportions of major dissolved elements is constant

The largest reservoir of water on Earth is

the world ocean

Why are sea ice microbes important to ice-zone food webs in winter?

they supply food to under-ice krill upon which other predators rely for food

Carnivores such as tuna, dolphins and sharks at the top of the food web are known as

top predators

Assuming 10-percent trophic efficiency, the other 90 percent of the energy associated with a given trophic level is ________.

transferred to lower trophic levels - wrong try - lost as heat

The salinity of surface waters in the oceans ________.

varies mainly in response to the balance between evaporation and precipitation at a given locality

When water is evaporated from a surface exposed to air, the surface is

warmed; cooled - wrong try cooled; warmed

The transport of nutrient-rich water from below the euphotic zone to the surface results from

wind-driven Ekman transport