oceanography extra credit/review materials

Which of the following conditions allows for calcareous ooze to exist beneath the CCD? Select only one answer.

a layer of clay buries the ooze before the sea floor subsides.

Sediment samples from deep beneath the ocean floor are recovered by __________.

rotary drilling

Of the following statements about the density of freshwater and the formation of ice, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

water at 2°C is less dense than it is at 4°C as the temperature of water decreases from 4°C to 0°C, its density decreases water's maximum density is at 4°C ice is less dense than liquid water, which is why ice floats

Of the following properties of water, which is/are caused by the unusual geometry of water molecules? Choose all that apply.

water has cohesion and surface tension water has the ability to dissolve just about anything water molecules have polarity water molecules form hydrogen bonds

Of the following statements about the transfer of heat on Earth, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

water vapor in the air carries latent heat with it, which is released in other areas air currents move warmer air from the tropics to higher latitudes ocean currents move warm water from the tropics to higher latitudes

Sediments with all grains of about the same size are classified as __________.

well sorted

Why are tropical cyclones not likely to occur in mid-latitude regions?

westerly winds steer cyclones into cooler ocean water

Based on this data, choose the statement that offers the best explanation for the differences in sediment abundance between the North Atlantic and North Pacific basins. (https://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/esm/esm_trujillo_essofocean_11/img/TruCC_CH4_q6.jpg)

abyssal clays are more abundant in the North Pacific than the North Atlantic because calcareous oozes dissolve before reaching the sea floor in the latter ocean basin.

The percentage of solar radiation reflected from the surface of Earth back into space is known as the __________.

albedo

The principal reason that oil and water do not mix, even when shaken, is that oil molecules __________.

are nonpolar whereas water molecules are polar

Which of the following locations has/have the potential to reliably harness wind power as a renewable energy source? Choose all that apply.

between 5 and 30 degrees latitude between 30 and 60 degrees latitude

Marine sediments that originate in the warm tropical surface ocean would create deposits in the deep sea composed primarily of ___________.

calcium carbonate

Which of the following is a "greenhouse gas" that composes less than 1%% of the atmosphere?

carbon dioxide

If you were an explorer stranded in the Arctic Ocean, what method(s) could you use for creating fresh drinking water? Choose all that apply.

catch and melt fresh falling snow boil seawater; catch and condense the water vapor heat sea ice that formed a long time ago

Which is the most abundant ion in seawater?

chloride

The presence of what type of macroscopic sediment would provide evidence of a meteorite impact on Earth?

chondrites

The sea floor provides the largest reservoir of usable energy in the ocean, and likely the world, in the form of ______________.

clathrates

You take a sediment sample from the ocean floor at a depth of 5500 m. The area has low biological productivity and the CCD is at 4500 m depth. Your sample will probably consist of __________.

clay

From smallest to largest, which list of sediment particle sizes is in the correct order?

clay, silt, sand, pebbles

Earth's polar regions (above 60° latitude) are classified as deserts because __________.

cold, dry sinking air in the polar high regions produces little precipitation

You add sand, silt, and clay to a jar of water, shake the jar vigorously, and allow the sediment to settle. The resulting sediment will most closely resemble that of a(n) __________.

continental rise

A zone of high atmospheric pressure results when there is relatively __________ air aloft.

cool, dry

In regions with low rates of precipitation and high rates of evaporation, the halocline will __________.

decrease in salinity with depth

There is a general trend of decreasing pH with increasing water depth in the ocean. What is the cause of this pattern?

deeper, colder ocean water contains more dissolved carbon dioxide, which causes the pH to be lower

Which of the following statements correctly interpret the environmental conditions associated with types of biogenous deposits? Choose all that apply.

diatomaceous ooze on the sea floor indicates cool surface water above. foraminifer ooze on the sea floor means warm surface water above coccolith ooze on the sea floor indicates the water is shallower than 4000 meters.

Which of the following are microscopic, single-celled floating algae that accumulate to form biogenous sediment? Choose all that apply.

diatoms coccolithophores

Which of the following organisms are responsible for the creation of siliceous ooze? Choose all that apply.

diatoms radiolarians

Weather (short-term conditions of air temperature, wind speed/direction, precipitation, and atmospheric pressure) occurs because __________.

earth's surface is heated unevenly by the sun

Light and variable winds, warm and humid conditions, and frequent rainfall are characteristic of __________ oceanic climate zones.

equatorial

Which process in the hydrologic cycle is most effective at increasing ocean salinity on a global scale?

evaporation

We would expect the salinity of surface waters to be higher in regions where __________.

evaporation is much greater than precipitation

Of the following, which energy resource(s) can be extracted from marine sediments? Choose all that apply.

gas hydrates petroleum

Which of the following statements is/are true about the formation or movement of hurricanes? Choose all that apply.

hurricanes generally travel from the east toward the west because of the trade winds the latent heat stored in water vapor provides the energy that fuels the storm hurricanes are storms that form over warm ocean water the cyclonic flow of air currents in a hurricane is a result of the coriolis effect

Salt beds of the U.S. Gulf Coast are __________.

hydrogenous sediments

A particle containing an unequal number of protons and electrons is called a(n) __________.

ion

Of the following physical properties of the atmosphere, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

low pressure at the surface is associated with rising air (movement away from the surface) warm air holds more water vapor than cool air air always moves from high-pressure regions toward low-pressure regions the air temperature is warmer near Earth's surface than in the upper part of the troposphere

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered hydrogenous? Choose all that apply.

manganese nodules coatings of metal sulfides near black smokers

Which of the following techniques can be used to measure the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply.

measure the chlorinity of the water evaporate the water sample and weigh the amount of solids that precipitate out pass electrical current through the water

Consider the path an object would travel in each of the following scenarios. Which would experience the greatest deflection due to the Coriolis effect?

new zealand (40∘S) to antarctica (70∘S)

We might expect to encounter brackish ocean surface water __________.

off the coast of Washington and Oregon

Marine sediment with more than 30% biogenous material is called __________.

ooze

A sediment sample dominated by microscopic lithogenous sediment grains would be classified as a ___________.

pelagic deposit

Marine sediments provide valuable clues about which of the following Earth history events? Choose all that apply.

previous ocean circulation patterns the climate on Earth millions of years ago the ancient geographical locations of ocean basins past catastrophes, such as major extinction events movement of the ocean floor

The most abundant mineral in lithogenous sediments is __________.

quartz

Of the following sediments, which one(s) is/are considered biogenous? Choose all that apply.

radiolarian ooze tests of foraminifers

The correct order of substances from most acidic to most alkaline is _______, ________, __________.

rainwater, pure water, seawater

Earth's atmosphere is heated primarily by __________.

re-radiation of solar energy from earth's surface back into the atmosphere as infrared radiation

The intensity of tropical cyclones is measured by meteorologists using the __________ scale.

saffir-simpson

Neritic sediments are most likely to be composed of __________.

sand, silt, and gravel

Of the following processes, which increases the salinity of seawater? Choose all that apply.

sea ice formation evaporation

Of the following statements about seawater salinity, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

seawater salinity averages 3.5% the two most common dissolved components in seawater are sodium and chloride seawater salinity averages 35 ppt.

Which type of ice found in the marine environment does NOT form from freezing seawater?

shelf ice

The pH of surface seawater usually has a value of around 8.0. That means the water is __________.

slightly basic (or alkaline)

An oceanographic survey was conducted in the deep waters of the open ocean to assess the stratification of the water column. The results of the study revealed that there was a prominent pycnocline at this location, even though it was isohaline. Which statement would be accurate based on this information?

temperature decreased with depth

In which of the following environments would you expect lithogenous sediment to be the dominant sediment type? Choose all that apply.

the abyssal plains at the base of the continental slope a sandy beach

Oozes are uncommon on continental margins because __________.

the biogenous component tends to be overwhelmed by the amount of lithogenous material derived from the nearby continent

Of the following statements about the pH of seawater, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

the carbonate buffering system stabilizes the pH of seawater the pH of seawater is higher than that of pure water dissolving carbon dioxide in seawater decreases the pH of seawater

What can you infer about the ocean environment from a core sample composed of the following layers: Siliceous ooze (youngest layer) Calcareous ooze, Basalt rock (oldest layer)

the core was collected in a region of high surface productivity in water deeper than 4500 meters.

Of the following statements about the doldrums, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

the doldrums are an area of low atmospheric pressure there is usually little wind but a lot of rain associated with the doldrums the doldrums are the boundary between the northeast trade winds and the southeast trade winds this is also known as the intertropical convergence zone (itcz).

The primary difficulty that must be overcome in the use of desalination plants to provide fresh water is __________.

the high cost of energy involved

Hurricanes frequently make landfall on the U.S. Atlantic and Gulf coasts, but rarely, if ever, occur on the Pacific coast. The primary reason for the rarity of west coast hurricanes is that __________.

the ocean water does not get warm enough to supply the needed heat energy for hurricanes

Which of the following are valid names of boundaries between global wind belts or at the poles? Choose all that apply.

the polar front the polar high the horse latitudes the intertropical convergence zone

By measuring only chlorinity (concentration of the chloride ion, Cl-) in seawater, we can then calculate the total salinity. This is an application of _________.

the principle of constant proportions

The Coriolis effect is caused by __________.

the rotation of Earth

Of the following statements about the trade winds, which is/are true? Choose all that apply.

the trade winds are found between about 5 and 30 degrees north or south latitude the trade winds generally blow from the east to the west the trade winds are strong and steady winds

What do manganese nodules, metal sulfides, and evaporites all have in common?

they all precipitate from water oversaturated in their respective minerals.

Of the following, which requires the greatest amount of heat energy?

vaporizing one gram of water

Of the following types of lithogenous sediment, which one(s) would you expect to find very far from the location of origin? Choose all that apply.

volcanic ash quartz silt