Oceanography Final set 1

____ 3. Most biologists and geologists now think life began on Earth about: a. 3 million years ago. b. 8 billion years ago. c. 3.5 - 4 billion years ago. d. 10,000 years ago. e. 500,000 years ago.

c. 3.5 - 4 billion years ago.

54. Plankton is a phylogenetic category. a. true. b. false.

B. False

____ 31. Which of the following best states the evolutionary theory? a. Evolution is the maintenance of life under changing conditions. b. Evolution is the invariable survival of the fittest. c. Evolution is the descent of humans from apes. d. Evolution is the inheritance of acquired characteristics.

a. Evolution is the maintenance of life under changing conditions

21. The movement of a substance through a biological membrane from a region of low concentration to a region of higher concentration is called a. active transport. b. osmosis. c. diffusion. d. isotonicity.

a. active transport.

43. These sometimes use a small droplet of oil for flotation. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

a. diatom

46. Cut through by tiny pores that permit contact of membranes with seawater. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

a. diatom

48. The more efficient photosynthesizer of the two plants listed. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

a. diatom

____ 41. Two valves, or shells, of glass-like substance. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

a. diatom

____ 47. Of the two plant-like organisms listed, this one has the deeper average compensation depth. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

a. diatom

____ 19. A marine animal placed in fresh water would be __________________in its environment. a. hypertonic b. hypotonic c. isotonic d. diatonic e. monotonic

a. hypertonic

____ 23. The open ocean environment (up in the water column), in general. a. pelagic b. benthic c. neritic d. oceanic e. hadal

a. pelagic

____ 52. Drifting with the currents. a. plankton b. meroplankton c. ultraplankton d. phytoplankton e. zooplankton

a. plankton

55. The group of marine algae best adapted to deep water is: a. red algae, the Rhodophyta. b. green algae, the Chlorophyta. c. blue-green algae, the cyanobacteria. d. golden algae, the Chrysophyta. e. brown algae, the Phaeophyta.

a. red algae, the Rhodophyta.

. The Gaia hypothesis, suggested in 1979 by James Lovelock, suggests that life influences the physical environment of Earth, possibly by intentional control. a. true b. false

a. true

12. Though it is difficult to generalize for the ocean as a whole, the bottom of the euphotic zone is typically __________ meters (feet) in mid-latitudes. a. 20 meters (66 feet) b. 70 meters (230 feet) c. 120 meters (380 feet) d. 200 meters (650 feet) e. 500 meters (1600 feet)

b. 70 meters (230 feet)

____ 17. When carbon dioxide dissolves in water, the water becomes slightly more a. acidic, its pH is higher. b. acidic, its pH is lower. c. alkaline, its pH is higher. d. alkaline, its pH is lower.

b. acidic, its pH is lower.

____ 24. Refers to the bottom, in general. a. pelagic b. benthic c. neritic d. oceanic e. hadal

b. benthic

____ 9. "Fixation" means a. the spaying or neutering of marine mammals to prevent overpopulation. b. binding an atom into a larger molecule. c. adding carbon dioxide to a compound. d. adding nitrogen to a compound. e. removing oxygen from a large molecule

b. binding an atom into a larger molecule.

____ 39. Flexible outer covering. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

b. dinoflagellate

____ 40. Propelled by twin whip-like projections. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

b. dinoflagellate

____ 42. HABs or "red tides" are usually caused by these. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

b. dinoflagellate

____ 44. The more primitive of the two (evolved first). a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

b. dinoflagellate

____ 45. Some species are brightly bioluminescent. a. diatom b. dinoflagellate c. neither d. both

b. dinoflagellate

14. An organism's metabolic rate approximately doubles with a temperature increase of 20°C.

b. false

16. All other factors being equal, a greater quantity of dissolved gas can be held in solution in warm seawater than in cold seawater. a. true. b. false.

b. false.

38. Seaweeds are of great interest to marine biologists, but have no commercial value. a. true. b. false.

b. false.

54. Plankton is a phylogenetic category. a. true. b. false.

b. false.

50. Part of the organism's life cycle is spent as a member of the plankton community. a. plankton b. meroplankton c. ultraplankton d. phytoplankton e. zooplankton

b. meroplankton

20. Diffusion of water through a biological membrane is called: a. active transport. b. osmosis. c. diffusion. d. isotonicity.

b. osmosis.

11. The zone of lighted ocean in which marine autotrophs tap more energy (surplus) than they use to stay alive is called: a. the photic zone b. the euphotic zone c. the abyssal zone d. the mesopelagic zone e. the hadal zone

b. the euphotic zone

36. When a phytoplankter remains below its compensation depth, it: a. will survive, but will grow much more slowly. b. will eventually die. c. will die almost immediately. d. [The question is meaningless.]

b. will eventually die.

____ 26. A population of fish in an enclosed lagoon was threatened with overpopulation and a stressed food supply until a number of predators discovered the population. After a time, there were fewer fish, but the average swimming speed of the population of fish had increased. This is a good illustration of: a. Artificially induced mutation. b. Hereditary transmission of the results of training. c. Natural selection. d. Population explosion. e. Genetic drift.

c. Natural selection.

____ 27. "Success" in biology means: a. Amount of territory controlled. b. Number of mates. c. Number of living offspring. d. Size of adult individual. e. Appearance of adult individual.

c. Number of living offspring.

____ 25. The open ocean environment, over the continental shelves. a. pelagic b. benthic c. neritic d. oceanic e. hadal

c. neritic

13. The two main inorganic nutrients necessary for the success of marine autotrophs are: a. carbon dioxide and carbohydrates. b. glucose and oxygen. c. nitrates and phosphates. d. nitrates and carbohydrates. e. phosphates and carbohydrates.

c. nitrates and phosphates.

____ 10. Mass extinctions are a. relatively common, happening about once in every million years. b. so rare that only one is known from the time of the solidification of Earth's surface. c. relatively rare - perhaps 6 great extinctions have occurred since the origin of life on Earth - roughly every 250 million years or so. d. mythical and unproven e. annual events occurring with the changing of the seasons.

c. relatively rare - perhaps 6 great extinctions have occurred since the origin of life on Earth - roughly every 250 million years or so.

____ 30. The classical definition of species depends ultimately on: a. differences in appearance. b. differences in evolutionary background. c. reproductive isolation from other species. d. differences in taxonomy. e. physical isolation from other species.

c. reproductive isolation from other species.

34. A single species is segregated from all other kinds of living things by a. isolation in space. b. isolation in time. c. reproductive isolation. d. differences in sizes and colors. e. differences in life-styles.

c. reproductive isolation.

49. Smallest drifting organisms. a. plankton b. meroplankton c. ultraplankton d. phytoplankton e. zooplankton

c. ultraplankton

____ 37. The compensation depth for zooplankton is ________________ that for phytoplankton. a. higher than b. lower than c. the same as d. [The question is meaningless.]

d. [The question is meaningless.]

____ 33. A natural system of classification for living organisms relies on an analysis of a. external similarities. b. size and color. c. habitat. d. evolutionary relationships. e. species numbers.

d. evolutionary relationships.

22. The open ocean realm, away from land. a. pelagic b. benthic c. neritic d. oceanic e. hadal

d. oceanic

____ 51. Plant-like organisms. a. plankton b. meroplankton c. ultraplankton d. phytoplankton e. zooplankton

d. phytoplankton

15. Most marine organisms have an internal temperature very close to that of their surroundings. They are known as ____________ organisms. a. endothermic (warm-blooded) b. exothermic (cold-blooded) c. homeothermic (single-blooded) d. poikilothermic (multi-blooded)

d. poikilothermic (multi-blooded)

32. The inventor of the system of biological nomenclature we use today was: a. Benjamin Franklin b. Matthew Maury c. Charles Darwin d. Thomas Henry Huxley e. Carolus Linnaeus

e. Carolus Linnaeus

____ 29. Speciation (origination of new species) nearly always requires some form of: a. mutation and/or variation. b. isolation. c. selection "for" a trait. d. successful reproduction. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

____ 35. Scientific names are a. permanent. b. universally applicable to the species in question. c. usually descriptive in an unchanging language. d. monitored to prevent duplication. e. all of the above.

e. all of the above.

____ 18. A physical or biological necessity whose presence in inappropriate amounts limits the normal action of an organism is called a(n) a. community factor b. biological factor c. environmental factor d. ecological factor e. limiting factor

e. limiting factor

53. Animals. a. plankton b. meroplankton c. ultraplankton d. phytoplankton e. zooplankton

e. zooplankton