Oceanography

latent heat of vaporization

(540 calories per gram of water) this is the amount of heat that must be added to 1 gram of a substance at its boiling point to break intermolecular binds and complete the change from liquid to gas

latent heat of melting

(80 more calories of heat energy has been added , the energy needed to break the intermolecular bonds that hold water molecules rigidly in place in ice crystals after state change additional heat is needed to raise the temperature (100 more calories must be added

Calcium Carbonate

-forsminifers(radiolarians)Globigerina -cocclithophores(algae)(spherical) -nannoplankton (100 times smaller)

Four main types of sediments that exist

1. Lithogenous- derived from rock 2. Biogenous-derived from organisms 3. Hydrogenous- derived from water 4. Cosmogenous-derived from outer space

Neritic

1/4 nearshore

tilt

23.5

Sand and gravel

2nd important , rock fragments mined by a dredge, aggregate in concrete, as a fill material in grading projects, diamonds west coast of south america gold ' tin

Pelagic

3/4 deep ocean basin

Calcarous ooze

30% of calcareous secreting organisms caries with depth shallow, warm water= saturated calcium carbonate so dont dissolve..... deep, cold water, carbon dioxide, dissolve, the higher pressure at depth also helps dissolve and high latitude northern pacific, very little calcium carbonate

latent heat of evaporation

585 calories per gram, more heat is required bc more hydrogen bonds must be broken

polar cell

60 and 90 deg lat

subpolar low

60 degrees

tropical storm

61-120

Atom structure

Atoms are the basic building blocks of all matter subatomic particles

Composition of biogenous sediments

Calcium carbonate/calite, and silcia/opal

Heat temp and changes of state

Change: the attractive forces between molecules or ions in the substance must be overcome if the state of the substance is to be changed from solid to liquid or liquid to gas

Van der Waals forces

Dutch Johannes Diderik Waals are weak interactions that become significant only when molecules are close together, solid or liquid energy must be added to them so they can become fast enough to overcome the attractions

energy is low, current speed minimal

Fine grained

North Atlantic Deep Ocean

In the north atlantic ocean, cold relatively salty water sinks and forms a body of water

Summer solstice

June 21 Sun reaches its most northerly point in the sky, directly overhead the tropic of cancer 23.5 north lat the noonday sun reaches its northernmost at this time and appears to pause longest days

Vernal equinox

March 21 sun directly overhead along the equator equal lengths of night and day spring

Beach deposits

Neritic quartz sand washed down by rivers, transported by waves

Turbidite deposits

Neritic, graded bedding

Comparing oozes

Silcieous ooze forms below cool surface water regions, including areas of upwelling where deep ocean water comes to the surface and supplies nutrients that stimulate high rates of biological productivity Calcareous ooze is found in shallower areas of the ocean floor beneath warmer surface water

Sorting

Texture- a measure of the uniformity of grain sizes and indicates the selectivity of the transportation process well sorted- same size particles - sand dunes Poorly- sorted - different particles, carried by a glacier an left behind when it melted

pressure

a column of cool, dense air moves towards the surface and creates high pressure

cyclonic flow

a counterclockwise flow of air around low pressure cells

gravity corer

a hollow steel tube with a heavy weight on top to collect the first cores(cylinders of sediment and rock) depth was limited

Phosphorite

a sedimentary rock consisting if various phosphate minerals containing the element phosphorous an important plant nutrient groundwater leaching

GLOBAL WARMING

a strong warming = high lat a moderate warming = middle lat a little warming = low lat

IPCC intergovernmental panel on climate change

a worldwide group of atmospheric and climate scientists that began studying the human effects on climate change and global warming idea of reducing greenhouse gases in the atmosphere human influence projected climate change

Nonspinning earth

a zone of low pressure and much precipitation occurs along the equator a zone of high pressure and clear dry air weather at the poles

oceans role

absorb carbon dioxide

a thermal sponge

absorb large quantities of heat without much change in temp surplus energy

nitrous oxide, tropospheric ozone and chlorofluorocarbons

absorb many times more infrared radiation per molecule than carbon dioxide or methane

humans are

adding vast amounts of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere which is causing earths climate to change

Latent heat

affects the amount of energy needed to increase water temperature and change that state of water

anticyclonic flow

air leaves high pressure and curves to the right and establishes a clockwise flow of air around high pressure zones

polar easterly winds

air moves away from pole northeast=north southeast=south

biogenous sediment

algae and protozons

Earths axis

always points in the same direction, toward Polaris, the north star

Atmospheric water vapor

amount of water vapor int he air depends on temp warm air can hold more water vapor bc air molecules are moving faster and come into contact with more water vapor, moist cold air=dry

Ion

an atom gains or loses one or more electrons and thus have an overall electrical charge

Suns declination

angular distance from the equatorial plane varies between 23.5 north and 23.5 degrees south of the equator in a yearly cycle tropics receives much greater annual radiation than polar areas seasonal changes influence climate

storms

are atmospheric disturbances characterized by strong winds, precipitation, thunder lightening

iceburgs

are bodies of floating ice broken away from the glacier on land snow

Earths seasons

are cause by the tilt of earths axis, which always points in the same direction and alternately tips each hemisphere more toward the Sun during its respective summer

polar

are covered with ice high pressure freezing temp

Clues to sediment origin

are found in its mineral composition and its texture (the size and shape of its particles)

Tropical cyclones

are huge rotating masses of low pressure characterized by strong winds and torrential rain largest storm north and south america called hurricanes western pacific typhoons indian ocean cyclones

air masses

are large volumes of air that have a definite area of origin and characteristics move into the middle lat move easterly

Stromatolites

are lobate structures consisting of fine layers of carbonate that form in specific warm, shallow water environments like high salinity pools -cyanobacterica trap fine sediment

Radiolarians

are microscopic single-celled protozoans (long spikes)

Energy resources

are petroleum and gas hydrates.

Hurricanes also called cyclones or typhoons

are powerful and sometimes destructive tropical storms that form in high- temperature waters and are influenced by the Coriolis effect and Earth'd wind belt

Manganese nodules and crust

are rounded hard golf ball sized lumps Pacific ocean cobalt

Manganese nodules

are rounded hard lumps of manganese iron and other metals , cut in half usually reveal a layered structure around a central nucleation object larger fASTER THEY GROW

thermostatic effects

are those properties that act to moderate changes in temp, which effect earths climate

The greatest amount of lithogenous sediment is found

around the margins of the continents, where it is constantly moved by high-energy currents along the shoreline and in deeper turbidity currents

lower dissolved oxygen in seawater

as ocean warms its ability to hold and carry dissolved oxygen diminishes, organisms increase needing more oxygen

Examining cylindrical cores

ascertain the timing of major extinctions, global climate change, and the movement of plates

Siliceous ooze

at 30% of the hard remains of silcia-secreting organisms the ocean is undersaturated with silica at all depths, so the destruction of siliceous particles by dissolving in seawater occurs continuously and at all depths found below surface water

Fact

at higher temps, liquid water has fewer hydrogen has fewer hydrogen bonds bc the molecules are vibrating

thinnest

at the center of mid ocean ridge

Temperature variation in the atmosphere

atmosphere is heated from BELOW

Surface currents

atmospheric wind belts

why high specific heat??

bc it takes more energy to increase the kinetic energy of hydrogen bonded water molecules than it does for substances in which the dominant intermolecular interaction is the much weaker van der waals force

intertropical convergence zone

because its the region between the tropics where the trade winds converge

location

become finer with increasing the distance from shore

ferrel cell

between 30 and 60 lat

electrostatic attraction

between oppositely charged ions produces an ionic bond the positively charged sodium ions become attracted to the negative ends of water molecules, the negatively charged chloride ions become attracted to the positive ends of the water molecules

Electrical attraction

between positively charged protons and negatively charged elections holds electrons in layers or shells around the nucleus

CCD calcite compensation depth

calcium carbonate dissolves at an increasing rate with increasing depth until this is reached about 45000 meters mid-ocean ridge help calcareous ooze below the CCD

biogenous sediments (30%)

can be classified as either macroscopic or microscopic Macro: large enough to be seen without aid of a microscope and includes shells, bones, and teeth or large organisms, more rare Micro: abundant, contain particles so small they can only be seen well through a microscope, tiny shells called tests, can accumulate on the ocean floor and form deposits called ooze, mushy material

Electrolysis

can be used to desalinate seawater two volumes of freshwater one positive electrode and one neg electrode are placed on either side of the volume of seawater seawater and freshwater is separated by semipermeable membranes (permeable to salt) when the electrical current is applied, positive ions (sodium ions) are attracted to the neg electrode and negative ions (chloride ions) are attracted to the positive electrode

increase in ocean acidity

carbon dioxide dissolved in ocean forms carbonic acid lowering the PH ocean acidification make it harder to make shells might travel to deep ocean floor saturation of carbon dioxide it will absorb less gas so more in atmosphere the warmer the water the less dissolved gas it can hold more carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

of all human induced gases

carbon dioxide makes the greatest contribution carbon dioxide enters the atmosphere as a result of combustion of carbon compounds with oxygen and is colorless and odorless gas that is the same one we exhale from our lungs

aragonite

carbonate minerals, less stable and changes into calcite

Carbon dioxide combines with water to form

carbonic acid

Microscopic particles

carried by wind can disperse in the ocean serve as nuclei around which raindrops and snowflakes form

storm surge

causes most destruction galveston category 4 to 5 most hurricanes are formed in the waters north of the equator in the western pacific

Arctic and Antarctic circle

certain times of the year do not experience daily cycles of daylight and darkness during winter the north arctic circle receives no direct sunlight and antarctic receives continuos radiation for 6 months

salinity and depth

changes in salinity occur on the surface so only slight changes in salinity in deep water

changes in earths orbit

changes in the shape of earths orbit ECCENTRICITY variation of the angle earths axis OBLIQUITY wobbling axis PRECESSION causes seasonal and latitudinal distribution of solar radiation Milankovitch cycle effect glaciers

Coriolis effect

changes the intended path of a moving body, causes moving objects on the earth to follow curved paths northern hemi to the right southern hemi to the left of its intended direction

solvent demineralization

chemical catalysts

Hydro

chemical reactions within seawater cause certain minerals to come out of solution or precipitate

Hadley cells

circulation cells

Gas hydrates

clathrates are unusually compact chemical structures made of water and natural gases form only when high pressures squeese chilled water and gas molecules into an icelike solid most common methane hydrates form at high pressure and low temps when bacteria break down organic matter trapped in sea floor sediments, producing methane gas with minor amounts of ethane and propane decompose at surface temp

High energy transporting media

close to shore

proxy data

come from natural recorders of climate variability such as sea floor sediments coral deposits annual layers of snow packed in glacial ice fossil pollen tree rings historical documents

Particles of sediment

come from worn pieces of rocks, living organisms, mineral dissolved in water, and outer space

The composition of lithogenous sediment

composed of discrete crystals of naturally occurring compounds called minerals

a water molecule

consists of a central oxygen atom covalently bonded to the two hydrogen atoms, separated by an angle of 105 degrees both hydrogen atoms are on the same side of the oxygen atom

Marine Sediments

contain a record of Earth history dating back millions of years; by analyzing sediment cores, scientists have identified extinctions, global climate change, and plate motions. past conditions such as sea surface temperature, nutrient supply, abundance of marine life, atmospheric winds, ocean current patterns, volcanic eruptions, major extinction events, changes in Earth's climate, and the movement of tectonic plates

deep water

contains cold water and more carbon dioxide bc it has the ability to dissolve more gases (higher pressure)

Neritic deposits

continental shelves and in shallower water near islands, coarse grained

earth spins

counter-clockwise north pole clockwise if standing on south pole

southeast trade winds

curve to the left due to the effect too southern hemi

northeast trade winds

curve to the right due to the Coriolis effect

amount of radiation

daily and annually, rotation and seasons

Sunspots

dark blemishes that occur on suns surface huge magnetic storms auroa northern lights

winter solstice

dec 22 the sun is directly overhead along the tropic of capricorn 23.5 south lat shortest days

increasing the pressure or adding dissolved substances

decreases temp bulky ice

atmospheric pressure

decreases with increasing altitude, depends on weight thinker column of air, higher pressure higher you go up the less pressure causes bag to burst A column of cool dense air causes high pressure at the surface which will lead to sinking air A column of warm less dense air causes low pressure at the surface, which will lad to rising air

Climate is

defined as the conditions of earths atmosphere temp precipitation wind atmosphere geosphere biosphere hydrosphere cryosphere

Cosmogenous sediment

derived from extraterrestrial sources

Lithogenous sediment

derived from preexisting rock material that originates on the continents or islands from erosion, volcanic eruptions, or blown dust (terrigenous sediment)

Hydrogenous sediment

derived from the dissolved material in water

Biogenous sediment

derived from the remains of hard parts(shells,bones,teeth) of once- living organisms

weather

describes the conditions of the atmosphere at a given time and place

deep water

desner and cold water extends to the ocean floor

the angle at which sunlight strikes the ocean surface

determines how much is absorbed and how much is reflected the oceans reflect more radiation at high lat than at low lat

Adding more water

dilutes the dissolved component and lowers the salinity

crystallization

directly from seawater

Lower energy currents

distribute finer components that settle out onto the deep-ocean basins

saffir-simpson scale

divides tropical cyclones into categories based on wind speed

Arctic amplification

dramatically shrinking sea ice and thinning ocean temps increase will reflect less radiation creating positive feedback loop less polar bears stronger arctic storms NORTHWEST PASSAGE

Ecliptic

earth revolves around the sun along an elliptical path the plane traced by Earths orbit

future warming

earths commitment to warming

volcanic eruption

emit huge quantities of gases ad fine grained debris into the atmosphere cooling effect

Melting point

enough heat is added to a solid, it melts to a liquid

lower-energy conditions

exist in the deep-ocean basins

tropical regions

extend north and south of the equatorial region up to the tropics winds blow northeast and southeast

the iron hypothesis

fertilizing the tropical oceans with iron to increase the productivity, Galapagos islands in pacific side effects oxygen depletion of seawater increase ocean acidity natural ecology

Clay sized particles

flat, deposited tend to stick together by cohesive forces (higher energy to move clay)

evaporates

form where there is restricted open ocean circulation and where evaporation ratesnare high Mediteratain sea

Increase seawater salinity

formation of sea ice and evaporation high salinity water has a high density so it sinks below the surface

jet stream

fronts are brought by narrow, fast moving easterly flowing air mass

windss

generate electricity source of power turbines

bent geometry

gives a slight overall negative charge to the side of the oxygen atom and a slight overall positive charge to the side of hydrogen atoms

changes bc of global warming

glaciers melting and ice caps, shorter winters, shifts in species distribution, steady rise in global and sea surface temp

reduce greenhouse gases

global engineering reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth removing human caused greenhouse gases and placing them somewhere else spray sulfate aerosols to mimic cooling effect putting carbon dioxide into subsurface of the earth or deep ocean

air sea interaction

global warming as one interdependent system

Chloride ion

greatest abundance , the weight is its chlorinity

water molecule

has an unusual bend in its geometry, with its two hydrogen atoms on the same side of the oxygen atom, giving water many of its unique dissolving and thermal properties

Each hemisphere

has three major wind belts, in order from the equator to the pole: the trade winds, the prevailing westerlies, and the polar easterlies

protons

have a positive charge same mass as neutrons

neutrons

have no electoral charge (neutral ) don't effect the charge

latent heat of freezing

heat is released when water freezes, same amount of heat when water was absorbed

water molecules....

hexagonal shape

isothermal and isopycnal

high lat good vertical mixing between surface and deeper water

glacial deposits

high latitude, poorly sorted, formed by ice rafting- icebergs breaking away from costal glaciers

subtropical regions

high pressure belts dry, highest evaporation little precipitation high salinity winds weak

polar highs

high pressure regions

subtropical highs

high pressure zones 30 deg

pure water

high specific heat capacity

temperature has a dramatic effect on density of the air

higher temp, air molecules move more quickly, take up more space and density is decreased warm air is less dense so it rises cool air is more dense so it sinks

Water density

how tightly the water molecules or ions are packed together 1 g/cm3 temp, salinity and pressure all affect it

Cohesion

hydrogen bonds are strong enough to cause water molecules to stick together bead up surface TENSION

Red sea

hypersaline water, high evaporation rates and limited to open ocean circulation so dense and buoyant saltier

metal sulfides

hyrdrothermal vents and black smokers along mid- ocean ridge

Solid state

ice, water has a rigid structure and does not normally flow over short time scales, vibrate with energy but remain in relatively fixed position , don't conform to the shape of their container

Boiling point

if enough heat energy is added to a liquid it converts to a gas

Condenses

if enough heat energy is removed from a gas it = liquid

Freezing point

if enough heat energy is removed from a liquid it freezes to a solid (0 C ) 32 F

Covalent bond

in a water molecule are due to sharing of electrons between oxygen and each hydrogen atom they are strong so a lot of energy is needed to break them

Pelagic deposits

in deep ocean basins, fine grained volcanic eruptions, windblown dust, deep ocean currents

biological pump

incorporated into organisms through photosynthesis and through their secretion of carbonate shells ocean acts as a repository or sink for carbon dioxide as sea floor deposits removing carbon dioxide from sunlight surface to deep ocean waters

Dissolved substances

increase the boiling point , decrease the freezing point

density

increases as temp decreases cold air sinks (denser), warm air rises and the molecules lose energy and slow down, so the molecules occupy less space

removing water

increases salinity

transmission of sound in the sea

increasing the amount of carbon dioxide in the sea indicates its more efficient in transmitting sound waves

the Wentworth scale of grain size

indicates that particles can be classified as boulders(largest), cobbles,pebbles, granules, sands,silt, or clay(smallest)

water Vapor

influences density, the addition of water vapor decreases the density of air water vapor has a lower density than air humid air is less dense than dry air

hurricanes

initiated at low lat eye is very calm

Earths climate system

involves exchanges of energy and moisture that occur among the five spheres

Acid

is a compound that releases hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Alkaline or a base

is a compound that releases hydroxide ions when dissolved in water

molecule

is a group of two or more atoms held together by mutually shared electrons smallest form of substance that can exist and obtain original properties

PH scale

is a measure of hydrogen ion concentration of a solution 0(strong acidic) to 14 (strongly basic) neutral = pure water decrease in s ph unit causes an increase in hydrogen ions more acidic

Overall electrical charge

is balanced because each atom contains an equal number of protons and electrons

sea ice

is ice that forms directly from seawater pancake ice ice floes salinity increases

The ocean

is layered based on density; both salinity and especially temperature affect seawater density

sediment size

is proportional to the energy needed to lay down a deposit

Additional heat

is required to overcome its hydrogen bonds

Heat capacity

is the amount of heat energy required to raise the temp of a substance by 1 degree centigrade high heat capacity- can absorb or lose large quantities of heat with only a small change in temp sub low heat- temp rapidly changes when heat is applied oil and metal

Residence time

is the avg. time that a substance resides in the ocean

cold front

is the contact between a cold air mass moving into an area occupied by warm air rain heavier steeper

warm front

is the contact between a warm air mass moving into an area occupied by a cold air

climate

is the long term average weather

Salinity

is the total amount of solid material dissolved in water including dissolved gases but excluding dissolved organic substances does not include fine particles or solid material in contact with water bc they aren't dissolved ratio of the mass of dissolved substances to the mass of the water of the water sample 3.5%

the # of protons

is what distinguishes atoms of the 118 chemical elements from each other

the greenhouse effect

it keeps earths surface and lower atmosphere warm in a way similar to a greenhouse that keeps plants warm enough to grow regardless of outside conditions. most of solar radiation that is not emitted back to space passes through the atmosphere and is absorbed at earth's surface. earths surface in turn emits longer wavelength infrared radiation(heat) a portion of this energy is absorbed by a certain-heat trapping gas in the atmosphere the CHANGE IN WAVELENGTH FROM VISIBLE TO INFRARED

Atlantic higher salinity bc

land, continental effect

ANTARCTICA

large icebergs increase rate thinning of pine glacier

Wave action is strong, or high energy

larger particles, cobbles, boulders

thermocline

layer of rapidly change temperature

pycnocline

layer of rapidly changing density results in effect of halo-cline and thermocline

continental effect

less affected by the sea having a greater range of temp differences

tropical depression

less than 61 kilometers per hour

Carbonate

limestones CO3, warm water shelves tropical islands

The Kyoto protocol

limit greenhouse gases, set target reductions for each country

marine effect

locations that experience the moderating influences of the ocean coastlines and islands

three methods

look at records of Earths past climates to see how and why climate changed in the past, they build compute models that allow them to see how climate works, they closely monitor earths current vital signs with a lot of instruments from space-based satellites to deep-sea thermometers

temp with depth

low lat = constant until 300m the temp decreases rapidly until 1000m high lat = constant cool year around

density with depth

low lat = density low at surface bc temp high 300m and then it increases rapidly until 1000 meters is constant high lat= high at surface and constant water temo is low

Sunlight strikes

low lat a high and angle so area small high lat at low angle so area is larger

equatorial low

low pressure zone at equator

Layered ocean

low-density water exists near the surface and higher density water occurs below As TEMP increases, seawater density decreases As SALINITY increases, seawater density increases As pressure increases, seawater density increases cold water high salinity high density ocean currents bc high density sinks below less dense

Biogenous sediment

m0st common type of pelagic deposit 3 factors: productivity,destruction,dilution

neutralize the ocean

marine organisms die 'antacid'

rotational velocity

maximum at the poles, zero at the equator

heattt

may be generated by combustion (burning) , through other chemical reactions, by friction, radioactivity, conduction, convection, radiation

Macroscopic meteor

meteorite material settles out around the impact site and is either composed of silicate rock material or iron or nickel

PEteoleum

microscopic (oil and natural gas) could cause oil spills

Silca

microscopic algae, diatoms(free floating planktonic) sunlit upper ocean protozons, radiolarians diamaceous ooze

cosmogenous

microscopic spherules and macroscopic meteor debris

temperate

middle lat strong westerly winds blowing from southwest in north hemi heavy precip stroms

tropical cyclone

more than 120 km per hour 74 miles

water vapor contributes

more to the greenhouse effect than anything else most important absorber of heat

Seawater

mostly water molecules but includes a small amount of dissolved substances that gives seawater its characteristic salinity; various surface processes cause salinity to vary

thickness

near mouths of river, major sources of lithogenous sediment

continental shelf deposits

neritic glaciers melt sea level rose, relict cover them. old sediment

Composition of the atmosphere

nitrogen! and oxygen trap heat argon and carbon dioxide

changes in deep water circulation

north atlantic ocean the sinking of dense cold surface waters at high lat stop sinking cause its too warm low in density glaciers melt warm temps, low density pool

melting of polar ice

north hemi= arctic sea ice floating ocean surrounded by land south hemi=continent antarctica thick ice cap land surrounded by ocean

Phosphates

occur abundantly as coatings on rocks and as nodules on the continental shelf and on banks = depths shallower than 1000m fertilizers

the mixed surface layer

occurs above a strong permanent thermocline

Destruction

occurs when skeletal remains(tests) dissolve in seawater at depth

Dilution

occurs when the deposition of other sediments decreases the percentage of the biogenous sediment found in marine deposits, occurs often bc of coarse grained lithogenous material in neritic environments

Precipitation

occurs when there is a change in temp or pressure or addition of chemically active fluids

temp difference day and night

ocean = small difference in temp land = much greater difference higher heat capacity of water absorb the daily gains and minimize the daily losses of heat energy much more easily than land

conditions to create a tropical storm

ocean water temp with greater than 25C or 77F warm moist aire which supplies alot of latent heat as the water vapor in the air condenses and fuels the storm Coriolis effect causes them to spin counterclockwise and clockwise in the southern hemi none at equator

increasing ocean temps

oceans have absorbed the majority of increased heat increase sea surface temp arctic ocean, antarctic peni, tropical waters affect coral sea ice deep water circulation pattern el nino and la nina development of hurricanes

Nucleus

of an atom is composed of protons and neutrons which are bound together by strong forces

99%

of particles that fall to the ocean floor do so as fecal pellets, which are produced by tiny animals that eat algae and protozoans lining in the water column, digest their tissues, and excrete their hard parts

Albedo

of various earth materials is the percentage of incident radiation that is reflected back to space 30% albedo and high lat have more ice and ice has a higher albedo than soil

increasing pressure increases the number

of water molecules in a given volume and inhibits the number of ice crystals that can be created

fossils fuels

oil and natural gas by cars factories power plants

Quartz

one of the most abundant, chemically stable, and durable minerals in Earth's crust, composed of silcon and oxygen, like glass resistant to abrasion, can be far away beach sands

origin of biogenouss

organisms die and then fall to the ocean floor

water molecules stick to

other polar chemical compounds can reduce the attraction between ions of opposite charges

Salinity is expressed in

parts per thousand

Abyssal clay

pelagic far from land, iron, red clays, the absence of other material that would otherwise dilute it

Marine sediments important resources

petroleum, gas hydrates, sand and gravel, evaporite salts, phosphorite, and manganese nodules and crusts

marine organisms

phytoplankton decrease in warmer water migrate to deeper water or towards the poles

interconnections of molecules

positive side attracted to the negative side

subpolar

precip sea ice in winter

Decrease seawater salinity

precipitation, runoff, melting icebergs, and melting sea ice 3/4 of precipitation happens over the ocean

lysocline

pressure high enough and the amount of carbon dioxide is greta enough to begin dissolving calcium carbonate

Buffering

prevents the ocean from becoming to acidic or basic

feedback loops

processes that modify the end result planetary process ex warmer surface temos increase evaporation rates increase water vapor which absorbs heat more water vapor less heat escapes, warmer planet positive negative- clouds can cause a decrease in temp good reflectors

Sediments

provide clues to past climates, movements of the ocean floor, ocean circulation patterns, and nutrient supplies for marine organisms

sequestering excess carbon dioxide

pumping the gas into the deep ocean or underground reservoirs

Halocline

rapid change in salinity low lat = decrease in salinity high lat = increase in salinity

Dissolved components

recycled by stream runoff, they dissolve ions from continental rocks and carry them to the sea, volcanic eruptions on land and sea floor atmosphere

hydrologic cycle

relates the processes that affect seawater salinity recycle water among the ocean, the atmosphere, and the continents

could affect global climate

release of methane and carbon dioxide important greenhouse gases increase in atmosphere bc methane sometimes oxidizes and produces carbon dioxide

water also

resists any change in temp pot and water pot heats quickly water doesnt, takes time

Surface tension

results from the formation of hydrogen bonds between the outermost layer of water molecules and the underlying molecules water molecules have the highest surface tension except mercury

Southern hemi

reversed

Salinity can be measured by instrument called

salinometer - measure its electrical conductivity, increases when more substances are dissolved

Desalination

salt removal from seawater can provide freshwater for business home and agricultural requires a lot of energy plus it is expensive distillation, membrane processes

distillation

saltwater is boiled and the resulting water vapor is passed through a cooling condenser where it condenses and is collected as freshwater

movement of earths plates

scale of many years movement of continents

sea breezes and land breezes

sea breeze warm low dense air above land rises creates low pressure, pulling the cooler air over the ocean toward land land breeze = the land surface cools cool high density air sinks creating high pressure zone that causes wind to blow from land

A lot of salt enter atmosphere as

sea spray also hydrothermal vents deposited in shells and animal poop inland arms of sea dry up, leaving salt deposits called evaporites adsorption physical attachment to the surface of sinking clay and biologic particles

freeze separation

seawater selectively excludes dissolved substances as it freezes thawed several times with slat wiped from it large amounts of energy to melt naturally formed ice (towing)

methane

second kost abundent human caused gas produced by leakage from decomposing trash in landfills , by methane belching cattle, by agriculture

Autumnal equinox

sept 23 the sun is directly overhead the equator again fall

thermal contraction

shrinkage caused by cold temps as water cools to 4C density increases from 4 to 0C density decreases so water stops contracting and expands ice is less dense than liquid water but other substances the solid state is more dense than the liquid so solid sinks

oolites

small calcite spheres in some shallow tropical waters where concentrations of CaCO3 is high

Microscopic spherules

small globular masses, plants that eject small molten pieces of crust into space tektites rain down on earth , glassy, space dust

Spherical earth

so the amount and intensity of solar radiation received at higher latitudes is less than lower

Natural causes

solar energy variations in earths orbit volcanic eruptions plate tectontics

Solar distillation

solar humidification does not require supplemental heating and heated by direct sunlight

earths atmosphere absorbs

some radiation so less radiation strikes earth at high lat (passes through more atmosphere) than low lat

equatorial region

spans the equator which gets an abundance of solar radiation the major movement is upward bc heated air rises, salinity low

the principle of constant proportions

states that the major dissolved constituents responsible for the salinity of seawater occur nearly everywhere in the ocean in the exact same proportions, independent of salinity ocean is well mixed salts dont leave ocean but water molecules do

ocean dont become saltier over time bc

steady- state condition

middle lat

storms common

paleoclimatology

study of past climate

prevailing westerly winds

subtropical zone to higher lat blow east

cycle

sun radiates the energy to the earth, then stored in ocean then evaporates removes it and carries it into the atmosphere in the COOLER upper atmosphere water vapor condenses into clouds - precipitation - releases latent heat of condensation removes heat from low lat and adds it to the high lat

greenhouse effect

suns energy passes through the atmosphere and heat earths surface and then reradiates this energy as heat into the atmosphere

electrons

surround the nucleus which have about (1/2000) the mass of either protons or neutrons

surface salinity varies with latitude

temp decreases at high lat and salinity lowest at high lat perception, run off s melting of ice bergs decrease salinity limit evaporation too and temp increases at equator highest salinity at tropics and equator warm air low lat

Calcarous ooze

tests of foraminifers, coccoliths, and other calcareous- secreting organisms

grain size

texture

waters latent heat

the amount of heat absorbed or released is due to water has high latent heats, as water evaporates from your skin it cools your body by absorbing heat

Calorie

the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree centigrade

polar front

the boundary between the prevailing westerlies and polar easterlies 60 deg

horse latitudes

the boundary between the trade winds and the prevailing westerlies 30 deg

doldrums

the boundary between the two trade wind belts along the equator

Constancy of composition

the concentration of a single major constituent can be measured to determine the total salinity

evaporation

the conversion 0f a liquid to a gas below boiling point

Temperature

the direct measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules that make up a substance greater temp greater kinetic energy changes when heat is added or removed

earths rotation to

the east

shelf ice

the edges of glaciers form thick floating sheets of ice - break of and produce plate like icebergs

Heat

the energy transfer from one body to another due to a difference in temperature is proportional to the energy level of moving molecules and is the total internal energy both kinetic and potential energy transferred from one body to another

increasing the dissolved substances inhibits

the formation of hydrogen bonds, which further restricts the number of ice crystals that can form

dissolved solids reduce

the freezing point of water why most seawater never freezes salt lower freezing

Specific heat

the heat capacity per unit mass of a body

Condensation point

the highest temperature at which condensation occurs 100 C 212 F

Global warming

the increase in average worldwide temperature the enhanced greenhouse effect

troposphere

the lowermost portion of the atmosphere surface to 12 km weather is produced temp gets cooler with altitude

trade winds

the masses of air that move across earths surface from high pressure to low

the cooling effect of evaporation

the molecules left behind have lost heat energy to those that evaporate they have less energy then at boiling point so the need to gain more

Geometry

the more electrons the atom contains the larger the sphere oxygen twice the size of a hydrogen

Productivity

the number if organisms present in the surface water above the ocean floor high - lots of ooze low-none

Hydrogen bonds

the positively charged hydrogen area of the water molecule interacts with the negatively charged oxygen end of an adjacent water molecule bonds between water molecules are weaker than covalent bonds that hold individual water molecules together

hydration

the process by which water molecules completely surround ions

Paleoceanography

the study of how the ocean, atmosphere, and land have interacted to produce changes in ocean chemistry, circulation, biology, and climate. It relies on sea floor sediments to gain insight into these past changes

Solar energy

the sun is a variable star, increase i n solar energy cause global warming decrease global cooling

upper water

the thermocline and pycnocline in relatively low density layer

water

the universal solvent

as a result of climate change

there will be many unintended and severe changes in the ocean including ocean warming, more intense hurricanes, increasing ocean acidity, changes in deep water circulation, melting of polar ice and rising sea level

rising in sea level

thermal expansion of ocean surface and deep waters as it warms and increase in the amount of water in the ocean from the melting of ice on land glaciers and ice caps and ice sheets the storage of water on land in reservoirs affect sloping shorelines

Polarity

this slight separation of charges gives the entire molecule this

reduce greenhouse gases

to eliminate human emissions before they even get into the atmosphere using oceans to reduce the amount of human caused emissions into the atmosphere

energy must be removed

to produce ice crystals so reduction in temp of maximum density

Rotary drilling

today! to collect cores from the deep ocean

Lithified

turned into rock - and form sedimentary rock Mount everest- limestone from the ancient sea floor

a tale of missiles

velocity decreases with latitude

increasing hurricane activity

warmer water more evaporation more storms atlantic ocean stronger la nina like climate conditions increase wind speed and rainfall

radiator

warming air makes it expand making it less dense causing it to rise then a cool window cools the nearby air causing it to contract, more dense and sinks A CONVECTION CELL forms of rising and sinking air

dredge

was used to scoop up sediments from the deep-ocean floor, limited

Dipolar

water molecules are bar magnet

Liquid state

water molecules still interact with each other but have enough kinetic energy to flow past each other and take the shape of their container bonds being broken at greater rates

Reverse osmosis

water on the salty side is high pressurized to drive water molecules but not salt or other things through the membrane to the freshwater side membranes flimsy clogged

gaseous state

water vapor molecules no longer interact with each other except during random collisions flow freely filling the volume of the container

alternation of ocean productivity

water warms ocean stratification will increase and a stronger thermocline will develop productivity decrease bc fewer nutrients

Dissolve nearly everything

water! Ocean Salty

Weathering agents

water, temperature extremes, and chemical effects break rocks into smaller pieces

powers a tropical cyclone

waters latent heat of condensation that is carried within water vapor and is released as water condenses to form clouds in a hurricane begins as a low pressure cell

Measure salinity

weighing the evaporated salts the principle of constant proportions Dittmar

molecules

when atoms combine with other atoms to form this, they share or trade electrons and establish chemical bonds

Eroded

when rocks are in small pieces they can be easily picked up and transported

evaporative salts

when seawater evaporates, the salts increase in concentration until they can no longer remain dissolved, so they precipitate out of solution and form salt deposits gypsum casts and molds halite table salt de ice roads, sodium hydroxide, soap, fireworks pipes

diatomaceous earth

when the ooze lithifies, it becomes this, a lightweight white rock composed of diatom tests and clay (chalk) -white cliffs

latent heat of condensation

when water vapor is cooled, it condenses into a liquid releasing heat cook food and power thunderstorms

Brackish water

where freshwater and seawater mix

heat budget

which describes all the ways in which heat is added to and subtracted from earth

Air always moves from high pressure to low pressure

wind

law of inertia states

you will follow a straight line path until it is compelled to change its path by other forces