oceanogrpahy

The intensity of luminescence by photosynthetic dinoflagellates is strongly influenced by

Answer : B) the intensity of sunlight the previous day.

Instuments on the satellites are used to measure what?

Answer : B) to obtain measurements of the oceans' surface height, temperature and currents.

What important ecosystem often fringes estuaries?

Answer : B) wetlands

How many more people will be living along coastal regions in 30 years?

Answer : C) 1 billion

The Mississippi River Delta was formed by a process called the delta cycle. How long does one cycle usually last?

Answer : C) 1,000 to 2,000 years.

The Bay of Fundy in Canada has the greatest tidal ranges in the world. It can reach _____.

Answer : C) 11 to 53 ft.

The Chesapeake Bay is the largest estuary in North America, how long is it's shoreline?

Answer : C) 11,000 miles

How many hearts does an octopus have? .

Answer : C) 3

In which light zone does 90% of marine life exist?

Answer : D) euphotic zone

Which two chemicals are responsible for bioluminescence?

Answer : D) luciferase and luciferin

What term can be used to describe when a shark is scared off by a school of sardines because it believes they are a blue whale?

Confusion effect

What is special about a shark's jaws?

Answer : D) they are not attached to the skull and can move forward during biting.

What lives on the ocean floor? .

Answer : E) all of the above

Which of these are important to the local economy?

Answer : E) all the above

What do manatees and mermaids have to do with one another?

E) Manatees have mermaid-like tails and used to be mistaken as mermaids.

As the Great White grows its eating habits change. What does the mature Great White mostly eat? .

Answer : C) sea lions, elephant seals, and small toothed whales

What is Giant Kelp?

Answer : C) seaweed that can reach a length of 125 ft.

Which species under the Phylum Mollusca has numerous examples of bioluminescence?

Answer : C) squid

The benthic zone refers to:

Answer : C) the ocean floor

What is the goal of the Beach Bluffs Restoration Project?

Answer : C) to grow native shrubs and wildflowers on the bluffs above Santa Monica Bay

How many types of littoral cells exist along the California coastline?

Answer : C)5

Since this is your last report it will be quite easy. Simply take a look at the extraordinary photographs of bioluminescent organisms and read the information about each one. In your report all you need to do is list their names.

Answer : Gaussia Histioteuthis heteropsis Chaenophryne longiceps Idiacanthus antrostomus Aequorea victoria hydromedusa Aequorea victoria Beroe forskalii tephanomia amphytridis Frillagalma vityazi Pyrosomes Gnathophausia ingens Paraphyllina Sternoptyx Praya dubia Aglantha Pyrocystis fusiformis Diplocardia longa Vampyroteuthis infernalis Abraliopsis Tetrorchisshows Vibrio myctophids Japetella Phylliroe Bathyctena Tomopteris Bargmannia Pyrocystis fusiformis Caecosagitta macrocephala Tuscaridium cygneum Euphausia pacifica Deiopea Clione

Are a shark's teeth permanent? .

Answer : A) No, they often are lost in the flesh of prey. They grow back quickly.

What two rivers come together at the San Joaquin Delta?

Answer : A) Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers

What ecological role do sharks play in the ocean? (choose the most important one) .

Answer : A) Sharks consume wastes.

What body of water does this delta flow into?

Answer : A) South China Sea

How do polyplacophora reproduce? .

Answer : A) The female takes the sperm into her body while feeding.

What other tools do divers use to document a ship wreck?

Answer : D) Video and still photography

What is the hydrologic cycle?

Answer : B) It moves water between the oceans, the sky, and the land.

The Mekong River's flood season usually occurs between what months?

Answer : B) July and October

Are all beaches monitored for the safety of the water?

Answer : B) No

How has the protective shell of the Nautilus led to this species' rapid decline? .

Answer : B) People have killed many Nautiluses for their attractive shells.

What is an ROV?

Answer : B) ROV stands for Remotely Operated Vehicle.

What senses do white sharks use to locate food?

Answer : B) Sharks use hearing, sight, smell, taste, touch, and electrical perception.

What part of the oceans do white sharks occupy? .

Answer : B) The white shark is found in temperate waters throughout the world's oceans.

Where are they found?

Answer : B) They are found in the coastal regions of Indo-Pacific oceans as well as off the coast of Florida and in the Caribbean.

What distinguishes sharks from the vast number of other bony fishes?

Answer : C) Sharks have cartilaginous skeletons; they do not have bones.

What is the largest toothed whale? The smallest?

Answer : C) Sperm whale, vaquita

How does the sea floor compare in age to the continents?

Answer : C) The sea floor is roughly 200 million years of age while some of the continents are 4 billion years of age.

What is the attack strategy of the Great White Shark? .

Answer : C) The shark relies on swift surprise attacks from below, taking a huge and often fatal bite out of its prey.

Which answer best describes a space segment? .

Answer : C) The space segment is made up of twenty-four satellites that orbit the earth every twelve hours

What is the ubiquitous aspect found at Fagatele Bay Sanctuary?

Answer : C) The ubiquitous aspect of Fagatele Bay is its extensive coral reef ecosystem.

Who are the Chondrichthyes and what are their characteristics? .

Answer : C) They are Cartilaginous fishes. They lack true bones because their skeletons are made of cartilage.

How are the Nautilus and Allonautilus different from other cephalopods? .

Answer : C) They have external shells and no lenses in their eyes.

What is the main focus of the National Estuary Program? Choose the best answer.

Answer : C) To maintain the integrity of estuaries and to encourage local communities to take responsibility for the maintenance and health of the ecosystem.

How big can the sea wasp get?

Answer : C) basketball size with 15 foot tentacles

The exoskeleton of the crab is called the ______? .

Answer : C) carapace

Bioluminescence is most similar to which of the following?

Answer : C) chemiluminescence

Of what use is bioluminescence to animals?

Answer : C) defense, attract mates, and to find food

What does Cephalopoda mean? .

Answer : C) head- foot

Which two processes are parts of what is known as littoral drift?

Answer : C) long-shore currents and waves breaking onto and receding from shore

What is the main source of oil pollution?

Answer : C) oil poured down drains

The phylum Arthropoda makes up what percentage of all living and extinct organisms? .

Answer : C) over 75%

Bacteria and viruses are making fishermen and local wildlife near the estuary sick. What is the probable cause of this?

Answer : C) pathogens in the water

Through what process do zooxanthellae convert carbon dioxide and water into oxygen and carbohydrates?

Answer : C) photosynthesis

If you found yourself floating along on the Mekong delta, what country would you be in?

Answer : D) Vietnam

Which man-made factors contribute to the destruction of coral reefs?

Answer : H) all of the above

Name two crabs that are not true crabs at all .

Answer : Hermit, King, Horseshoe, and Porcelain Crabs

Write a 3 to 4 paragraph report on marine sciences. The report should address the following questions: What sorts of professions make up marine science? What do some of these scientists do in their profession? Where do marine scientists work? What course requirements are needed for a career in marine sciences and what type of degree is required? Would you want to become a marine scientist? Feel free to add any other information you think applies.

Answer : Professions that makes up marine science includes biological technician, ichthyologist, fishery biologist, marine mammalogist, microbiologist, systems analyst, mathematician, economists, sociologists physicists, hydrologists, and physical oceanographers. These scientists do not just deal with the physical properties of the sea. Some scientists do things such as deal with the study of marine life and living marine resource issues in the so-called field of marine biology. Marine scientists work local governments, aquaria or museums, colleges and universities, and private research laboratories or consulting films. Marine scientists also work in the animal and aquatic sciences. Also, more universities are offering courses and programs in fisheries or wildlife management, another increasingly important aspect of the study of fish, marine mammals, and sea turtles. The course requirements needed to study marine biology are basic biology, zoology, chemistry, physics, biometrics, mathematics, statistics, english, aquatic sciences such as fishery biology, ichthyology, and oceanography, courses in your discipline of interest, and courses in the social sciences. The degrees needed to study marine biology are a bachelor's or master's degree is usually required for most starting marine biological research jobs. "But you should also be aware that the usual level of education required to carry out independent research in biology is a Ph.D., so if you are serious about a full-time career and want to organize your own research projects, you should get your doctorate." I would not mind studying marine biology because i love everything about the ocean and marine animals. What would not be beneficial for studying marine biology is the limited jobs and the limited pay.

What is the most important function of the gastropod shell? .

Answer : Provide protection

Write a 3 to 4 paragraph report on rays. The report should include information on physical characteristics, why rays are dangerous, habitat, diet, and propulsion. Also describe a few different types of rays and what makes them unique from one another.

Answer : Rays in general lives in our oceans and some can be found in bodies of freshwater. Rays are fish but they are similar to sharks because of their cartilage bodies. Their body shapes are flattened and include large pectoral fins that are fused to their bodies and heads. Rays use their pectoral fins to swim. They can be bottom feeders or filter feeders and they eat crustaceans and mollusks buried in the sand. There are four different types of rays and those types include sting rays, manta rays, electric rays, and skates. Stingrays are the most recognized ray and they are identified by their thin tails with barbed stings. Sting rays only sting out of self defense and they use their tails with venom glands to sting. Stingrays are also identified by their diamond shape and that they are found half buried in the sand. Stingrays bury themselves in the sand because they are rooting for food. Manta rays do not have stingers like stingrays do but they are technically still a type of stingray. They can easily be identified by their great size which includes a wingspan of twenty-five feet and a weight of three thousand pounds. Manta rays are also filter feeders and have large padded lobes on the sides of their heads which help direct food to their mouths. They use their pectoral fins to move gracefully underwater, leap, and backflip in the air. Electric rays stun their preys with electric shocks because they do not have any other defense mechanism since they are smaller than the other types of rays. They have a highly developed electric sense and they have electric organs on the sides of their heads which generate from fifty to two hundred volts of electricity. They can shock or injure a human and take out a small prey with their electric organs. Electric rays are usually one to six feet in diameter and are more rounded than the other rays. They use their tails to swim while the other rays use their pectoral fins. Skates are more similar to stingrays than any other ray. Skates have sharp barbs along their spines or on their tails for their defense mechanism since they cannot sting. Skates have wider tails than stingrays with smaller fins near the tip. Skates are also triangular or roundly shaped with elongated noses as opposed to the typical diamond shaped stingrays. Stingrays are oviviparous while skates are oviparous which means they lay eggs that hatch outside of the female's body.

What interesting fact surrounds the mantis shrimp? .

Answer : D) When it strikes with its claws the impact is equal to a .22 caliber bullet.

Through the process of plate tectonics the Mid- Atlantis Ridge is moving what distance each year?

Answer : D) about 2.5 cm per year

How do polar bears hunt seals?

Answer : D) all of the above

What is special about a shark's skin? ..

Answer : D) all of the above

Where are gastropods found? Choose all the correct answers. .

Answer : D) all of the above

What are the researchers trying to do with scuba, side-scan sonar and remotely operated vehicles around Stellwagen Bank?

Answer : D) archaelogical reserach

Which does not belong to the Subclass Octocorallia?

Answer : D) black corals

Gastropods are ecologically important because... .

Answer : D) both B & C

Bioluminescence is simply light produced by a(n) _________ which originates in the organism.

Answer : D) chemical reaction

Which is not a defense mechanism that an octopus uses? .

Answer : D) electrical charge

When do coral polyps prefer to eat?

Answer : D) evening

What is the quickest and easiest way to sample the sea floor?

Answer : D) gravity corers

Which is the main reason whales have become endangered?

Answer : D) historically over-hunted by man

At what depth can one find most reef-building corals?

Answer : D) less than 150 ft.

What accounts for the difference in sand color among beaches?

Answer : D) mineral content of the sand.

Sometimes luciferin and luciferase (with a co-factor such as oxygen) are bound together in a single unit known as _____.

Answer : D) photoprotein

What is the most frequently found item in beach cleanups?

Answer : D) pieces of plastic

Which is not a reason for the decline of this delta ecosystem?

Answer : D) sea grass harvesting

Which is the polar bear's favorite food?

Answer : D) seals

Which animal does not belong to the class Cephalopoda? .

Answer : D) sponge

All fish must maintain their buoyancy, how do sharks keep from sinking?

Answer : D) they have large livers with lots of oil, and they keep moving forward

Which sense is highly developed in an octopus' tentacles? .

Answer : D) touch

Why is desalination not more widely used?

Answer : Desalination plants are costly, require a lot of energy, and very little interest is shown for desalination plants unless there is a drought.

On average, what is the temperature of the waters in the deep sea? .

Answer : E) 39 F

How much salt water can a single oyster filter for food in an hour? .

Answer : E) 5 liters

Vent fluids released from chimneys can reach what temperatures? .

Answer : E) 750°F

Read here how the Mississippi River delta is threatened. What is the cause of the collapse

Answer : E) All of the above

What are characteristics of a slough? .

Answer : E) All of the above

What different things do sharks eat? .

Answer : E) All of the above

Which of these forces affect beaches?

Answer : E) All of the above

In what other ways do corals and coral reefs benefit humankind?

Answer : E) All of the above.

What are the characteristics of invertebrates in this phylum?

Answer : E) All of the above.

What unique distinction did cephalopods hold in our evolutionary past? .

Answer : E) All of the above.

Where are reef-building corals found?

Answer : E) All of the above.

Which are features of an estuary?

Answer : E) All of the above.

Why does strong wave action promote coral growth?

Answer : E) All of the above.

Why is it important to maintain a system of marine protected areas?

Answer : E) All of the above.

Why is this area considered "the single most important economic and environmental resource in the entire state"?

Answer : E) All of the above.

What role do insects play in the estuary environment?

Answer : E) B, C, and D are all correct

Which two species of fish have been protected under the federal Endangered Species Act?

Answer : E) Chinook salmon and Delta smelt

What advantage is there to floating in ocean currents and accumulating in windblown drift lines?

Answer : E) There are high concentrations of fish associated with drift lines.

How are people contributing to the unbalancing and destruction of estuary ecosystems?

Answer : E) all of the above

How has the development of this industry affected California?

Answer : E) all of the above

What are some of the characteristics of gastropods? .

Answer : E) all of the above

What are some of the human-related dangers facing many cetaceans today?

Answer : E) all of the above

What are the main causes of the decrease in population of sea turtles?

Answer : E) all of the above

What aspects of coastal development have interfered with the natural process of beach building and erosion?

Answer : E) all of the above

What can you do to help make the water at our beaches safer?

Answer : E) all of the above

What do corals eat?

Answer : E) all of the above

What is the main cause of decreased numbers of marine mammal species?

Answer : E) all of the above

What kinds of resources can be found in the seabed?

Answer : E) all of the above

What kinds of studies can submersibles help with?

Answer : E) all of the above

Where can one find the members of the class Malacostraca? .

Answer : E) all of the above

Which is a characteristic of an arthropod? .

Answer : E) all of the above

Which is a cultural benefit of estuaries?

Answer : E) all of the above

Who are among the oyster's greatest enemies? .

Answer : E) all of the above

National Marine Sactuaries are created to preserve their:

Answer : E) all of the above.

The Mekong Sub-region is home to how many animal species?

Answer : E) all the above

What is the carbohydrate polymer found in arthropods that gives the exoskeleton its firmness and toughness? .

Answer : E) chitin

What type of estuary is Puget Sound considered?

Answer : E) fjords

In the majority of cases, which two ways bring fresh luciferin into the organism?

Answer : E) internal synthesis and diet

What are the three most common types of devices used for remote sensing?

Answer : E) radar, scanners, and cameras

Which is not a characteristic of class Bivalvia? .

Answer : E) radula

Twice each month the gravitational forces between the earth, the moon and the sun create maximal tidal ranges. These are known as ______.

Answer : E) spring tides

What industry plays an important role in the life of the delta and the delta region?

Answer : E) water development

Anemone is a Greek word meaning ______.

Answer : E) wind-flower

What is "spat"? .

Answer : E) young oysters who have just settled on suitable substrates .

What are ROVs used for?

Answer : F) A and C

What is side-scan sonar used for?

Answer : B) scanning seabed topography

Out of 200,000 octopus eggs, how many will survive to become adults? .

. Answer : B) 1 or 2

There are over _________ recognized species of fish.

22,000

How much electricity does an electric eel generate?

350 volts

About two billion years ago something started producing oxygen, which slowly came to build our atmosphere. What was it?

Answer : aerobic bacteria

Commercial shipping on the oceans can cause many problems, such as..?

Answer : all the above

The oceans can both store and release huge ammounts of heat energy. What do we call this storing and releasing?

Answer : climate buffering

Which of the following is not a gastropod? .

Answer : coral reef

What are fish?

Cold-blooded vertebrates

Why are sea otters so vulnerable in an oil spill?

D) All of the above

What is unique about sea otter fur? Choose the best answer.

D) Sea otters have two layers of fur, the thickest fur, and their skin never gets wet.

What are some of the effects of a red tide on humans?

Humans may suffer severe respiratory irritation, and irritations of the eyes, nose, and throat. Other symptoms include tingling lips and tongue.

Which of the following is the most abundant type of fish?

Ostieicthyes

Which of the following is the most common mode of reproduction found among fish?

Ovopartity

List THREE types of seafood that are OK to eat in a red tide.

People can eat shrimp, crab, scallops, lobsters, and the muscle or 'hard' meat of freshly caught finfish.

List FOUR types of seafood that one should NOT eat during a red tide.

People should not eat oysters, clams, mussels, mollusks, or whelks.

Red tide is not entirely detrimental. What are some of its conceivable benefits?

Red tide plays an important role in photosynthesis.

What causes algal blooms?

When water temperatures rises in the presence of excess nutrients.

Which of the following best explains the meaning of the following quote? "Zooplankton are useful indicators of future fisheries health because they are a food source for organisms at higher trophic levels, such as finfish"

Zooplankton are eaten by finfish, so their health will influence the health of finfish.

How many chambers are in a fish heart?

two

Which fish below is the largest?

whale shark

Where are cephalopods found? .

Answer : C) All oceans

Roughly how many species of birds visit or live in Elkhorn Slough?

Answer : D) 300

Typically, how big can polar bear males and females get?

Answer : A) Males up to 1200 lbs, Females up to 650 lbs.

Which statement is true? Choose the best answer.

A swimming fish relies on its skeleton for framework, its muscles for power, and its fins for thrust and direction. The skull acts as a fulcrum, the vertebral column acts as levers that operate for the movement of the fish.

Why do sea otters attach their young and themselves to kelp? Select the best answer.

A) Attaching young to kelp prevents them from getting lost when the parents go hunting. It also anchors sea otters when sleeping.

Which family of pinnipeds has the following characteristics: external ear flaps, large flippers which can be used for walking, front flippers used like oars for swimming.

A) Otariids

What and how much do manatees eat in a day?

A) They eat 100 to 150 lbs of sea grass each day.

How many manatees are currently alive?

A) between 3000 - 4000

What is the greatest human cause of manatee deaths?

A) boat collisions

What are the three families of pinnipeds?

A) otariids, phocids, odobenids

What is remote sensing?

Answer : A) It is the science and art of obtaining information about phenomena without being in contact with it.

What is the difference between an anadromous fish and a catadromous fish?

Anadromous fish mostly live in salt water but spawn in fresh water while catadromous fish mostly live in fresh water and spawn in salt water.

What is the cost of water per acre-foot from this desalination plant?

Answer : $2000 to $2400

How much of the world's total protein comsumption comes from fish?

Answer : 16%

Fresh water drains into the Gulf of Mexico from how many U.S. States?

Answer : 31

Though deep sea submersibles have gone to the deepest trenches in the world (Bathyscaph Trieste journeyed 35,802 ft. into the depths of Mariana's Trench) what is the furthest depth most large submersibles travel to?

Answer : A) 20,000 ft

How small is the smallest of all octopi? (Octopus micropyrsus) .

Answer : A) 3/8" to 1"

Air pollution is responsible for _____ of toxic contaminants and nutrients that enter coastal areas and oceans.

Answer : A) 33%

Some parts of the San Francisco Bay are as shallow as 15 feet, what's the deepest?

Answer : A) 360 feet

How much of California's freshwater flows through the San Joaquin Delta?

Answer : A) 40%

What phylum do corals belong to?

Answer : A) Cnidaria

What statement best describes the differences between the teeth of dolphins and those of porpoises?

Answer : A) Dolphins have sharp teeth, while porpoises' teeth are shovel-shaped.

Why are shark fossils rare? .

Answer : A) Except for teeth and vertebrae, cartilage does not calcify like true bone.

Why are some of the snails found around hydrothermal vents described as being "naked?" .

Answer : A) Their calcium carbonate shells could not form because the vent water is extremely acidic.

Which one of these statements is true about sea snakes?

Answer : A) These are air-breathing reptiles can stay submerged for up to two hours!

What are nematocysts?

Answer : A) They are stinging capsules filled with venom.

How has the Pismo clam adapted to the rough surf zone?

Answer : A) They have large, heavy shells, which act as anchors.

What purpose do baleen plates serve?

Answer : A) They serve as filters and help trap food.

What were the ancestors of today's pinnipeds probably like?

Answer : A) They were land dwellers, probably related to weasel and bear-like ancestors.

Can rain contribute to beach pollution?

Answer : A) Yes

American Samoa is located?

Answer : A) about two-thirds of the way between Hawaii and New Zealand.

How does the National Estuary Program help preserve estuaries?

Answer : A) by encouraging local communities to take care of their estuaries

_______________ are special skin cells cephalopods have that allow them to change color and communicate. .

Answer : A) chromatophores

What animal eats coral polyps and in large numbers can devastate coral reefs?

Answer : A) crown-of-thorns sea star

The majority of bivalves are ______? .

Answer : A) filter feeders

What is the most common illness arising from contact with polluted beach water?

Answer : A) gastroenteritis

Currents flow around the world in giant loops known as?

Answer : A) gyres

Many oysters are protandric. A protandric animal is one that: Answer : A) has male sexual organs when young and female organs later in life.

Answer : A) has male sexual organs when young and female organs later in life.

What purpose does the muscular foot serve? Choose all correct answers. .

Answer : A) locomotion and burrowing

What other tool is also used to find sunken ships?

Answer : A) magnetometer

What bodily change must occur for a member of class Malacostraca to experience growth? .

Answer : A) molting

How many terrestrial plant species can be found around the slough?

Answer : A) over 400

Where does most of a beach's sand come from?

Answer : A) river sediments

Which animal is not found in the order Decapoda? .

Answer : A) sponges

In most marine invertebrates the transmitters are

Answer : A) unknown

What adaptations did whales undergo as they became marine animals?

Answer : All of the Above

What are some of the valuable resources available from our oceans?

Answer : All of the above

What are the two reasons why most bioluminescence is blue in color?

Answer : B) 1. Most organisms are sensitive only to blue light (lacking the visual pigments to absorb other wavelengths). 2. Blue-green light transmits furthest in water.

If ocean water is relatively clear, how deep can sunlight penetrate?

Answer : B) 100 meters

What is the deepest depth in which a fish has ever been found? .

Answer : B) 27,460 ft.

In the tropical rainforest, how many species of Arthropods do biologists believe have yet to be discovered?

Answer : B) 6 to 9 million

What percentage of the earth's volcanic activity takes place in the oceans?

Answer : B) 90%

What is a fringing reef?

Answer : B) A fringing reef is a reef that borders the shores of continents and islands in tropical seas.

What best describes a littoral cell?

Answer : B) A geographic segment of shoreline that incorporates a complete cycle of beach sediment supply, sand transport, long-shore current and eventual permanent loss of sand from the littoral cell.

What is an atoll?

Answer : B) An atoll is a reef that surrounds a central lagoon.

Why do reef-building corals grow at this depth?

Answer : B) Because reef-building corals have a symbiotic relationship with a type of microscopic algae, sunlight is necessary for these corals to thrive and grow.

What is bowriding?

Answer : B) Bowriding describes how dolphins and porpoises ride the waves that a boat makes

Ocean currents north of the equator bend to the right, while ocean currents south of the equator bend to the left. This is known as the _______

Answer : B) Coriolis effect

What is desalination?

Answer : B) Desalination is the process of converting saline water into potable water.

How does energy react with objects on earth? .

Answer : B) Energy is reflected, absorbed, and transmitted

How do cuttlefish use bioluminescence?

Answer : B) For defense, cuttlefish squirt a cloud of glowing mucus into the face of an attacker.

How do gamma rays compare in size to radio waves?

Answer : B) Gamma rays are much smaller than radio waves.

Into what body of water does the Mississippi River Delta flow?

Answer : B) Gulf of Mexico

What is a "black smoker?" .

Answer : B) Hydrothermal vent

How do octopi compare, brain-wise, with other invertebrates? Give examples. Watch this NOVA video (the video may start with an advertisement). .

Answer : B) They have the most complex brain of the invertebrates. They are capable of short and long term memory.

What do scientists believe whales' ancestors may have been like?

Answer : B) They lived on land, looked like small dogs and were possibly related to hippos.

How do polyplacophora get nutrients? .

Answer : B) Using their many tiny teeth, they scape algae off of rocks and swallow it.

What purpose does the hammerhead shark's unusual head shape serve?

Answer : B) With the eyes located on the lateral ends of the head, the hammerhead has binocular vision and can track prey above and below them more easily.

What are zooxanthellae?

Answer : B) Zooxanthellae are single-celled algae that live inside of shallow water-dwelling anemone.

What is a hemocoel? .

Answer : B) an open body cavity where blood bathes the tissues and organs

Which light zone is characterized by complete darkness?

Answer : B) aphotic zone

What is an AUV?

Answer : B) autonomus underwater vehicle

How do animals that live in the surf zone adapt to this ever-changing environment?

Answer : B) burrowing into the sand

The funnel of the giant squid has many purposes. Which one of these is not a function of the funnel? .

Answer : B) capturing prey

The class Malacostraca contains the largest number of what species? .

Answer : B) crustaceans

What are two strategies corals employ to compete for living space?

Answer : B) digesting the tissue of other coral and secreting poisonous toxins

Most bioluminescence in shallow water is produced by what organism?

Answer : B) dinoflagellates

Are Californians more likely to be killed by a Great White or a dog? .

Answer : B) dog

Which word best describes a shark's tail? .

Answer : B) heterocercal

The cutting of coastal rockweed for fertilizer, animal feed, and nutritional supplements has doubled in the last six years, to 15 million pounds has done what to the lobsters habitat? .

Answer : B) it has depleted an important habitat for young lobsters

What is the oil-filled organ inside a dolphin's head that helps focus and direct sound?

Answer : B) melon

The plume of the tubeworm serves the same function as a _________ would if it had one. .

Answer : B) mouth

Which animal does not belong among the class Bivalvia? .

Answer : B) octopi

How extreme is the water pressure in the deepest point of the Mariana Trench? .

Answer : B) over 8 tons per square inch, or the equivalent of an average sized woman holding up 48 jumbo jets

Sea Snake venom is

Answer : B) potentially lethal to humans.

Which animal does not belong in class Gastropoda? .

Answer : B) squid

What word characterizes the relationship that the sea anemone has with the Clownfish?

Answer : B) symbiotic

What type of estuary is San Francisco Bay considered?

Answer : B) tectonic

How large does the giant squid (Architeuthis dux) grow? .

Answer : C) 59 ft. and 1980 lbs.

Stellwagen Bank depth ranges from ______ to _____ feet?

Answer : C) 65 to 600 feet

In Cambodia, what % of their total protein intake comes from the Mekong?

Answer : C) 80%

What percentage of the anemone's body is composed of water?

Answer : C) 95%

What percentage of the species found by the vents are new to science? .

Answer : C) 95%

What is a "monkey bridge"?

Answer : C) A monkey bridge is a delicate bamboo bridge.

What class do corals belong to?

Answer : C) Anthozoa

Which of the following is not an accurate statement about estuaries?

Answer : C) Estuaries are of little economic value.

What unique distinction does the Flower Garden Banks reef have over all other coral reefs found in the United States?

Answer : C) It is the northernmost coral reef in the country.

What does a cleaner wrasse do?

Answer : C) It removes parasites from fish.

Which of the following is not true about this snake?

Answer : C) Its needle-like fangs can penetrate a wetsuit.

What does it mean for an animal to be endangered?

Answer : C) Its population levels are very low, it is at great risk of becoming extinct, and it needs active protection to survive.

Which is not a productive thing to do in the protection of endangered species?

Answer : C) Jump up and down in anger.

Why does the female anglerfish, Cryptopsaras Couesi, have males attached to her side? .

Answer : C) Males attach themselves to females for breeding purposes.

How are coral skeletons being used in medicine? Scroll to the bottom of the page.

Answer : C) Many things including painkillers and sunscreen.

Two hundred million years ago, what was the name of the one giant ocean that surrounded the supercontinent, Pangaea?

Answer : C) Panthalassa

Choose the best answer for the theories on why the ocean is blue.

Answer : C) Seawater is not capable of absorbing blue light, so it is reflected.

Write two to three paragraphs describing what chemosynthesis is. Make sure the essay includes information on the difference between photosynthesis and chemosynthesis and what symbiosis is. The essay should include words such as hydrothermal vents and sulfide-oxidizing bacteria. .

Answer : Chemo synthesis is the process by which certain microbes create energy by mediating chemical reactions. The difference between photosynthesis and chemo-synthesis is that photosynthesis is the process by which plants make energy from sunlight and chemo-synthesis is the process by which certain microbes create energy by mediating chemical reactions. But they are related because at hydro-thermal vents in the deep ocean a unique ecosystem has evolved in the absence of sunlight, and its source of energy is chemo-synthesis which is completely different. Symbiosis is the interaction between two different organisms living in close physical association, typically to the advantage of both.

Yearly, which country catches the most fish?

Answer : China

write a 2-3 paragraph essay on sharks. Include where they are found, what they eat, why they are endangered, and any other information you find relevant and interesting. .

Answer : Currently, there are about four-hundred shark species including rays and other similar sharks that exist today. Shark species have been around for over four-hundred million years making them older than dinosaurs. Sharks are in the Chondrichthyes group because sharks are a type of cartilaginous fish which means they lack bones; they have cartilages instead. Since sharks have cartilage instead of bones, it is very hard to find fossil remains since they are softer than bones. Sharks can live up to one hundred years but it varies by species. Sharks and batoids can eat almost anything. They eat fish, crustaceans, molluscs, marine mammals, and other sharks. Sharks do not eat humans, they are known to attack humans but they do not eat them. It is known in California that more people are killed by dogs rather than sharks. Sharks are mostly found in all five oceans but some have been found in freshwaters and rivers. Sharks are endangered because of shark finning and incidental catch by fishermen. Approximately one hundred million sharks are killed each year and many shark species that were once considered abundant are moving toward the brink. We need sharks and we should not fear them but fear losing them because they are the balance of life. Sharks have only an inner ear that consists of three chambers and an otolith. Sharks use their inner ear to detect sound, acceleration, and gravity. Sound is important for sharks because they use it for everything. They use it for food and to detect prey. Sharks are attracted to low frequency pulsed sounds since sound travels faster underwater than on land. Sharks also use their eyesight to see in dimmed lighting and they use their eyes as mirrors since their eyesight is large and spherical.

How many varieties of sea anemones exist?

Answer : D) 1000

The Estuary provides a habitat for over _______ species of plants and animal life?

Answer : D) 2,500

How high was the largest tsunami ever recorded?

Answer : D) 210 ft.

Since hydrothermal vents were discovered a little over 2 decades ago, how many species of life have scientists discovered living around the vents? .

Answer : D) 300

How far down has the Bathyscaph Trieste (a deep-sea exploration craft) journeyed? .

Answer : D) 35,802 ft.

How many people live in the delta region?

Answer : D) 60,000

What is a barrier reef?

Answer : D) A barrier reef forms when landmasses sink and fringing reefs become separated from shorelines by wide channels.

Why is it important to grow native plants on the bluffs?

Answer : D) All of the above

How has the lobster population shifted according to the articule? .

Answer : D) American lobster as a species has shifted 43 miles northward in the last decade.

Which statement is most accurate? .

Answer : D) An oyster spends most of its life attached to rocks or other hard surfaces.

Where might you run into a polar bear? .

Answer : D) Artic coastlines and ice flows

How does beach formation begin?

Answer : D) Beach formation begins from eroded continental material such as sand, gravel, and cobble fragments washed to sea by streams and rivers.

What are other names for the Sea Wasp (species - Chironex Fleckeri)?

Answer : D) Box Jellies

What is the scientific name for the white shark? .

Answer : D) Carcharodon carcharias

Which kind of fish makes it's home in the tentacles of different anemone species?

Answer : D) Clownfish

Why is it important to locate oceanic and coastal fault lines?

Answer : D) Fault lines are areas of seismic activity that can cause tsunamis. By locating them we have a chance to warn the public before they strike.

What is unique about the habitat of the yellow-bellied sea snake compared to other aquatic snakes?

Answer : D) It lives in the open ocean, avoiding freshwater.

How do most bioluminescent organisms emit light?

Answer : D) Light is emitted in durations of .1 to 10 seconds.

What is the name of the world's longest mountain range?

Answer : D) Mid-Ocean Ridge

Octopi belong to the class Cephalopoda. What phylum do cephalopods belong to? .

Answer : D) Mollusca

Why do Australian lifeguards wear pantyhose on their arms and legs?

Answer : D) Nematocysts won't respond without coming in contact with the chemicals on human skin.

Are all sharks man (or woman) eaters? Explain. .

Answer : D) No, comparatively few are dangerous to humans.

Is a river delta a stable (unchanging) place? Why or why not?

Answer : D) No. The accumulation of sediment is ever-changing.

What is unique about the arms of the Taningia danae? .

Answer : D) The arms have hooks instead of suckers.

Why are tubeworms so anatomically unique? .

Answer : D) They have no mouth, no stomach, no intestines, and no anus.

Write 3 to 4 paragraphs on the characteristics of shells. The report should include information how shell differences determine classification. Also describe what a shell can tell you about a mollusk's life (color, spines, diet, conflict) and any other pertinent or interesting information you discover. .

Answer : Shells are very important to many different species for any different reason. Shells differentiate each type of species. Shells also provide protection for certain species while it provides nutrients for others. " A sea shell is the most universally identifiable part of a creature known as a mollusk. Mollusks (Sea Shells) are invertebrate animals (think of a snail) with an un-segmented, basically symmetrical body, generally consisting of head, foot, visceral hump and mantle. Mollusks (Sea Shells) are descendants from primitive wormlike creatures inched around in the ooze of primeval seas millions of years ago. As dissolving land masses began to feed salts and chemicals into oceans, the first Mollusks (Sea Shells) digested them and eventually used them to build durable shelters. Mollusk (Sea Shell) Mollusk (Sea Shell), common name for members of a phylum of soft-bodied animals are usually with a hard external shell. Familiar Mollusks (Sea Shells) include the clam, oyster, snail, slug, octopus, and squid. The mollusk phylum is the second largest in the animal kingdom, after the arthropods. Earlier estimates of the number of mollusk species sometimes exceeded 100,000, but more recently this figure has been reduced to less than 50,000; the new estimates are incorporated here. Mollusks (Sea Shells) are highly successful in terms of ecology and adaptation, with representatives in virtually all habitats, but they are most diverse in the sea. Among them are some advanced animals, such as the octopus and squid. Giant squid are also the largest invertebrates, weighing up to 900 kg (1980 lb). Most Mollusks (Sea Shells), however, are about 1 to 20 cm (about 0.4 to 8 in) long, and some are scarcely visible." Here was just one small article of the importance of shells. A lot more can be said.

Write 3 to 4 paragraphs on the American lobster. Your report should include information about habitat, body size, anatomy, reproduction, diet, and stages of growth.

Answer : The American Lobster is an invertebrata and belongs to the class Crustacea. Lobsters are distinguishable from hard exoskeleton Arthropods because the lobster shell is soft and flexible. The American lobster belongs to the order Decapoda because it had ten legs. The American Lobster is bilateral so if you cut a lobster right down the middle, both halves would be identical. A lobster consists of two main parts which include the cephalothorax and the abdomen. The cephalothorax is made of the head and the mid sections which is covered by the hard shell, carapace. The abdomen is made up of the tail. There are also fourteen segments in the lobster. The American lobster has three stomachs which include the foregut, the midgut, and the hindgut. The foregut contains a set of grinding teeth that grind food. The food then passes to the midgut where they are further digested out the tip of the lobster's tail.

Write a 3 to 4 paragraph report on the Aswan Dam and the Nile Delta. Questions that your report should answer are: How has the Nile River Delta deteriorated since the construction of the dam? What have been the effects of this to the region? What are some of the positive and negative effects of the dam's construction? What impact has the increasing sediment levels had?

Answer : The Aswan Dam was constructed in the 11th century to regulate the flooding of the Nile river. The Aswan Dam was an embankment dam that was built across the Nile river in Egypt in 1960-1970. The Aswan Dam was also built to provide water for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity. The dam has had a significant effect on the Egyptian culture and economy. Before the Aswan Dam was built, the Nile flooded Egypt every summer and these floods brought high water, natural nutrients and minerals, that enriched the fertile soil along the floodplain. Flooding of the Nile made the valley ideal for farming since ancient times, but flooding would also wipe out the crops which caused the spread of famine and drought. The Nile Delta was the delta formed in Northern Egypt where the Nile river drains into the Med Sea. The Nile Delta is one of the largest river deltas in the world stretching from Alexandria to Port Said. The Nile Delta covers the Med coastline which is a rich agricultural region. People have lived in the Delta region for thousands of years which is why it has been intensively farmed. The Delta river used to flood annually, but the construction of the Aswan Dam ended the flooding. The Nile has plants that grow in abundance as well as several thousand water birds. The Nile Delta also consists of frogs, turtles, tortoises, mongooses, nile crocodiles, nile hippopotamus, and fish. The delta consists of a hot desert climate like the rest of Egypt. In the winter months, an average of 100-200 mm of rain occurs in the delta which cools the temperature sometimes. The sea level of the Nile Delta has increased which is swallowing the Med coastline of Egypt. The Nile Delta is turning into a salty wasteland due to risng sea waters which is forcing farmers off their lands.

Write a 2 to 3 paragraph report on the Bathyscaph Trieste. Your report should include information on the descent into Challenger Deep. What happened? What was seen? What dangerous were faced? Also include facts on water pressure and ocean zones that the bathyscaph went through. How has the Trieste benefited science? (You may write your report as a journal entry, or dramatic account of the descent into Challenger Deep.)

Answer : The Bathyscaph Trieste is a deep-diving research bathyscaphe with its crew of two reached a record maximum depth of about 35,797 ft in the deepest known part of the Earth's oceans. (the Challenger Deep, in the Mariana Trench near Guam in the Pacific). It "was the first manned vessel to have reached the bottom of the Challenger Deep and it consisted of a float chamber filled with gasoline for buoyancy, with a separate pressure sphere to hold the crew. This allowed for a free dive instead of the previous bathysphere designs where a sphere was lowered to depth and raised to the surface by a cable attached to a ship. The Bathyscaph Trieste "was designed by the Swiss scientist Auguste Piccard and originally built in Italy. His pressure sphere, composed of two sections, was built by the company Acciaierie Terni. The upper part was manufactured by the company Cantieri Riuniti dell'Adriatico, in the Free Territory of Trieste (on the border between Italy and Yugoslavia); hence the name chosen for the bathyscaphe. The installation of the pressure sphere was done in the Cantiere navale di Castellammare di Stabia, near Naples. Trieste was launched on 26 August 1953 into the Mediterranean Sea near the Isle of Capri. The design was based on previous experience with the bathyscaphe FNRS-2. Trieste was operated by the French Navy. After several years of operation in the Mediterranean Sea, the Trieste was purchased by the United States Navy in 1958 for $250,000. At the time of Project Nekton, Trieste was more than 15 m (50 ft) long. The majority of this was a series of floats filled with 85,000 litres (22,000 US gal) of gasoline, and water ballast tanks were included at either end of the vessel, as well as releasable iron ballast in two conical hoppers along the bottom, fore and aft of the crew sphere. The crew occupied the 2.16 m (7.09 ft) pressure sphere, attached to the underside of the float and accessed from the deck of the vessel by a vertical shaft that penetrated the float and continued down to the sphere hatch. The pressure sphere provided just enough room for two people. It provided completely independent life support, with a closed-circuit rebreather system similar to that used in modern spacecraft and spacesuits: oxygen was provided from pressure cylinders, and carbon dioxide was scrubbed from breathing air by being passed through canisters of soda-lime. Power was provided by batteries. To withstand the enormous pressure of 1.25 metric tons per cm² (110 MPa) at the bottom of Challenger Deep, the sphere's walls were 12.7 centimetres (5.0 in) thick (it was overdesigned to withstand considerably more than the rated pressure). The sphere weighed 14.25 metric tons (31,400 pounds) in air and 8 metric tons (18,000 pounds) in water (giving it an average specific gravity of 13/(13-8) = 2.6 times that of sea water). The float was necessary because of the sphere's density: it was not possible to design a sphere large enough to hold a person that could withstand the necessary pressures, yet also have metal walls thin enough for the sphere to be neutrally buoyant. Gasoline was chosen as the float fluid because it is less dense than water and incompressible even at extreme pressure, thus retaining its buoyant properties and negating the need for thick, heavy walls for the float chamber." The Triste has benefited science because it has provided scientists with new technologies to help see what is beyond the ocean. It has helped scientists with the history, present, and future of the ocean and it's effects on earth and climate etc.

Your 3 to 4 paragraph report should include information on the size and location of the Great Barrier Reef. Also include information on species diversity and in what numbers they exist here. Explain why the reef is so far offshore and why the reef does not seem that colorful (though it really is). Describe what a slick is. You also may include information on a few of the local species, their interactions with each other and life in their unique habitat.

Answer : The Great Barrier Reef is the largest coral system in the world and it is composed of over 2,900 individual reefs and 900 islands. The Great Barrier Reef is located in the Coral Sea in Australia and it stretches over 133,000 square miles. Many vulnerable and endangered species lives in the Great Barrier Reef as well as thirty species of whales, dolphins, and porpoises. More than 1,500 fish species live on the reef including clownfish, red bass, red-throat emperor, and several snapper and coral trout. Snakes also live on the barrier which include seventeen species and forty-nine species of mass spawn. There are six species of turtles located in the reef which include sea turtles, leatherback sea turtles, hawksbill sea turtles, loggerhead sea turtles, flatback turtles, and the olive ridley. Many other species live on the Great Barrier reef. The Great barrier reef is located offshore because corals need clear waters with low nutrients. The corals grow offshore in a more suitable environment. The Great Barrier Reef doesn't seem as colorful because natural white light is filtered at different depths underwater. This means that the colors of the rainbow disappears underwater and white light is needed to see them. Monomolecular surface films also known as sea slicks are known to dampen small scale waves at the surface of the water. These films influence the transport processes at the air-sea interface. Sea slicks have a strong wave damping capacity and can be observed on radar imagery and imagery acquired in the visible and infrared spectral ranges. Sea slicks can be used to derive surface current vectors at higher spatial resolutions than other models. .

Write a 2 to 3 paragraph report on marine life found around the Hawaiian Islands. The report should include information on species diversity, habitat, and sanctuary information. Make sure your report includes the relationship between the Hawaiian Islands and the Humpback Whale.

Answer : The Hawaiian Islands are very friendly to the marine species and are homes to many species. Manta rays are one of the largest fishes in the ocean and have wingspans of up to twenty feet. Manta rays do not have stingers like stingrays and eagle rays. The Hawaiian Island, The Kona Coast, is the most friendly to manta rays at night because they are attracted to spotlights in the water from hotels and Spas. Kona Coast is also friendly to manta rays because people can take boat tours and snorkel or scuba with them. The Hawaiian Islands are also the home to humpback whales because of their warm waters in the winter. Humpback whales are the longest season migration of any mammal because they migrate from seas as far ask Alaska. Whales can be spotted along the Kona Coast during the winter months. The Hawaiian Islands are a perfect watching sight for whales. Spinner Dolphins are also common throughout the Hawaiian Islands. The dolphins can be found off the south Kona Coast and they are known for their ability to spin and leap out of the water. Spinner dolphins are easily spotted in the Hawaiian Islands from a boat, or even from shore. Green turtles and fish are also found in Hawaii. The turtles are a threatened species but are common swimming or resting in the sands on Kahaluu beach and Black Sand beach. The green turtles are protected species so they cannot be touched. Roughly twenty percent of fish species in the Hawaiian Islands are unique.

Write a three to four paragraph report on beluga whales. The report should include information on physical characteristics, senses, behavior, diet and eating habits, reproduction, birth and care of the young, and communication and echolocation.

Answer : The beluga whale adult averages from 3-4.6 meters in length and averages in weight between 2,998-3,307 pounds. A beluga whale's body is fusiform but robust and stocky. They have thick folds of blubber and pectoral flippers. The beluga whale's pectoral flippers are small in proportion to the body and they are rounded and paddle like with slight up curled tips. They use these pectoral flippers mainly to steer. The beluga whale's lobes of the tail are called flukes. The flukes of beluga whales are distinctly curved along the trailing edges. The arteries of the flukes are surrounded by veins to help maintain body temperature. Beluga whales also have hind limbs which all traces of hind limbs have disappeared except for two reduced, rod-shaped pelvic bones, which are buried deep in body muscle. These reduced hind limbs are not connected to the vertebral column. The beluga whale lacks a dorsal fin. The beluga whale has a seven neck vertebrae that is not fused like they are in most cetaceans. Because of this, the beluga whale has greater mobility and flexibility in its neck. Beluga whales appear to undergo a seasonal molt of the outer layer of skin. During the winter, the top layer of a beluga's skin may turn yellow, especially on its back and flippers. Rubbing on gravel river bottoms helps a beluga to shed this layer of skin. The senses of the beluga whale include eyesight, hearing, taste, smell, and tactile. The beluga whale has a well-developed, acute sense of hearing as well as a highly developed brain. Beluga whales have acute hearing both in and out of the water. The tactile of a beluga whale is that they seek out physical contact with other beluga whales. For the taste, biologists have noted sensory areas in beluga whale mouths that may function in taste. The smell of the beluga whales doesn't exist because the olfactory lobes of the brain are absent in all toothed whales. The behavior of the beluga whale includes the social structure, social behavior, individual behavior, stranding, and interaction with other species. The social structure of a beluga whale means that they live in groups called pods consisting of two to twenty-five beluga whales. The social behavior of the beluga whale is they are extremely social, the pods hunt and migrate together, and they play, chase, and rub with and against each other. The individual behavior of a beluga whale is their vocalization. Female beluga whales have been observed carrying objects. They also have great curiosity towards humans and often swim up to boats. Stranding is when swimming in shallow waters, belugas can become stranded at low tide. They generally survive until the next high tide and swim away unharmed. The interaction with other species includes the overlapping habitat of beluga whales and the migrating of beluga whales since they migrate together in pods.

Write a 3 to 4 paragraph report on the vampire squid from Hell. The report should include the creature's scientific name, information on habitat and what is unique about its environment. The report should also provide information on appearance and propulsion. Key words to consider are bioluminescence, eyes, retractable fins and adaptation to oxygen minimum layer. .

Answer : The vampire squid from hell is scientifically known as Vampyroteuthis Infernalis. Its habitat is any tropical or subtropical waters all over the world. These waters include depths of three thousand feet or more. Their habitat also includes tropical and subtropical waters in the abyss where no light penetrates. Vampyroteuthis Infernalis are usually found in the blackness of the abyss where they live with lights all over their bodies that turn on and off at will appear everywhere except for the inner surface of their webs. Vampyroteuthis Infernalis have the largest eyes of any animal in the world. A six inch Vampyroteuthis Infernalis will have globular eyes an inch apart which is also known as the approximate size of a fully grown dog. Vampyroteuthis Infernalis have two retractable fins that have reflective surfaces at the end of their bodies away from their arms. The rest of its body color is velvety brown which makes it "black as night". It's known as a very small but terrible octopus and has ivory white jaws. Vampyroteuthis Infernalis has large blue or blood-red eyes and lacks an ink sack. They have a highly developed organ that controls balance called statocyst and it descends slowly making Vampyroteuthis Infernalis an almost passive predator. They buzz around in circles and swim rapidly. They are known to drift with their arms spread out. Vampyroteuthis Infernalis are a combination of octopodiformes (octopuses) and decapodiformes (squid, cuttlefishes, etc).

What makes the stone fish so dangerous?

Answer : They camouflage themselves to look like encrusted rock or corral, swimmers can not see them!

Write a 2 to 3 paragraph report on what you can do to protect yourself before deciding to swim at a beach. The report should discuss where you can find information on your beach's safety. What questions should you ask the local or state health department? What indicators should you look for when deciding to swim at a beach? What precautions can you take when swimming?

Answer : You can protect yourself before deciding to swim at a beach by planning ahead, looking for good swim sites, avoiding potential sources of pollution, practicing basic hygiene, and cleaning up after your pet. By planning ahead you find out if the beach you are planning on going to is regularly monitored and if it has hsd recent closures in the past. By looking for good swim sites, you choose swimming sites with good water circulation and exposure to open water in areas that are not monitored. You can avoid potential sources of pollution by avoiding swimming at beaches where you can see discharge pipes or at urban beaches after a heavy rainfall. When you practice your basic hygiene, you wash your hands before eating after digging in the sand and wash yourself with soap and clean fresh water after you swim in the water. Lastly, you should clean up after your pet especially at the beach and obey the bans at the beach. Questions you could ask the health department could be questions about how safe the water is, how safe the sand is, and if it is safe for children. You could take precautions while swimming at the beach such as cleaning up after yourself and washing yourself with soap and water before and after entering the beach. You should also avoid the beach if you have open wounds prone to infection, if you are sick, and you can avoid drinking the water or getting it in your eyes.

Tourism is a huge industry. But tourism can have some bad effects on the environment. What is a name for a new kind of tourism that is more environmentally friendly?

Answer : ecotourism & cultural tourism

If the box jelly stings a person with a good portion of its tentacles while swimming, what will happen to the person? Pick the most appropriate answer.

Answer : excruciating pain, nausea, vomiting, difficulty breathing, and possible death.

What is the leading cause of overfishing?

Answer : increased human population

TOPEX/Poseidon data is used to predict?

Answer : patterns of ocean circulation.

Today, possibly 90% of the world's oxygen is produced by what?

Answer : phytoplankton

Which process of desalination will they use for the Carlsbad Desalination Project?

Answer : reverse osmosis

The TOPEX/Poseidon satellite has been measuring what since 1992?

Answer : surface topography

What characteristic (regarding eating habits) is unique to sea otters among marine mammals?

B) They are the only tool-using marine mammal, using rocks to open shells.

How do manatees spend their time?

B) eating, sleeping, and sometimes body surfing

What is the behavior known as jughandling?

B) floating on back with flippers sticking out of the water

How long do sea lion pups nurse?

C) 5 to 6 months, sometimes over a year

Why can't sea otter pups dive for their food?

C) A pup's fur traps so much air that it cannot dive underwater.

What is unusual about the way manatees interact with one another?

C) They are very affectionate, often kissing, nuzzling, and embracing one another.

What is chitin?

Chitin is the structural material that forms the shells of crustacean such as crab, lobster, and shrimp.

What is the 'Sagittal Crest', and when does it develop?

D) a bony bump on top of the skull that develops in the male at 5 years of age

How do sea lion mothers and newborn pups recognize each other in crowded rookeries?

D) all of the above

Which does not belong in a description of sea otters?

D) gills

Look under the heading- The Pinnipeds of the California Coast and click on the "learn more" link to each animal, then answer- What animal can dive to depths of 5,000 feet?

D) the elephant seal

Where are diatoms generally found?

Diatoms are mostly found in the ocean and fresh water ecosystems.

Write 2 to 3 paragraphs on the dugong. Your report should include information about habitat, body size, anatomy, reproduction, diet, and behavior

Dugongs are enormous vegetarian mammals that can be found in warm coastal waters including the Red Sea, Indian ocean, and the Pacific ocean. They find protection from large waves and storms by swimming in the shallow coastal waters. Dugongs will come to the surface to breathe but they will never go on land. They are found in herds of one to three because they are becoming extinct. Dugongs can reach up to three meters in length and weigh around five hundred kilograms. They have a thick layer of fat which makes them have a round posture with small flippers and the tail of a whale.

Which of these characteristic is indicative of the family Phocid (True Seals)?

E) All of the above.

Write a short report about the bodies of fish. Your report may include information on shape, propulsion, breathing, swim bladders, scales, spines and fish senses. Please write 2-4 paragraphs.

The bodies of fish are very interesting. A typical fish body is cylindrical and tapering at both ends because it is more energy efficient for swimming. Also, a swimming fish relies on its skeleton for framework, its muscles for power, and its fins for thrust and direction. The fish skeleton is the most complex in all vertebrates because the skull acts as a fulcrum allowing the fish stability. The vertebral column also acts as levers to help operate the movement of the fish. The fish heart only has two chambers because it only pumps blood in one direction. This helps the fish breathe because the blood enters the heart through a vein and exits through a vein on it's way to the gills. The blood in the gills picks up oxygen from the surrounding water which go back to the body. The oxygen then goes back to the heart. Fish sense by using light, chemicals, electricity, and vibrations.

What explains the difference between seafood you can eat and the seafood you can't eat when there is a red tide?

The difference has to do with bioaccumulation of the phytoplankton. The animals that accumulate the toxins in their bodies are not good to eat.

Which of the following is an advantage of viviparity?

The eggs are much less prone to predation when carried within the mother.

Write a 3-4 paragraph report on one of the oceans. Make sure your report includes information on the ocean's size, boundaries, currents, importance, and other details you wish to include.

The pacific ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceans and has an area consisting of 155.557 million square kilometers. This area is about fifteen times the size of the United States and covers twenty-eight percent of the surface of the globe. The pacific ocean also includes other seas and bodies of water such as Bali, Bering, Coral, Bering Strait, East China, Philippine, Gulf of Alaska and Tonkin, Japan, Okhotsk, South China, Tasman, and more. The pacific ocean has an increasing threat of overfishing. Research has indicated that coastal fisheries could be unable to meet its needs by 2030 by seventy-five percent. Pacific island nations are highly vulnerable to the effects of climate change by the increase of temperature and rise of sea level. As CO2 and human activity rise, so does the acid in the ocean causes reefs to die which then threatens all island nations in the pacific region.

Write 2 to 3 paragraphs explaining the present state of zooplankton and phytoplankton in the oceans. Also, explain how scientists determine whether phytoplankton levels are decreasing or increasing and what consequences would result if phytoplankton levels significantly decrease.

The present state of zooplankton and phytoplankton in the oceans is good because plankton are a bunch of tiny little things living in the ocean. They are fed on by water animals because small animals eat the phytoplankton and then larger animals eat the smaller animals. The growth and survival of animals in the ocean depend on phytoplankton. There are researches being done to determine whether plankton is "healthy" or "normal" but its an important part of growth and survival for animals in the ocean so it is normal and beneficial. Scientists determine whether phytoplankton levels are decreasing or increasing by using satellite photos. Scientists use these satellite photos to measure the "greeness" or chlorophyll to determine other phytoplankton levels are increasing or decreasing. Some consequences that could result if phytoplankton levels significantly decrease would include feeding consequences for the whole marine system since all animals in the ocean depend on plankton for growth and survival. Other consequences include oxygen and carbon dioxide concentrations in the ocean and the whole atmosphere of the planet being affected because photosynthesis also relies on phytoplankton.

Why are fish from the class Agnatha considered primitive?

They lack a jaw and a bony skeleton.

Which of the following is not an advantage to fish schooling?

To help raise fish that are in the larval stage.

Which is the most common?

cyclothone

Where did fish first evolve?

freshwater

Which is the smallest?

goby

Which of the following is not a phytoplankton indicator that can be used by scientists to gauge environmental conditions?

microflagellates

Which fins work as fish "brakes?"

pectorals