Oceans chapter 5, 6, 7
evaporite
Deposit formed by the evaporation of ocean water. -include salts that precipitate from seawater that evaporates from isolated arms of the ocean or form landlocked seas or lakes.
What property enables random movement of materials through a solution?
Diffusion (7.1)
At the Calcium Carbonate Compensation Depth, there is complete:
Dissolution of calcareous biogenous sediment like foraminifer or coccolithophorid tests
what are the size classes of plankton (plankter)
Megaplankton, Macroplankton, Mesoplankton, Microplankton, Nanoplankton, Picoplankton, Femtoplankton.
The heat capacity of water, freezing temp, evaporation rate, and osmotic pressure, all change with a change in salinity. These properties that change with salinity are called ________________.
colligative properties
Biogenous sediments are derived mainly from the skeletal material of marine organisms, especially of marine plankton (floating, mainly tiny organisms). What are three major kinds of minerals secreted by organisms:
-Silica (SiO2), (2 types: radiolarians and diatoms) -Calcite/Aragonite (CaCO3 - calcium carbonate -Calcareous-secreting) -Apatite Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 - (mainly secreted by vertebrates)
Dinoflagellates are responsible for two specific marine phenomena:
Bioluminescence and Red Tides.
What group of substances acts to stabilize the pH of any given solution?
Buffer
Other than hydrogen and oxygen, what are the most abundant *ions* in seawater?
chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium, potassium, bicarbonate, (see fig 7.4 in garison)
What is the pigment used in photosynthesis?
chlorophyll
_______ is the major pigment used in photosynthesis by cyanobacteria and plants?
chlorophyll
Continental shelves
% of total ocean area - 9% % of Total Volume of Marine Sediments - 15% Avg. Thickness - 2.5 km (1.6 mi)
Continental rises
%of Ocean Area - 6% % of Total Volume of Marine Sediments - 31% Avg. Thickness - 8km (5 mi)
Continental slopes
%of Ocean Area - 6% % of Total Volume of Marine Sediments - 41% Avg. Thickness - 9km (5.6 mi)
At what current velocity would grain 2 millimeters in diameter be eroded?
50 cm/sec (lesson 1 on sediments in elearning - The Hjulstrom diagram )
Phytoplankton account for about ______ or slightly less of the world's primary production.
50%
as liquid water continues to cool its' density actually starts to ___________!
Decrease
Temperature and salinity give rise to masses (or zones of water) that are layered due to their density properties. Which of the following are types of density stratified water masses? (Choose all that apply).
Deep Zone Surface Zone Pycnocline
Which of the following are covered by the thinnest amount of marine sediment
Deep-Ocean floor
Pelagic deposits are deposited in deep marine settings. They are dominated by biogenous sediments. What kinds of sediments would you expect?
Oozes and some hemipelagic clays
Heterotrophs are __________?
Organisms that consume primary producers
What are the sources of the ocean's dissolved solids?
erosion and weathering of ocean basins and the contact of seawater with hot minerals at mid-ocean rifts. (terrestrial weathering and outgassing of the mantle)
What is the most effective way to increase the variation of genetic traits in a population?
mutation
buffer
A group of substances that tends to resist change in the pH of a solution by combining with free ions.
Which type of sediment covers the greatest seabed area?
Biogenous sediments cover the greatest area of seabed, *but their total volume is less than terrigenous sediments*.
Why does deep water tend to contain more carbon dioxide than surface water?
Cold, deep water contains more gas at saturation.
What occurs in a mass extinction?
Many species die off simultaneously.
Terrigenous sediments are composed of:
Silicate minerals including clay that were derived from terrestrial sources
nodule
Solid mass of hydrogenous sediment, most commonly manganese or ferromanganese nodules and phosphorite nodules.
Why can algal blooms be dangerous?
Some dinoflagellate species synthesize toxins. (14.4)
What's a SOFAR layer? A shadow zone?
Sound waves bend toward layers of lower sound velocity and so tend to stay within this minimum-velocity zone. Therefore, loud noises made at this depth can be heard for thousands of kilometers. The minimum-velocity layer has come to be known as the sofar layer.
latent heat of vaporization
The amount of energy needed to break the hydrogen bonds in order to vaporize liquid water -Water has one of the highest latent heat of vaporization of any known substance - 540 calories per gram at 100°C. (see garrisons fig 6.8)
What is the definition of refraction?
The bending of waves as the velocity of the medium changes.
stratigraphy
The branch of geology that deals with the definition and description of natural divisions of rocks; specifically, the analysis of relationships of rock strata.
What happens to light as it travels down into and through the water column?
The color of light becomes more blue as depth increases The intensity of light decreases as depth increases
If photosynthetic organisms are limited to the photic zone, what controls their distribution?
The degree of turbidity of water The depth to which light penetrates The accessory pigments used by the organisms
mixing time
The time necessary to mix a substance through the ocean, about 1,600 years.
Ionic bonds are _______________.
Where one ion with a deficit of electrons is attracted to ions with excess electrons.
For seabed communities in the aphotic zone, the primary producers must be capable of __________ in order to produce carbohydrates.
chemosynthesis
the Gulf Stream
flows northeast past the southern United States towards northwestern Europe - this one current can carry 550 trillion calories of heat energy per second.
The cell wall of the diatoms is called a __________ - it is made up of silica (SiO2 - a quasi-crystalline form like window glass). The frustule is perforated with tiny pores and is usually made up of two matched halves - that look like tiny petri dishes.
frustule
Primary productivity is measured with what units?
gC/m2/yr
in a profile from the beach environment to deep-water, what general trend characterizes the sediment?
general decrease in sediment particle diameter
Of the following, which one can over time facilitate the creation of new species?
geographic barriers
The average thickness of sediments in the Atlantic Ocean is _________ than in the Pacific Ocean.
greater ---
A single-celled marine organism is placed in a solution with a salinity of 70‰, what will happen (Hint, what is the average salinity of the ocean?):
it will shrink (13.8 fig 13.22)
Surface water conditions depend on ________, ______________, and ________________.
latitude, salinity and temperature.
the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere is _________ that of the CO2 concentration in seawater (e.g. in comparison to N2 gas)
less than
Which of the following does *not* describe a non-conservative constituent of seawater?
long residence times
What limits productivity at high latitudes?
low sun angles (14.7)
Which of the following are among the major components of the *dissolved solids* in seawater (in weight %)?
magnesium, sulfate, chloride, sodium
Which of the following are types of marine vascular plants?
mangrove, Seagrasses (Thalassia) *NOT* kelp, or seaweeds
paleoclimatic data
marine sediments record a great deal of information about Earth's climate at the time of deposition of those sediments (especially temperature information). -Marine sediments are important archives of paleoclimatic data.
A community operating on the smallest possible scale is a _____.
microecosystem
Which of the following *is* required for evolution?
more offspring than can mature to adulthood environmental stress genetic mutations that can be passed on to offspring by reproduction
Sound is transmitted through a medium by rapid_____.
pressure changes in any medium
In general, the amount of carbon 'fixed' in a unit area per unit time; specifically, the number of grams of elemental carbon bound into organic material per square meter per year is known as:
primary productivity
Seaweeds and marine plants are not only diverse but also effective ______________.
primary producers.
Nutrient availability and Light Availability are important limiting factors for ____________________.
primary productivity.
For phytoplankton, the compensation depth is the depth where ___________________.
production equals consumption.
What type of analysis involves an estimation of plankton in a volume of water?
quantative
Siliceous, biogenous sediments are mainly secreted by two types of plankton:
radiolarians (tiny, animal-like, single-celled creatures) and diatoms (tiny, plant-like, single-celled organisms). These organisms' shells (called "tests" by the marine biologists and paleontologists who study them) look glassy, because that is what they are made of.
Meroplankton
zooplankton that spend part of their lives in the plankton community -usually during their juvenile stage. A lot of benthic organisms (organisms that live on the sea floor) start out as meroplankton - creatures like clams and sea stars. Many fish eggs also begin as meroplankton.
The opportunity for the natural exchange of nutrient-depleted surface water and nutrient-rich deep water is relatively high _____.
where there is little or no thermocline (14.5)
Because Nitrogen has to be *fixed* before most organisms can use it, it becomes one of the limiting elements on the growth of plants and algae. Most organisms use one of three Nitrogen compounds:
Ammonium (NH4+), nitrate (NO3-) and nitrite (NO2-) It has to be bound with H2 or O2.
Which one of the following is NOT true about Copepods?
Answer: They are a type of phytoplankton. The following are true about Copepods: They are about a half millimeter in size. They are a type of crustacean. They are a type of zooplankton.
Which of the following is a type of picoplankton?
Answer: cyanobacteria Not picoplankton: -Diatoms. -Amoebas. -Foraminifers. -Coccolithophores.
How can sound be used to measure the temperature of an ocean?
Because sound travels more rapidly through warmer water, the temperature of the ocean can be monitored by measuring the time it takes for sound to travel a fixed distance. The extent of global warming can be gauged in this way.
Sand size sediment range in size from:
Between 62.5 micrometers and 2 millimeters
A ___________ is a group of organisms linked by complex feeding relationships in which the flow of energy can be followed from primary producers through consumers.
Food web -The food web reflects the fact that a consumer may consume more than one food species on more than one level of the *trophic pyramid.* Food webs and tropic pyramids are a way to map out the relationships between primary producers and consumers.
Where does sediment usually accumulate the thickest packages of material?
On the continental rise.
What are the three type of algae found in modern oceans?
Phaeophyta (brown algae) Rhodophyta (red algae) Chlorophyta (green algae)
What inorganic nutrient is required for primary production?
Phosphorous
The thin film of sun-lit water at the top of the ocean surface is called the ___________.
Photic zone See discussion of photic zone on pg. 197.
Which one of the following is the source of the ocean's dissolved oxygen?
Photosynthetic activity of plants Photosynthetic activity of phytoplankton The diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere
What group(s) of organisms are generally limited to the photic zone?
Photosynthetic organisms like phytoplankton, seaweeds and marine vascular plants, also zooplankton, but it wasn't an option.
The highest concentration of dissolved gases is found in what type of water mass?
Polar (7.3 garison)
What are the four main types of marine sediments?
Terrigenous (from land), biogenous (of biological origin), hydrogenous (formed in place), cosmogenous (from space).
Neritic deposits are deposited near shore on the continental margin. What is the main type of sediment that you would expect to be deposited there?
Terrigenous --- See the discussion of Neritic and Pelagic sediments in chapter 5. You are close to the source of terrigenous sediments ... (land)
Which type of sediment is most abundant?
Terrigenous sediments are most abundant. *The largest terrigenous deposits form near continental margins.*
Why does the density of pure water decrease as it approaches its freezing point?
The hydrogen bonds become rigid, allowing it to expand slightly.
How is the speed of sound affected by temperature and pressure when entering seawater?
The speed of sound decreases as temperature and pressure decrease. -The speed of sound in seawater increases as temperature and pressure increase. Sound travels faster at the warm ocean surface than it does in deeper, cooler water. Its speed decreases with depth, eventually reaching a minimum at about 1,000 meters. Below that depth, however, the effect of increasing pressure offsets the effect of decreasing temperature; so speed increases again.
How much faster is the speed of sound in water than in air?
The speed of sound is almost five times faster in water than in air, about 1,500 meters per second.
paleoceanography
The study of the ocean's past.
Which of the following are sources of CO2 to the atmosphere?
Volcanic Outgassing, Aerobic respiration of animals, burning of fossil fuels (anthropogenic sources)
Place the following zones in order from shallow (1) to deep (3):
__2__ Disphotic zone __3__ Aphotic zone __1__ Euphotic zone
The latent heat of fusion is the heat removed from a liquid during freezing (or added during thawing) that produces _______________________.
a change of state but not a change in temperature Figure 6.6 illustrates that the latent heat of fusion produces a change in state but no change in temperature.
What does the term plankton describe?
a lifestyle
Red tides are dangerous (harmful algal blooms) when the phytoplankton that generate them release __________.
a neurotoxin that kills fish and may cause people to get sick as well.
Surface Tension
a property due to cohesion allowing water to bead up when poured out onto a surface in small amounts (note - too much water, then gravity takes over).
At a certain depth, the production of carbohydrates and oxygen by photosynthesis in a day will exactly equal the consumption of carbohydrates and oxygen by respiration. This break-even depth is called the _________________.
compensation depth. -Compensation depth usually corresponds to the depth to which about 1% of surface light penetrates; it marks the bottom of the euphotic zone.
Multicellular algae are best described as _____________?
nonvascular
Deep-ocean sediment containing at least 30% biogenous material is called a/(an) ___________?
ooze
the amount of a substance dissolved or suspended in a body of water divided by the rate at which the substance is added or removed from the system is called ______________.
residence time
A protein's structure in a cell can be physically altered by what factor?
salinity
The total quantity (or concentration) of dissolved inorganic solids in water is its ___________.
salinity
Which of the following is *not* a colligative property of a solution?
salinity
Heat capacity
the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of a substance by 1°C. What you might not have realized is: Not all substances respond in the same manner to an identical input of heat by rising in temperature the same number of degrees!
The pH scale measures _____.
the concentration of hydrogen ions in a solution
A shadow zone in the ocean is a result of _____.
the divergence of sound waves (see section 6.9)
The main source of energy for life on Earth is _____.
the sun
How do salinometers measure salinity?
They measure the electrical conductivity of seawater samples.
The ocean's most productive phytoplankters are very small cyanobacteria - they operate in the ________________.
"microbial loop" picoplankton -
oblique angle
an angle that is not 90 degrees
Diatoms secrete a siliceous shell called a:
frustule
Cohesion
where multiple molecules of water can stick together.
Holoplankton
zooplankton that spend their entire lives as part of the plankton community. -(think holo or Whole life)
Deep - Ocean Floor
%of Ocean Area - 78% % of Total Volume of Marine Sediments - 13% Avg. Thickness - 0.6 km (0.4 mi)
Which type of sediment covers the greatest area of the ocean basin:
*Biogenous* The dominant sediments over much of the modern seafloor are oozes - siliceous and calcareous oozes are made up of biogenous sediments. *remember terrigenous sediment is greater in quantity, but biogenous is greater in area*
What is the density of average *seawater*
*average seawater* has a density of 1.02 to 1.03 g/cm3
Sediment on the Continental Shelf are called ____________?
*neritic sediments (consisting primarily of terrigenous sediment)*
What is the density of *pure water*?
*pure water* has a density of 1.00 g/cm3
The saltier the water:
- the lower the freezing point as well as the point of maximum water density. - Remember for pure water, the maximum density of ~1 g/cm3 was reached at a temperature of ~4°C. - *Normal seawater has a density of 35‰ (this is 35 parts per thousand or 3.5%, or parts per hundred).* - *At this salinity, the freezing point is decreased to -1.91°C and the maximum density occurs at the freezing point.* - In fact the *maximum density and freezing point correspond for water with a salinity of 24 ‰ or more*. - *The crystals formed from freezing of seawater are pure water ice. The dissolved solids remain with the water that hasn't frozen yet, increasing its' salinity.*
Calcareous, (biogenous sediment) secreting organisms
-2 types of single cell organisms include: coccolithophorids (tiny, single-celled, plant-like organisms) and foraminiferans (tiny, single-celled, animal-like organisms), -also small drifting mollusks called pteropods -major animal groups secreting calcite and argonite include: sponges, corals, mollusks (like clams and snails), and echinoderms (like starfish and sea lilies).
Atoms:
-Are composed of electrons, protons and neutrons. -Are elements, which are substances composed of identical particles. -Are characterized by the atomic number and atomic mass. -React with other atoms to form molecules.
In general the concentration of chlorophyll (measured by satellites) increases as you: (select all that are true)
-Get closer to upwelling zones, where cold, nutrient rich water is brought to the ocean surface waters. -Get closer to shorelines where runoff provides nutrients (see figure 14.12 and 14.14 in ch 14.7 "Phytoplankton Productivity Varies with Local Conditions")
How do neritic sediments differ from pelagic ones?
-Neritic sediments consist primarily of *terrigenous* material. -Deep-ocean floors are covered by finer sediments than those of the continental margins, and *a greater proportion of deep-sea sediment is of biogenous origin*. -Sediments of the slope, rise, and deep-ocean floor that originate in the ocean are called pelagic sediments.
Average water and land temperatures:
-The coldest spots Earth are on the land and have temperatures around -90°C. -The hottest spots on land have temperatures ~50°C. The temperature range on land is 140°C. -The corresponding values for the surface temperatures of the ocean are: -2°C (in areas where sea ice is forming) and 32°C (in the tropics) or a range of 34°C.
Rainwater is naturally slightly acidic, as rainwater combines with some atmospheric Carbon Dioxide to form carbonic acid (H2CO3). What happens because of this? (Select all that apply).
-dissolution of limestone, -buffering of natural waters and -the production of other carbonate species like carbonate and bicarbonate. Because it is an acid, it will *decrease* the production of limestone in the ocean water.
zooplankton
-drifting animals (and heterotrophic single-celled protists) consume phytoplankton (which include diatoms, dinoflagellates, and coccolithophores). This miniature food web forms the base of the larger scale food web that supports much larger organisms (fish, whales, etc.), the "official loop". -Zooplankton consume primary producers (phytoplankton).
cyanobacteria
-picoplankton (picoplankters) -photosynthetic, single-celled prokaryotes (bacteria - organisms that do not have a cell nucleus, which separates them from eukaryotes (Plants, Animals, Fungi, and Protists)). -Cyanobacteria can be colonial - the colonies are shaped like filaments. -Cyanobacteria secrete a mucus-like material that is used to glide the filament through sediment in a beach environment. On beaches, these cyanobacteria will form a thick mat. Over time sediment sticks to the mat of cyanobacterial filaments. The cyanobacteria glide to the surface (as they need sunlight) and the mat reforms. More sediment is glued to the mat and the process repeats over time to form a layered sedimentary structure called a stromatolite.
Refraction is the bending of waves. When light from the atmosphere enters a medium of greater density, like water, at an oblique angle its __________.
-velocity slows down and the angle changes. Light and sound are both types of waves. The important thing to remember about refraction is that light (or sound) waves travel at different speeds in different media. What essentially happens is that when the light wave leave a medium of one material (say for example air) and go into another medium (say water) at any angle other than 90°, the wave's path is bent. The speed of light in water is about 75% of the speed of light in air - so it slows significantly upon entering water.
*Density* of Air
0.0012 g/cm3
At what current velocity would a particle of size 0.06 mm be deposited?
0.7 cm/sec (lesson 1 on sediments in elearning - The Hjulstrom diagram )
The ocean mixes on what approximate time scale?
1,600 years
What is water's heat capacity?
1.00 cal/g/°C
Theoretically, how many phytoplankton (1st trophic level) are needed to produce each kg of tuna (5th trophic level)?
10,000kg
How old are the oldest sediments preserved in the Pacific Ocean basin?
180 million years
How old are the oldest sediments preserved in the pacific ocean basin?
180 million years old
*Density* of basalt
2.9 g/cm3
Average seawater has a salinity of _________.
3.5‰. (Note the difference between % and ‰)
Temperature at which water reaches its Maximum density of 1 g/cm3 ____________?
3.89C or 39.16F
according to the carbon cycle, when a marine animal consumes carbon containing organisms it typically incorporates _______________% of the available organic carbon for growth.
45%
The dissolved nitrogen gas of average is ________________ in comparison with other dissolved gases.
48%
What is the total mass of the primary producer of with a primary productivity 500 grams carbon/m2/yr?
5,000 grams of primary producers/m2/yr -The *total mass* of a primary producer is assumed to be about 10 times the mass of the carbon it has bound into carbohydrates. Thus, a primary productivity of represents the yearly growth of about 1,000 grams of primary producers for each square meter of ocean surface (see Figure 14.2). Since 35 to 50 billion metric tons of carbon are bound into carbohydrates in the ocean each year, between 350 and 500 billion metric tons of marine plants and plantlike organisms are produced annually. Each year this vast bulk is consumed by the metabolic activity of the producers themselves and by the consumers that graze on them. The component atoms are then reassembled by photosynthesis into carbohydrates in a continuous solar-powered cycle. (14.1)
Pure water (without any dissolved solids) has a pH of:
7
the standard pH level for sea water is
7.8-8.3
What percent of the total volume of all marine sediment is associated with continental slopes and rises, which constitute only about 12% of the ocean's area.
72%
Formula to convert Celsius to Fahrenheit
9/5C+32=F or 5/9(F-32)=C
mineral
A naturally occurring inorganic crystalline material with a specific chemical composition and structure.
Manganese nodules are:
A potentially valuable form of hydrogenous sediment
clamshell sampler
A sampling device used to take shallow samples of the ocean bottom. (It is given its name due to its superficial resemblance to a clam.)
piston corer
A seabed-sampling device capable of punching through up to 25 meters (80 feet) of sediment and returning an intact plug of material.
hydrogenous sediment
A sediment formed directly by precipitation from seawater; also called authigenic sediment.
well-sorted sediment
A sediment in which particles are of uniform size.
poorly sorted sediment
A sediment in which particles of many sizes are found.
turbidite
A terrigenous sediment deposited by a turbidity current; typically, coarse-grained layers of nearshore origin interleaved with finer sediments.
coccolithophore
A very small planktonic alga carrying discs of calcium carbonate, which contributes to biogenous sediments.
What evidence exists for a massive asteroid impact about 65 million years ago?
A worldwide iridium-rich layer
How does sonar work? What kinds of sonar systems are used in oceanographic research?
Active sonar, the projection and return through water of short pulses (pings) of high-frequency sound to search for objects in the ocean, - it is used to search for objects or ocean conditions of interest to researchers. -Side-scan solar is among the most useful active sonar devices.
salinometer
An electronic device that determines salinity by measuring the electrical conductivity of a seawater sample.
conservative constituents
An element that occurs in constant proportion in seawater; for example, *chlorine, sodium, and magnesium.*
Nonconservative constituents
An element whose proportion in seawater varies with time and place, depending on biological demand or chemical reactivity. An element with a *short residence time*; for example, *iron, aluminum, silicon, trace nutrients, dissolved oxygen, and carbon dioxide.*
Vascular plants need all of the following except:
Answer: e) a way to create nitrous oxide (laughing) gas. All the rest are thing the vascular plants need. a) A way to use conductive vessels to transport things like food and nutrients around the plant's body. b)A way to photosynthesize light energy to produce food in the leaves. c) A way to take some of the food produced in the leaves and transport it to the roots for the roots' use. d) A way to transport nutrients and water from the roots to the leaves. e) A way to create nitrous oxide (laughing) gas.
The _____________ is a zone in which density increases the greatest for any unit change in depth.
Because we are talking about density, we are talking about the pycnocline. The rapid temperature change is called the thermocline and the rapid salinity change is called the halocline.
Carbon dioxide at middle depths in the ocean originates from which source?
Breakdown of the remains of organisms (Below the top 1000 meters there is little life and no photosynthesis. CO2 is increasing due to dissolution of calcium carbonate shells and the little respiration that is going on.)
Ocean acidification is a result of increases in which of the following in the atmosphere?
Carbon dioxide
What is the source of carbon that is made into carbohydrates by primary producers?
Carbon dioxide gas
Atmospheric circulation:
Carries two-thirds of the heat energy from the equator to the poles. See the discussion of heat transport on pages 185-186.
Who developed the theory of evolution?
Charles Darwin, and Alfred Wallace
Bioluminescence is a process by which a compound called luciferin is activated by an enzyme called luciferase. What is the result of the activation?
Chemical energy is converted to light energy and the organism gives off a blue-green colored light.
Which of the following are pathways that organisms use to convert inorganic substances to organic substances?
Chemosynthesis, photosynthesis
of all *ions* in seawater, which one is the most abundant?
Chloride (see fig 7.4 in garison)
With remote sensing techniques, Oceanographers map the distribution of a specific compound in the ocean surface waters (by satelite) and use it as a proxy for primary productivity. Which compound is used?
Chlorophyll
Why would you observe high concentrations of chlorophyll in upwelling zones?
Chlorophyll is the dominant photosynthetic pigment and is characteristic of the vast numbers of phytoplankton found in an upwelling zone.
Place the following sediment size classes in order of in order accumulation rate from the fastest rate (1) to the slowest rate (4):
Clay is slowest followed by silicate ooze, carbonate ooze and turbidites are the fastest. See discussion in the Lesson plan.
The four major grain size classes are __________, ________, _________, __________.
Clay, silt, sand, gravel.
Terrigenous sediments are composed of ______________?
Clays and silicate minerals are the dominant materials in terrigenous sediments. One important silicate mineral is Quartz.
The White Cliffs of Dover are constructed mainly of ______ tests.
Coccolithophores
Limestone is a rock made from calcium carbonate ooze. Which of the following sets of organisms may be the source of biogenous sediment for the limestones?
Coccolithophores, foraminifers
In which part of the ocean basin, should you expect to see the thickest average sediment accumulations
Continental rises are there because they are underlain by thick accumulations of sediment.
neritic sediment
Continental shelf sediment consisting primarily of terrigenous material.
lithification
Conversion of sediment into sedimentary rock by pressure or by the introduction of a mineral cement.
Which type of sediment is rarest? Where does this sediment originate?
Cosmogenous sediments are very rare. They originate from interplanetary dust that falls constantly into the top of the atmosphere and rare impacts by large asteroids and comets.
Which of the following are important types of chemical bonds that hold atoms together to form molecules(select all that apply)?
Covalent and Ionic bonds
There are 3 Domains, name them.
Domain bacteria (simple single celled organism, no nucleus), Domain archaea (simple single celled organism, no nucleus, lives in extreme conditions), and Domain eukarya (single and multicellular life in which cells are complex, having a nucleus). (include Kingdom fungi, Kingdom animalia, Kingdom plantae, and Kingdom protista) We belong to the domain Eukarya.
What is the relationship of organisms in a trophic pyramid? (food web)
Each level consumes the level underneath for energy.
diatom
Earth's most abundant, successful, and efficient single-celled phytoplankton. Diatoms possess two interlocking valves made primarily of silica. The valves contribute to biogenous sediments.
Hydrogenous sediments form through:
Precipitation directly from seawater
T/F: The Deep Zone is characterized by increasing temperature as a function of depth.
F - The Deep zone is a zone of the ocean below the pycnocline, in which there is little additional change of density with increasing depth; contains about 80% of the world's water.
T/F: The littoral zone is a benthic zone that describes the sea bed from the continental slopes down to the greatest ocean depths.
False
T/F The Kingdom is the highest level in our modern application of Linnean hierarchical taxonomy.
False -Modern taxonomists actually have a hierarchical level above the kingdom - the domain. Refer to discussion of Linnean taxonomy on pgs. 389-390.
T/F: The photic zone is the portion of the ocean in which light does not penetrate.
False see next question.
T/F: Krill are not a particularly important zooplankton species in the Antarctic ecosystem.
False!!! They are very important. -Krill are another important type of zooplankton found in all of the world's oceans. They are tiny crustaceans (like crabs, shrimp and lobsters). *In the Antarctic region, krill are the keystone species of the ecosystem.* Some very large animals like whales and some fish eat krill.
T/F: Red light wavelengths penetrate deeper than any other color wavelength.
False, Blue light does.
This principle states that the total amount of dissolved solids may change from location to location across the world ocean, however the ratio of major salts remains constant at all of these locations.
Forchhammer's Principle.
Turbidites are:
Graded layers of terrigenous particles
Satellite remote sensing data of an upwelling zone would show the following:
High chlorophyll concentrations -- which reflect high numbers of phytoplankton. There are usually high abundances of zooplankton near here too. After all, the phytoplankton is their food source.
If this water column was at a tropical latitude, what kind of pattern should be observed in water temperature with depth?
High temperature (25°C) at the surface followed by a decline to 5°C at depths of 1000 meters and a constant temperature of 5°C below that depth.
oolite sand
Hydrogenous sediment formed when calcium carbonate precipitates from warmed seawater as pH rises, forming rounded grains around a shell fragment or other particle.
Which layers of the ocean are density stratified?
In order of depth - (also density increases with increasing latitude, north to south) Surface Zone (2% of the ocean - warm low density water) Pycnocline - (18% of the ocean - density increases rapidly) Deep Zone - (80% of the ocean - cold dense water)
What *dissolved gases* are most abundant in the ocean?
In order of their relative abundance, the major gases found in seawater are nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide.
when salts dissolve they separate into two separate components that are technically no longer salts, but are called ______________.
Ions
Which of the following are parameters that describe seawater?
It contains dissolved salts. It is a solution. The total quantity of dissolved solids in seawater is called its salinity.
If the foraminifer and coccolithophore skeletons settle to the seafloor above the Calcium Carbonate Compensation depth, their shells survive (they may show partial dissolution) to form accumulations of lime sediment. Along with the skeletons, organic matter settles out as well (the bodies of these organisms). With heat and pressure what happens to the organic matter and what economic resource is generated?
It is cooked into a small variety of compounds that hold a lot of chemical potential energy, the resource is Oil and Natural Gas. (Basically the organic matter is converted into hydrocarbons like oil and natural gas due to heat and pressure. Of course oil and natural gas are economic resources.)
One important type of holoplankton are krill. Krill are_____________?
Krill are a type of tiny arthropod. Some types of whales have diets consisting almost entirely of krill.
Ice is ________________ dense than liquid water.
Less dense -This is because the solid structure of ice is more open than the tightly bonded (with hydrogen bonds) liquid water molecules. Once liquid water has changed state to solid water (ice) and it is further cooled, ice increases in density (the molecules are still vibrating, vibrating slower and slower as it cools). However the density of ice never increases enough so that it becomes as dense as liquid water. This is an important feature - it means that ice will always float at the water surface.
What characterizes the photic, euphotic, and disphotic zones?
Light illuminates the entire photic zone (during the day). The euphotic zone is the upper segment of the photic zone in which illumination is sufficient for photosynthesis to occur. The disphotic zone, while still lit, is too dark to support photosynthesis.
Who invented the form of taxonomy still in use today?
Linneaus
Mangroves are usually found in what environment?
Littoral, tropical to subtropical Latitudes. -Remember the terms littoral and neritic from fig. 13.24. -Mangroves do not live where they are totally submerged.
The Chicxulub Crater off the Yucatan peninsula is evidence of an asteroid impact that created mass extinctions after the _______________.
Mesazoic Era. *the largest mass extinction was at the end of the permian period*
Which of the following is *not* a major gas dissolved in seawater (that is, it is less than 1% of the gases dissolved in seawater)?
Methane CH4
Do most sediments consist of a single type? (That is, are terrigenous deposits made exclusively of terrigenous sediments?)
Most sediment deposits are a mixture of biogenous and terrigenous particles, with an occasional hydrogenous or cosmogenous supplement. The dominant type gives its name to the mixture.
Kelp are usually found in what environment
Neritic Temperate to Subpolar Latitudes. -Kelp live below low tide in the sublittoral zone (the neritic zone) on the shelf.
What are forms of Nitrogen that all plants can use?
Nitrite, Ammonia, Nitrate
Which of the following are important (together they make up over 95% of) *gasses dissolved* in seawater? (dissolved gasses)
Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Carbon dioxide.
Which of the following are the four major elements used by organisms?
Nitrogen. Oxygen. Carbon. Hydrogen
How does chemosynthesis differ from photosynthesis?
No sunlight is required for chemosynthesis.
foraminiferan
One of a group of planktonic amoeba-like animals with a calcareous shell, which contributes to biogenous sediments.
radiolarian
One of a group of usually planktonic amoeba-like animals with a siliceous shell, which contributes to biogenous sediments.
calcareous ooze
Ooze composed mostly of the hard remains of organisms containing calcium carbonate.
siliceous ooze
Ooze composed mostly of the hard remains of silica-containing organisms.
What dissolved gases are present in seawater in significant amounts and where do they come from? (Choose all that are true)
Oxygen, produced from photosynthesis Carbon dioxide, produced from volcanic eruptions, respiration by heterotrophs and anthropogenic burning of fossil fuels. Nitrogen gas, enters the ocean by diffusion into seawater from the atmosphere (oxygen (byproduct of photosynthesis), nitrogen (diffusion from the atmosphere) and carbon dioxide (all those are real sources) are the big three that we will worry about.)
atmospheric nitrogen (N2) is not in a form that most life forms can use. N2 has to be fixed - converted to nitrates by bacteria or cyanobacteria. In terms of organic compounds, Nitrogen is a common component of proteins, amino acids and DNA. It is found in three forms in the oceans:
Part of organic compounds in the bodies of organisms As dissolved N2 gas (48% of the dissolved gases in seawater) Dissolved organic nitrogen DON
sediment
Particles of organic or inorganic matter that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated form.
What is the definition of sediment?
Particles of organic or inorganic matter that accumulate in a loose, unconsolidated manner.
What is the greatest source of oxygen in deep water?
Polar waters that have descended from the surface (O2 is increasing because the deep waters were generated where surface temperatures were very cold and, thus O2 was more soluble and O2 concentrations were high.)
Primary producers use photosynthesis. Their relative contribution to primary productivity can be measured using satellite measurements of chlorophyll in the sea surface. Which of the following statements is true?
Primary productivity is measured with units of gC/m2/day Primary productivity is generally highest in regions of seawater upwelling *All of the above are true* Primary productivity is limited by amount of light Primary productivity is limited by nutrient availability (especially Nitrogen and Phosphorous)
_________ is NOT a type of algae found in modern oceans.
Purpurophyta (purple algae)
In which zone does density increase with increasing depth?
Pycnocline zone - (changes in density are mostly related to changes in water temperature. Temp decreases over the pycnocline zone. The zone of temp change is referred to as the thermocline. ) -It contains about 18% of all sea water.
If you drilled through the sediments directly beneath letter D and into the basalt crust, after drilling through the topmost sediment type you would find:
Red clay is currently accumulating on this is old, deep ocean floor, but beneath it will be silicate ooze that accumulated before the lithosphere cooled to below the silicate compensation depth and beneath that is carbonate ooze from when the sea floor was above the CCD. Look at the discussion in the Lesson for Chapter 5 on the *general distribution of pelagic sediments. *
If the sediments deposited in this example are dominantly biogenous, which description best characterizes the sediments and the crust on which they are deposited?
Relatively thin accumulations on top of basalt.
The diagram shows a sketch of fish with the label "respiration". What does the label mean?
Respiration refers to fish eating carbohydrates and obtaining dissolved oxygen as part of their metabolic activity. It results in the release of carbon dioxide to the water column.
What factor will not change the salinity of a particular region of ocean?
Saturation of oxygen
Which of the following are types of marine vascular plants? (select all that apply):
Sea Grasses like Thalasia Mangroves
Seawater is more dense than pure water because_____.
Seawater is only 96.5% water
terrigenous sediment
Sediment derived from the land and transported to the ocean by wind and flowing water.
authigenic sediment
Sediment formed directly by precipitation from seawater; also called hydrogenous sediment.
ooze
Sediment of at least 30% biological origin.
biogenous sediment
Sediment of biological origin. Organisms can deposit *calcareous* (calcium-containing) or siliceous (silicon-containing) residue.
cosmogenous sediment
Sediment of extraterrestrial origin.
silt
Sediment particle between 0.004 and 0.062 millimeter in diameter.
sand
Sediment particle between 0.062 and 2 millimeters in diameter. (Between 62.5 micrometers and 2 millimeters)
clay
Sediment particle smaller than 0.004 millimeter in diameter; the smallest sediment size category.
pelagic sediment
Sediments of the slope, rise, and deep-ocean floor that originate in the ocean.
Halite (salt) forms after 90% of the seawater is evaporated.
See discussion of evaporite minerals in the lecture. Salt (halite) does precipitate out of seawater after 90% of the seawater has been evaporated.
calcium carbonate compensation depth (CCD)
The depth at which the rate of accumulation of calcareous sediments equals the rate of dissolution of those sediments. Below this depth, sediment contains little or no calcium carbonate.
In the case where the photic zone is supplied with abundant nutrients like Nitrogen and Phosphorous. What happens to dinoflagellates that live in those waters?
The dinoflagellates breed until they are present in massive numbers. They then secrete neurotoxins which poison other organisms. These events are given the special name "Red Tides". (If the dinoflagellates are not limited by the important micronutrients Phosphorous and Nitrogen, then they tend to overbreed. The high concentration of dinoflagellates leads to a condition called red tides. A byproduct of their metabolism may be the production of toxic neurotoxins.)
The amount of energy produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules is called:
The energy is heat, the movement itself, and the speed of the movement is temperature.
If photosynthetic organisms are limited to the photic zone, then which of the following general statements is true:
The photosynthetic organisms use most of the carbon(as carbon dioxide) in the photic zone, so the photic zone tends to be depleted in carbon. (Photosynthetic organsisms use carbon dioxide during metabolism. This means that the amount of carbon dioxide in the photic zone is depleted because the organisms are using it.)
What makes water effective at dissolving substances?
The polarity of the water molecule
The colligative property of osmotic pressure is related to what factor?
The pressure exerted on biological membranes from salinity differences outside the cells (sec 7.2 garison)
How do mangrove root systems help stabilize deltas?
The roots trap and hold sediments. (14.8)
Biomineralization is the process by which organisms take inorganic (or possibly some organic material) material and precipitate a shell made up of minerals. Coccolithophores and Foraminifers secrete calcite. What happens when these tiny skeletons fall below the Calcium carbonate compensation depth?
The skeletons are dissolved and converted to bicarbonate HCO3- -Their skeletons are made up of calcium carbonate -- which below the carbonate compensation depth dissolves. The product of dissolution is bicarbonate. *refer to chapter 13.7 figure 13.15*
Is the speed of sound the same at all ocean depths?
The speed of sound in seawater increases as temperature and pressure increase. Sound travels faster at the warm ocean surface than it does in deeper, cooler water. Its speed decreases with depth, eventually reaching a minimum at about 1,000 meters. Below that depth, however, the effect of increasing pressure offsets the effect of decreasing temperature; so speed increases again.
You are most likely to find turbidites accumulating beneath letter:
The trenches present around the Pacific margin would trap turbidites so that they are not deposited beneath B, a or F. Between A and F is a passive margin. Sediments shed off of the shelf and travel down the slope as turbidity currents.
The euphotic zone is the zone where ________________?
There is enough sunlight for photosynthesis to occur.
What is the advantage of using scientific names?
There is only one name per species.
How do accessory pigments in seaweeds work?
They absorb dim blue light and transfer the energy to chlorophyll molecules.
colligative properties
Those characteristics of a solution that differ from those of pure water because of material held in solution.
microtektite
Translucent oblong particles of glass, a component of cosmogenous sediment.
Ooids form under these conditions:
Tropical marine settings with warm, slightly basic seawater
T/F Primary productivity involves the synthesis of organic materials from inorganic substances by photosynthesis or chemosynthesis. Primary productivity is expressed in grams of C bound into organic matter per square meter of ocean surface area per year (gC/m2/yr).
True
T/F: Deep waters tend to be characterized by nearly uniform temperature conditions (~2-5°C) through the entire water column.
True
T/F: Increasing salinity causes a decrease in freezing point of seawater.
True
T/F: Sound increases in velocity as it enters water from atmosphere, while light decreases in velocity as it passes into water.
True
T/F: The ions of sodium and chloride in NaCl are held together by an electrostatic attraction that exists between ions that have opposite charge.
True
T/F: The thermocline and pycnocline usually occur in the same water mass.
True
T/F: Photosynthetic organisms are one of the generators of dissolved oxygen in seawater.
True *Oxygen in seawater comes from two sources*: diffusion of oxygen from the atmosphere into the ocean and from photosynthesis by marine plants and algae. *Both Oxygen and Nitrogen concentrations are a function of water temperature:*
T/F: Photosynthetic organisms are much more abundant in the photic zone than elsewhere in the ocean.
True,
A slurry of sediment and water that travels down the continental slope is called a(n):
Turbidity current
Turbidites Are Deposited on the Seabed by what?
Turbidity currents
In which environment would you expect to see abundant phytoplankton (a sink of CO2 - as these organisms take in CO2 and through photosynthesis convert it into carbohydrates).
Upwelling zones where cold, nutrient-rich water rises to the surface
What are the sources of carbon dioxide for the atmosphere *and* the oceans (from your knowledge of the material in section 2 - not just from the diagram)?
Volcanic emissions Respiration by organisms Decomposition of organic matter Anthropogenic - derived from Human activities such as industry and residential activities. (All of the above are sources of Carbon dioxide in the modern ocean and atmosphere environments.)
DOC is _______________?
Waste organic carbon dissolved in seawater
The Hydrologic Cycle
Water moves from the ocean to the atmosphere, from the atmosphere to the land, and from the land to the ocean and to the atmosphere. it is driven, primarily by solar energy.
Seawater density tends to increase with a.__________, and b.____________.
a. increasing salinity and b. decreasing temperature (the molecules vibrate slower so they pack together tighter).
Many marine autotrophs use ________ to obtain energy from light that penetrates deeper into the photic zone than red light (used by chlorophyll).
accessory pigments
_____ allow more light frequencies to be absorbed in diatoms.
accessory pigments
A/An __________ is a substance that releases a hydrogen ion in a solution.
acid
How are oozes named?
after the dominant remnant organism constituting them.
Normal seawater is slightly________.
alkaline
Coccolithophores
an important type of *single-celled, eukaryotic, protista* found in the phytoplankton. They were very common in the geologic past - especially during the Cretaceous Period. In fact, the name Cretaceous comes from the massive deposits of chalk that were deposited during this time - *the chalk is mainly composed of the tiny calcareous disks that coccolithophores secrete. The White Cliffs of Dover in southern England are an example of these chalk deposits.* By the way Cretaceous is derived from the Latin word for chalk, creta. - they are generally spherical cells with a coating of tiny *calcium carbonate disks* with ornate patterns.
Temperature
an object's response to an addition (or subtraction) of heat. Measures how rapidly the molecules are vibrating (Heat on the other hand is a measure of both how rapidly the molecules are vibrating and how many molecules are vibrating).
Darwin's theory of natural selection include all of the following points except:
an organism adapts to its specific environment, then passes on favorable changes to its offspring.
Apetite (biogenous sediment) secreting vertebrates
animals like fish and marine mammals (whales, dolphins, seals, otters, etc.). -Volumetrically, however, apatite is not an important constituent of biogenous sediments.
Phytoplankton
are photosynthetic autotrophs and contribute to primary productivity.
Where are the measurements of Chlorophyll the highest in the surface waters of the modern oceanic zones?
at upwelling zones
phytoplankton
autotrophic plankton that produce glucose by photosynthesis.
Not all producers are drifters. Seaweeds and mangroves are important ____________ as well.
autotrophs
Which of the following is such a large category that it is considered a domain, according to the current classification system?
bacteria
A ________ is a substance that combines with a hydrogen in a solution.
base
If the picture represents the water column out in the deep Atlantic a few hundred miles from shore, far above the North Atlantic ridge (above the CCD) what dominant type of sediments would you expect to see on the sea floor?
biogenous - The drawing shows some diatoms, no foraminifera, so it might be silicate ooze. More likely there are foraminifera that were not in the picture and coccolithophores that were too small to draw and carbonate ooze is accumulating.
A greater proportion of Deep Sea sediment is of __________?
biogenous origin
_____ is the process by which energy from a chemical reaction is transformed into light energy.
bioluminescence (14.4)
The Galapagos Islands, off the coast of Ecuador, is the site of Charles Darwin's famous observations and study of __________ and ____________, which made him develop a revolutionary theory of evolution.
birds and reptiles
primary productivity is limited by _________________.
both lack of nutrients and lack of light.
What form of carbon dioxide do many marine organisms use to build shells and skeletons?
calcium bicarbonate CaCO3 - CO2 moves quickly from atmosphere to ocean, but more slowly from ocean to atmosphere. This is because some dissolved CO2 forms carbonate ions, which combine with calcium ions in seawater to form *CaCO3* the calcium carbonate used by many marine organisms to build shells and skeletons.
Energy is the ________ .
capacity to do work
which of the following elements is least likely to be a limiting factor in the production of living tissue?
carbon
Shells are dissolved by seawater at great depths because it contains more ______________ than seawater near the surface
carbon dioxide
which are important *gasses dissolved* in seawater? (together they make 95% of dissolved gasses in seawater.)
carbon dioxide, oxygen, nitrogen
Which chemical compounds are important buffers of seawater pH?
carbonic acid H2CO3, carbonate CO3-2, bicarbonate HCO3-, Carbon dioxide CO2. *Any/all of the Carbon species listed* are important buffers in marine systems.
at 0 degrees Celsius water ___________.
changes state to a solid and also becomes less dense than liquid water.
What process maintains the average pH of seawater (7.8 to 8.3) at a roughly constant level?:
chemical buffering
which of the following is a process that does not require light to create carbohydrates, but instead releases the energy held in the chemical bonds of hydrogen and sulfur containing compounds in order to construct glucose from carbon dioxide
chemosynthesis
Satellite remote sensing data can measure surface productivity. What proxy is used in this analysis?
chloraphyl
Limestones and other types of rocks are uplifted during mountain building events. Which general type of plate tectonic setting is responsible for the uplift?
convergence
What process refers to organisms that evolve to look similar due to environmental conditions?
convergent evolution
What type of organism can fix nitrogen into usable chemical forms?
cyanobacteria
Some of the earliest fossils are thought to be evidence of ____________.
cyanobacteria.
Compensation depth is always below the _____.
depth of greatest productivity (14.6) -At a certain depth, the production of carbohydrates and oxygen by photosynthesis in a day will exactly equal the consumption of carbohydrates and oxygen by respiration. This break-even depth is called the compensation depth. Compensation depth usually corresponds to the depth to which about 1% of surface light penetrates; it marks the *bottom of the euphotic zone.*
_____________________ are the most common source of surface bioluminescence.
dinoflagellates
Plankton
drift or swim weakly, going where the ocean goes, unable to move consistently against waves or currents. Some, however can move vertically.
Heat
energy produced by the random vibration of atoms or molecules. A water molecule in cold water vibrates less rapidly than those in hot water.
Picoplankton
extremely small organisms - they are 2 micrometers or smaller in diameter (0.002 millimeters)!
plants use sunlight as a form of energy to ____________ carbon dioxide and nitrogen as they convert nonliving compounds into usable chemical forms of living tissue.
fix -To "fix" an element biologically is to convert it into stable, non-volatile compounds that are easy for organisms to assimilate. Nitrogen and carbon are the most common biologically "fixed" elements. Also refer to pg. 400 and the discussion of Nitrogen fixation.
Nitrogen must be _____ into usable chemical forms by specialized organisms.
fixed (Living organisms require nitrogen to build proteins and other important biochemicals, but the vast majority of them cannot use the nitrogen gas in the atmosphere and ocean directly. It must first be bound, or fixed, into usable chemical forms by specialized organisms.)
Heat energy is transported across Earth's surface by?
heat energy is transported from low latitudes to high latitudes via atmospheric circulation and oceanic currents. -See the discussion of movement of water vapor from the tropics to the poles on pg. 185 in the textbook.
Nucleic acids, such as DNA, are responsible for what biological factor?
heredity of traits
Some of the zooplankton pictured in the diagram include copepods and jellyfish. Zooplankton can be divided into those that spend their entire lives in the plankton community (_________) and those that spend just their juvenile stage in the plankton community (___________). Which two words fill in the blanks above?:
holoplankton, meroplankton
If you were to use Linnean classification to classify yourself, what would be your scientific name?
homo sapiens
A glass of pure water (liquid) contains the following bonds? (select all that apply)
hydrogen covelent
What compounds can specialized archaea use to synthesize carbohydrates?
hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, and oxygen
The thermocline is a zone of rapid temperature change that generally corresponds to the:
i don't know, I answered Surface zone and Pycnocline. and i got it wrong. maybe try Halocline? "The halocline often coincides with the thermocline, " from the text book.
If adequate nutrients are present, primary productivity depends on _____.
illumination (14.5)
Sea surface water temperatures decrease with
increasing latitude. (fig 6.14 and 6.15)
Salinity decreases with
increasing latitude. (i.e. towards the poles) -The low salinity at the equator is all about tropical rain showers (fig 6.14)
The speed of sound in the ocean increases with ___________ pressure and ___________ temperature
increasing/increasing
electrostatic attraction that exists between ions that have opposite charge.
ionic bond
Transpiration
is evaporation of water from plants - which transfers water back to the atmosphere.
in the oceanic pelagic zone, there are both zooplankton and phytoplankton . In general the mass of zooplankton are ______________ compared to the mass of phytoplankton and the numbers of zooplankton are ____________________ compared to phytoplankton.
more, less (The turnover time for primary productivity in the oceans is very fast, so there is not as much phytoplankton biomass present at any one time as their position on the trophic pyramid suggests. But they are tiny so there are a lot of them.)
in freshwater a marine animal would respond osmotically to its surroundings. The freshwater would ____________ the marine animal through its cell membranes.
move into
Macro algae are: (select all that apply)
non vascular classified based on their color photosynthetic (for the record, I guessed on this and got it right. I found no mention of "macro algae" in his lesson or in the textbook. There is, however, a brown algae called "macrocystis". Further, his feedback saying refer to pg 430-431 yielded diddly squat, unless you want to know more about starfish, and the figure 14.19 is of a map of kelp vs mangroves.)
Heterotrophs
organisms that consume autotrophs, as their source of food. Primary Consumers (Also known as Herbivores) eat autotrophs. Secondary Consumers (Carnivores) eat primary consumers and/or other secondary consumers.
What happens to pH levels in regions where there is more carbon dioxide present?
pH levels decrease (carbon dioxide levels affect pH 7.4)
A piston core sample taken of sediments directly beneath letter D would most likely be composed of:
pelagic "red" clay (Green is the oldest seabed, red is the newest)
Sediments of the Continental slope, rise, and deep-ocean floor that originate in the ocean are called ___________?
pelagic sediments
Which of the following are pathways that organisms use to convert inorganic substances to organic substances? (select all that apply):
photosynthesis chemosynthesis
Autotrophs
photosynthetic and chemosynthetic organisms that make their own food by converting inorganic substances to organic compounds using energy (light or chemical energy).
Which of the following organisms is responsible for 90-95% of surface water primary productivity?
phytoplankton
plankton
plankton are an artificial biological category - not based on evolutionary relationships but instead on their shared lifestyle. Plankton are characterized by organisms that float (or weakly swim) with the waves and currents.
Forchhammer's principle of constant proportions states that the ________________ of dissolved salts per unit volume of ocean water is nearly constant, even though the ________________ may change.
ratio (proportion), amount Refer to ch 7.2 where Forchhammer's principle is discussed in detail.
During times of such rapid growth (usually in springtime), concentration of these microscopic organisms may briefly reach 6 million per liter (23 million per gallon)! At night, the huge numbers of bioluminescing dinoflagellates in an HAB (sometimes called a "red tide") can cause breaking waves to glow a bright blue (Figure 14.10c). HABs can be dangerous because some dinoflagellate species synthesize potent toxins as by-products of metabolism. Among the most effective poisons known, these toxins may affect nearby marine life or even humans. Some of the toxins are similar in chemical structure to the muscle relaxant curare but are tens of times more powerful. Humans should avoid eating certain species of clams, mussels, and other filter feeders during summer months when toxin-producing dinoflagellates are abundant in the plankton. If shellfish from a particular area are unsafe, a state governmental agency will issue an advisory, which may remain in effect for 6 weeks or more until the danger is past.
red tide
Diatoms are photosynthetic plankton, what mineral do they make their tests (shells) out of?
silica -See the discussion of oozes chapter 5
Which of the following are states of matter found on the Earth (select all that apply):
solid, liquid, gas
the ___________ usually a liquid, is always the more abundant constituent; the ___________ often a dissolved salt or gas, is the less abundant.
solvent, solute
Cyanobacteria are thought to be responsible for a specific type of sedimentary structure called:
stromatolites
Additions of salts to the ocean from the mantle or from the weathering of rock are balanced by _____.
subtractions of minerals being bound into sediments
Which of the following is/are major components of the dissolved solids in seawater? (select all that apply)
sulfate, magnesium, sodium, chloride, bicarbonate,
Plankton collection methods depend on the size of the
target organism
What are the two most abundant and widespread types of marine sediments
terrigenous and biogenous
The name Cretaceous is derived from a Latin word for chalk, due to the massive deposits of chalk composed mainly of the tiny skeletons of this type of organism:
the White Cliffs of Dover are composed of chalk made up primarily of the tiny skeletons of coccolithophores.
Adhesion
the property by which water sticks to other materials - allows water to stick to solids (and paper towels to absorb spills).
What scenario in the very top layer of the ocean can inhibit photosynthesis?
too much light
Which of the following is *not* required for evolution?
two offspring for each mating pair
Femtoplankton mostly consist of tiny (less than 0.2 micrometers in diameter) organisms like:
viruses
Polar molecules
water is an excellent example of a polar molecule. The covalent bonds set up a condition where the shared electrons tend to be closer to the oxygen atom - making that end of the molecule slightly negatively charged. The two hydrogen atoms exhibit a slightly positive charge.