Old Testament Exam 2- Rhine
How does the book of Judges point forward to Jesus?
"In those days there was no king in Israel" -This phrase pointed to the need for a godly king who would teach the people right from wrong and lead them in the right direction -The two stories that this book ends with further highlight how Israel needed a king and how everyone was doing what was right in their eyes -Also, both of these stories involve Bethlehem in some way
How does God describe himself to Moses in Exodus 34?
"The Lord, the Lord, a God merciful and gracious, slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love and faithfulness, keeping steadfast love for thousands, forgiving iniquity and transgression and sin..."
Who are Humans?
-Created to bear the image of God: to be God's representative on earth, and reflect his character -Created to rule with God, as representatives for God -Created male and female to bear God's image and authority -Adam's creation is unique: body not formed by God speaking. God "formed" it and "breathed into his nostrils the breath of life." -Eve's creation is unique: body not formed by God speaking. God made Eve from Adam's rib -God created Adam and Eve to be in a cherishing intimate partnership
Main Ideas of Genesis
-God created a perfect world where man could experience his blessings and presence. -God's world was broken by man's sin and rebellion, and instead became a place where man experienced God's curses. -But God initiated a plan through Abraham and his descendants to restore blessings to the nations.
The Man's Curse:
-Ground is cursed: work becomes difficult -Future return to dust= death
What is the cycle within the book of Judges? Why is that cycle more like a spiral than a circle?
-Idolatry -Foreign Oppression -Cry for Help -Deliverence -It is more like a spiral because each generation gets more and more sinful, an each judge gets more and more sinful
The Abrahamic Covenant
-Parties: made between God and Abraham and Abraham's descendants -Type of Covenant: -Unconditional?: only God passes through the pieces of animals in covenant ceremony (Genesis 15:17) -Conditional?: based on obedience (Genesis 17:1-2, 9-10, 14) -Time Period: "throughout their generations for an everlasting covenant" -Sign of Covenant: Circumcision -Promises: -"everlasting possession" of the Land of Canaan -Become "a father of multitude of nations" including royal descendants -To be God to Abraham and his descendants
The Noahic Covenant
-Parties: made between God and everything living on Earth: "all flesh" -Type of Covenant: unconditional -Time Period: "the everlasting covenant" -Sign of Covenant: the rainbow -Promises: "never again shall all flesh be cut off by the waters of the flood, and never again shall there be a flood to destroy the earth." (Genesis 9:11)
How was someone saved in Old Testament times?
-People were saved in Old Testament times the same way they are saved in New Testament times: "By grace through faith, not of works" (Ephesians 2:8), but obedient works naturally followed (James 2:14-26) -God makes it clear in the Old Testament that empty works will get you nowhere. God's forgiveness was granted to those who had faith accompanied by works.
The Serpent's Curse:
-Physical change in the animal -Prophecy of Satan's future defeat: The Seed who suffers but conquers
Messianic Elements within Exodus
-Prophecies: none -Foreshadowing events: -The Exodus is to the Old Testament what the Cross is to the New Testament -Types of Christ -The Passover Lamb -The Tabernacle
Why are the 10 Commandments significant? How do they relate to the rest of the laws given to Israel?
-Significant because they were spoken by God himself from Mount Sinai and all Israel heard these words -The 10 Commandments set the trajectory for all the rest of the laws. They were the basic covenant requirements that God demanded the people to follow to remain in relationship with Him.
Interpretive key to understanding the various laws about sacrifice and daily living in Leviticus
-Similar to how your family may have different levels of "cleanliness" based on the situation, the Israelites had to exhibit a higher level of "cleanliness" now that God was in their midst -moving to an "unclean" status could be the result of sin, a discharge of blood, touching something that is dead, etc -moving to a clean or holy status could be the result of a sacrifice, a washing, time passing, etc. -"unclean" did not necessarily mean sinful -it was the responsibility of the priests to instruct the people on this issue and to make the judgement call on whether someone or something was holy, clean, or unclean
The Tabernacle
-consisted of a curtained courtyard which contained an altar, a basin, and a long tent -The long tent had a front room (The Holy Place) and a back room (The Most Holy Place, or Holy of Holies) -Items in the Holy Place: Table for Bread, Lampstand (Menorah), and a small Altar of incense -Item in the Most Holy Place: The Ark of the Covenant -Contained various levels of sacred space -All Israelites were allowed in the courtyard -Only the priests were allowed in the Holy Place -Only the high priest was allowed in the Most Holy Place once a year
The Woman's Curse:
-pain in childbirth -strife in marital relationship
How many good kings did Israel (the northern kingdom) have?
0
Basic outline of 1 & 2 Chronicles
1 Chronicles 1-9: Genealogies: From Adam to Zerubbabel 1 Chronicles 10-29: David's Reign: Preparation for the Temple 2 Chronicles 1-9: Solomon's Reign: Building the Temple 2 Chronicles 10-36: Judah's Kings: Apostasy and Decline
Basic outline of Samuel-Kings
1 Sam. 1-7: Israel's Need for a King 1 Sam. 8-15: The Reign of Saul 1 Sam. 16- 2 Sam. 4: The Rise of David 2 Sam. 5-20: The Reign of David 2 Sam 21-24: Appendices to David's Reign 1 Kings 1-11: Solomon 1 Kings 12- 2 Kings 17: The Divided Kingdom 2 Kings 18-25: __?___ Alone
The 2 groups that the 10 Commandments are divided in to
1. Love God (1-4) 2. Love Neighbor (5-10)
God's 2 Promises to Abraham
1. Promise that the nations will be blessed through the seed of Abraham. 2. Promise that Abraham will become a great nation. Involves: Descendants and Land
The deception was meant to raise doubt about:
1. The goodness of God 2. The repercussions of rebellion against God
What are four reasons the historical books of the Old Testament are important?
1. They provide a historical framework for OT period 2. They lay the theological and historical foundation for the rest of the Bible 3. They introduce us to the Messiah 4. They reveal the power of sin and point to something greater
How many judges were there?
14 (not including Abimelech, but including Eli and Samuel)
When Judah returned from exile, how many waves of return were there and when did they happen?
3 First Wave: approx. 538 B.C. Second Wave: approx. 458 B.C. Third Wave: approx. 445 B.C.
When Judah was taken into exile, how many waves of deportation were there and when did they happen?
3 First Wave: approx. 605 B.C. Second Wave: approx. 597 B.C. Third Wave: approx. 586 B.C.
How many good kings did Judah (the southern kingdom) have?
8
5 Key Dates in Old Testament History:
Abraham: 2000 B.C. The Exodus: 1446 B.C. David: 1000 B.C. Exile of Israel: 722 B.C. Exile of Judah: 586 B.C.
The first time the followers of God were called "Christians" is in _____.
Acts 11:26
All of mankind is descended from one set of parents who actually existed in history:
Adam and Eve
Main idea of 1 & 2 Chronicles
Although Israel was non consistently faithful to the Lord, their history is full of examples of people and times when Israel served the Lord, turned from false gods, and worshipped Him
Why were there big miracles during the time of Elijah and Elisha?
Baal worship was the official religion of the state. Ahab was leading the people to officially reject Yahweh and worship Baal instead
How do Balaam's prophecies relate to the promises God made to Abraham?
Balaam's oracles amplify God's promises made to Abraham, and they position Israel in the center of God's blessings
Why is God not mentioned in the book of Esther?
Because the book is focused on the importance of Esther's courageous choice
Was the Law a blessing or a curse to the Israelites? Why?
Blessing; it provided instructions about how to obey God and to obtain forgiveness from sin. This was one thing that made the religion of the Israelites stand out from the rest of the world: pagan worshippers had no idea how to please their gods It was a tutor and guardian for believers until the coming of Christ
Who in the book of Ruth is a type of Christ?
Boaz
"What the __________ is to the New Testament, the _________ is to the Old Testament."
Cross, Exodus
Basic outline of Deuteronomy
Deuteronomy 1-4: Moses' 1st Sermon: Historical Summary and Exhortation Deuteronomy 5-28: Moses' 2nd Sermon: Restatement of 10 Commandments and Other Laws Deuteronomy 29-30: Moses' 3rd Sermon: Covenant Renewal Deuteronomy 31-34: Moses' Final Actions and Death
How does the New Testament demonstrate the importance of Deuteronomy to Christians today?
Deuteronomy is cited or referenced over 100 times in the New Testament
Messianic Elements within Deuteronomy
Direct Prophecy? Peter seems to give some validation for this interpretation in Acts 3. He seems to identify Jesus as this Prophet in his words to the Jews in the temple courts. But unlike the Jews, he identifies Jesus as both the Messiah/Christ and the prophet This is probably an example of a prophecy that was partially fulfilled in the Old Testament period, but ultimately fulfilled in Jesus.
The 10 Plagues were a demonstration of God's power over the gods of _____.
Egypt
Basic Outline of Exodus
Exodus 1-18: God's Salvation of Israel Exodus 19-24: God's Covenant with Israel Exodus 25-40: God's Presence in Israel
Basic outline of Ezra-Nehemiah
Ezra 1-6: Zerubbabel Rebuilds the Temple Ezra 7-10: Ezra teaches the People Nehemiah 1-6: Nehemiah Rebuilds the Wall Nehemiah 7-13: Ezra & Nehemiah Renew Worship
3 Movements within the story of Ezra-Nehemiah
First Zerubbabel rebuilt the Temple Then Ezra rebuilt the people who surrounded the Temple Finally, Nehemiah rebuilt the wall which surrounded both the people and the Temple
What pattern do we see in Samuel-Kings when the narrator is discussing the reigns of Saul, David, and Solomon?
Following each king through their appointment, successes and potential, their failures, and the results of the failures
Basic Outline of Genesis
Genesis 1-11: Primeval History -Genesis 1-2: Creation and the Garden of Eden -Genesis 3: Fall, Sin, Death, & Hope -Genesis 4-11: Adam to Noah's Descendants Genesis 12-50: Patriarchal History -Genesis 12-23: Abraham -Genesis 24-26: Isaac -Genesis 27-36: Jacob -Genesis 37-50: Joseph and Judah
First 5 Books of the OT
Genesis, Exodus, Leviticus, Numbers, Deuteronomy
The book of Genesis is tied together by genealogies that all originated from a common source: _____ _________.
God himself
What does the Tabernacle tell us about God's Heart?
God wants to be with his people (Exodus 29:45-46)
What did King Jeroboam do that caused the Israelites to stumble into sin?
He established alternate places to worship (golden calves)
Genre of Exodus
Historical Narrative
Genre of Genesis
Historical Narrative
Plot of the Pentateuch
Humans were created to enjoy an intimate relationship with God and exercise authority over the earth on his behalf. Man and woman were created to experience God's blessings. This was ruined by mankind's fall into sin. Mankind is cursed by God. Mankind experiences God's judgement in the Flood and God's disciplines at the Tower of Babel. God plans to bring reconciliation and blessings to mankind by making promises to Abraham. These promises were a part of God's plan to bless the nations and it led to the gospel going to "all nations" and "the ends of the earth" in the New Testament.
Exodus through Deuteronomy focuses on how _____ is set apart as a nation like no other.
Israel
Why is Hannah's prayer important? (1 Samuel 2)
It was a prayer to give thanks for the birth of her son, Samuel
Basic outline of Joshua
Joshua 1-5: Crossing over into the Land Joshua 6-11: Taking the Land Joshua 12-22: Dividing the Land Joshua 23-24: Serving in the Land
How is Joshua a type of Christ?
Joshua and Jesus share the same name Hebrew: Yehoshua English: Joshua Hebrew: Yehoshua Greek: Iesous English: Jesus
Basic outline of Judges
Judges 1:1-3:6- Introduction: Military and Religious Failure Judges 3:7-16:31- The Downward Spiral of Rebellion and Deliverence Judges 17-21: Conclusion: Religious and Military Failure
Basic outline of Leviticus
Leviticus 1-16: Covenant Worship Leviticus 17-27: Covenant Ethics
Where in the Old Testament does it say, "you shall love your neighbor as yourself," and why is that statement important?
Leviticus 19:18 This statement is important because Jesus considers this the second greatest commandment
______ authorship of Genesis is confirmed in Acts 26: 22-23
Mosaic
What is the main idea of Deuteronomy?
Moses prepares the new generation of Israelites for holy living in the promised land by leading them through a covenant renewal and exhorting them to love the Lord with all their heart, soul, and might
OT believers and NT believers are both part of the people of God, but the term "Christian" only applies to the ___ believers.
NT
Basic outline of Numbers
Numbers 1-10: Organization of first generation at Sinai Numbers 11-25: Rebellion and death of the first generation in the wilderness Numbers 26-36: Organization of new generation on the plains of Moab
How do we reconcile verses in Joshua and Judges that seem to indicate that the Israelites conquered the entire land of Canaan with other verses that tell us they did not conquer all of it?
On the one hand, the book of Joshua makes clear that God fulfilled His promise of giving the land of Canaan to the Israelites On the other hand, Joshua and Judges make it clear that not all of the land was conquered So simultaneously, it can be said that God gave them the entire land, but they did not have control over the entire land
How is Elisha a type of Christ?
Out of all the prophets, he is the one who foreshadowed most clearly the ministry of miracles which the Messiah would have
Davidic Covenant
Parties: Made between God and David Types of Covenant: -Unconditional?: 2 Sam 23:5; Jer 33:20-21 -Conditional?: 2 Sam 7:14; Jer 22:30; 36:30 Time Period: eternal, permanent, and everlasting covenant Sign of the Covenant: none Promises: various components, but most importantly David's dynasty, kingdom, and authority will endure forever
Messianic Elements within Genesis
Prophecies: -Genesis 3:15 "I will put enmity between you and the woman, and between your offspring and her offspring; he shall bruise your head, and you shall bruise his heel." -Genesis 49:10 "The scepter shall not depart from Judah, nor the ruler's staff from between his feet, until tribute comes to him; and to him shall be the obedience of the peoples." Foreshadowing Events: -Noah and the Ark: foreshadows God offering a way of salvation to deliver us from his judgement -Abraham's sacrifice of Isaac: foreshadows God the Father sacrificing God the Son Types of Christ: -Adam: Paul calls Adam a "type" of Jesus and compares the work of the "first Adam" with the work of the "second Adam" -Melchizedek: Jesus is our high priest, not through the Levitical Priesthood of the Mosaic Law, but as a priest according to the order of Melchizedek which was even better -Joseph: There are numerous parallels between the lives of Jesus and Joseph -Betrayed by his people -Left his father's presence to save the world -Sold for pieces of silver -Resisted temptation -Suffered unjustly -Gave God the glory for his supernatural abilities -Saved the world from death -Forgave the sin of his brothers
Messianic Elements within Numbers
Prophecies: Balaam's final prophecy; prophecy of a future King of Israel Foreshadowing Events: Water from the Rock- foreshadowing how Jesus would spiritually be a life giving spring of water Types of Christ: The Bronze Serpent
Messianic Elements within Leviticus
Prophecies: none Foreshadowing: The Sacrifices -The Burnt Sacrifice: for forgiveness/atonement of sin -Grain/Meal Offering: optional gift to God; dedication of one's labor to God -Peace/Fellowship Offering: celebrated fellowship with God -Sin/Purification Offering: restore relationship with God by atoning for sin Guilt/Reparation Offering: restore relationship by means of repayment of a debt Jubilee -significance: Sabbath of Sabbath years, the ultimate rest + ultimate justice -Purpose: remind them of their dependence on God but also the joy and liberty that comes from that dependence Types of Christ: The High Priest on the Day of Atonement
Basic outline of Ruth
Ruth 1: Naomi widowed and bereaved Ruth 2: Ruth and Boaz in the Field Ruth 3: Ruth and Boaz at the Threshing Floor Ruth 4: Boaz Redeems Ruth; Genealogy of David
What is the difference between Samuel-Kings and Chronicles? Why did God include two history books in the Bible that cover roughly the same time period?
Samuel-Kings was written after the exile and was intended to condemn Israel and explain why God's judgement was just Chronicles was written after the return from exile as an encouragement to the faithful remnant The two books cover different themes, audiences, emphases, and endings
What are the 5 elements of a well-polished narrative? How do the various sections of Ruth fit into that pattern?
Setting/Occasion: Ruth 1:1-2,4 Rising Action/Conflict: Ruth 1:3,5-22 (death of husbands); Ruth 2: starvation Climax Falling Action Closure/Resolution
Innate Antinomianism
Sometimes evenly openly defiant, we have a tendency within our sinful nature to reject the law and be disobedient
5 Stages of the Israelite Conquest
Stage 1: King Sihon and King Og are defeated by Moses and the Israelites. God gives to the Israelites the territory of these two kings, east of the Jordan River Stage 2: The Jordan River is miraculously dried up and the Israelites cross over into the Land of Canaan, establishing a foothold in the center of the Promised Land Stage 3: The cities of Jericho and (after some trouble) Ai are defeated. Israel drives a wedge into the center of the Promised Land, dividing the north from the south Stage 4: God providentially gathers the main military forces of the Southern city-states when they attack the city of Gibeon. Thus, in a single battle, the Israelites are able to defeat the main forces of the southern territory Stage 5: Again, God providentially gathers the main military forces of the northern city-states in one place, and in a single battle the Israelites are able to defeat the main forces of the northern territories
Alternative Name
The Book of Moses or The Book of the Law of Moses
What did God mean when he said, "Be Holy, for I am Holy"? What were the two dimensions of holiness that Israel needed?
The call for an Israelite to "be holy" was a call to think of themselves as being dedicated to the Lord. Just as the Lord is sinless, Israel was called to live lives free from sin. The two dimensions to the holiness that Israel needed: -The first dimension was symbolic, in which Israel symbolized their separateness from the nations through the regulations about animals, foods, and other daily situations. -Holiness took an ethical dimension, calling for personal holiness with integrity, justice, and compassion in all areas of life
How was Solomon's Temple similar to the Garden of Eden?
The decorations suggested that the area intended to be reminiscent of the Garden of Eden
In the book of Judges, what was a "judge"?
The office of a military leader and protector
What does it mean to "love the Lord your God with all your heart, soul, and might"?
These elements characterize three expanding, yet overlapping, human spheres of life, all of which are to proclaim God's supremacy Heart- relates to all that is -internal: one's desires, emotions, attitudes, perceptions, and thoughts Soul- refers to one's entire being -all that is part of the "heart" plus everything outward: one's body, words, actions, reactions Might- not only physical strength but also all that one has available for honoring God, which would include one's spouse, children, house, land, animals, wardrobe, tools, and toys
Why was the generation of the Exodus doomed to spend 40 years in the wilderness and to die there?
They rebelled and distrusted the Lord's purpose for bringing them to Egypt
Main Idea of Exodus
To keep his promises to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. God rescues the nation of Israel from their bondage in Egypt, enters into a covenant relationship with them, and has them construct a Tabernacle so He may dwell among them
Hebrew Organization of OT Books
Torah: "The Law" Neviim: "The Prophets" Ketuvim: "The Writings"
What should we expect to find in the archaeological record for the Conquest at the time of Joshua?
We should not expect to find consistent massive burn layers or destruction levels in Palestine at the end of the fifteenth century. If we did, it would be contrary to the biblical record and an embarrassment to the traditional view
Creation was an _____ work of God, not a product of time + chance
active
Faith leads to obedience which leads to ____. (example: Passover)
blessings
The Tree of the Knowledge of Good and Evil was intentionally placed in the garden by God to give Adam and Eve a ___.
choice
Main Idea of Leviticus
contains God's instructions to the Israelites about how to live holy lives under the Mosaic Covenant. The Israelites are given laws about how to follow God and love people
The Fall: First came the _______
deception
The doubt led to illegitimate ____ for something forbidden.
desire
Lack of faith leads to disobedience which leads to _____. (example: Wilderness Wanderings)
discipline
Main idea of Samuel-Kings
display God's sovereignty in how he deals with Israel and their enemies Specifically: 1 & 2 Samuel records Israel's historical transition to a monarchy, and focuses on Israel's greatest OT King, David 1 & 2 Kings records Israel's rise to prominence and prosperity during the days of Solomon and its subsequent fall to exile during the days of the last kings
Mankind is a ____ creation ("image of God") with a divine mandate to rule over God's creation, not just another species that evolved by chance.
distinct
"Jews" are the biological descendants of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, and would include ____ _____.
ethnic Israelites
What is the main idea of Numbers?
explains why the first generation of Israelites died in the wilderness, it highlights God's faithfulness in spite of Israel's faithlessness
Pentateuch
five books
By giving Adam and Eve a choice, they could choose to remain in that intimate relationship. Choosing to love someone develops a deeper intimacy than being ____ to love them.
forced
God chose to deliver Israel with the 10 Plagues so that the world would know his _____ ______.
great power
Torah can be translated as
law or instruction
"Gentiles" are _____, people from outside that ethnic group.
non-Jews
God created with
order and purpose
Israel enjoys God's _____. (example: the Tabernacle)
presence
Proto-Evangelion
promise of future Deliverer who will crush the head of the serpent
Main idea of Ezra-Nehemiah
record what happened to the Jews who returned from Exile; just like the history before the exile, the history of the Jews after the exile includes periods of faithfulness and period of rebellion; the people still struggled with sin
Main idea of Joshua
records God's faithfulness to the promises He made to the Patriarchs and the nation of Israel by giving the land of Canaan to Israel
What is the main idea of Judges?
records the failure of the people to be faithful to the covenant and the oppression they suffered as a consequence. It also records God's grace and faithfulness to deliver them time and time again
Israel is called to live ______. (example: the Law)
righteously
Latent Legalism
salvation is by faith not works and even though the law is holy and good, it was also powerless and weakened by sinful nature
Main idea of Ruth
serves as a counterbalance to the book of Judges Ruth shows the rich blessings of covenant faithfulness The book of Ruth also introduces us to David by recounting a story of the godliness of his great-grandparents
The sin led to ____, which then led to fear.
shame
The effects of sin were first felt in the personal and sexual relationship between the man and the woman. Absolute openness and uninhabited intimacy were lost. Instead there was "____ ____ _____."
shame and covering
The OT believers were _____ to Christians today, but also different.
similar
What was a "kinsman redeemer"?
someone who helps a family member out of a difficult situation by taking the responsibility of that person onto themselves
The Noahic covenant was essentially a promise from God that he would never again destroy the microcosm with the macrocosm. The Noahic covenant _____ but did not eliminate the "mess" we are in while we live in this world.
stabilized
3rd Use of the OT Law
the law is still useful as a guide for the Christian life
1st Use of the OT Law
the law was an essential part of God's original intention in regulating with Israel as a nation. It is not transferable to the church in this way--it is not to be used to regulate the church as it had been used to regulate the Jewish nation
2nd Use of the OT Law
the law was effective at showing people they were sinners. This is a good thing, not a bad thing. This is one of the ways the law is still "good"
What do the two censuses in Numbers highlight?
the two generations within the book
Israel is called to exercise ___/___ in God.
trust and faith
The serpent knew the nature of man's relational commitment to the ____ made them vulnerable to attack through that relationship.
woman