Openstax Introduction to Sociology Chapter 1

Karl Marx

Communist Manifesto

Max Weber, Georg Simmel, and Karl Marx were all advocates of:

Conflict theory

What approach is often used to understand what's defined as deviant within a society?

Constructivism

topic of study in early sociology?

Economics

The process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior (or, the concept that the individual and society are inseparable) is referred to as:

Figuration

work focused on the micro-level theories, and it analyzed the dynamics of two-person and three-person groups.

Georg Simmel

philosopher and sociologist whose work focused on the ways in which the mind and the self were developed as a result of social processes

George Herbert Mead

symbolic interactionist approach and emphasizes the micro-level of analysis.

George Herbert Mead

favored a form of government that allowed market forces to control capitalism

Herbert Spencer

Please define C. Wright Mill's sociological imagination?

How individuals understand their own and others' pasts in relation to history and social structure.

Which founder of sociology believed societies changed due to class struggle?

Karl Marx

Who believed that the history of society was one of class struggle?

Karl Marx

first recognized social dynamics as an underlying component of historical development in his seminal encyclopedia, General Study of Literary Remains.

Ma Tuan-Lin

idea that social conflict

Marx's

A paradigm can be defined as:

Philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.

manifest; latent

Political science teacher Mr. Jones asks his students to study how social media can influence public opinion by "following" famous activists, academics, and politicians on Twitter. While reading and exchanging each other's Tweets, some classmates became close friends. The first is an example of the project's ____ function, the second is an example of the project's _____ function.

Alona is examining the impact of the 2011 Penn State scandal on student morale and school spirit by distributing number-scaled surveys in her Introduction to Sociology class. Alona is employing a _____ research method.

Quantitative

dysfunctions

Social processes that have undesirable consequences for the operation of society

_____ view society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of individuals who make up that society.

Structural Functionalists

Which of these theories is most likely to look at the social world on a micro level?

Symbolic interactionism

After weeks of protest in Zuccotti Park, NYC's "Occupy Wall Street" divided into two camps: one composed of higher income protestors, and one composed of lower-income protesters. A ______ would be most interested in the relationship and nature of day-to- day exchanges between the two groups.

Symbolic interactionist

Sociology is defined as the:

Systematic study of society and social interaction.

dramaturgical analysis

The focus on the importance of symbols in building a society led sociologists to develop a technique

best describes sociology as a subject

The study of society and social interaction

Symbolic interactionism

a micro-level theory that focuses on the relationships among individuals within a society.

hypothesis

a testable proposition

sociological imagination

a way of seeing our own and other people's behavior in relationship to history and social structure

Functionalism

also called structural-functional theory, sees society as a structure with interrelated parts designed to meet the biological and social needs of the individuals in that society

Reification

an error of treating an abstract concept as though it has a real, material existence

function

any recurrent activity as the part it played in social life as a whole, and therefore the contribution it makes to social stability and continuity

Paradigms

are philosophical and theoretical frameworks used within a discipline to formulate theories, generalizations, and the experiments performed in support of them.

generalized others

as the organized and generalized attitude of a social group

Grand theories

attempt to explain large-scale relationships and answer fundamental questions such as why societies form and why they change

a healthy society, all parts work together to maintain stability, a state

dynamic equilibrium

Seeing patterns means that a sociologist needs to be able to:

identify similarities in how social groups respond to social pressure

C. Wright Mills once said that sociologists need to develop a sociological __________ to study how society affects individuals.

imagination

A sociologist defines society as a group of people who reside in a defined area, share a culture, and who:

interact

Society

is a group of people who live in a defined geographic area, who interact with one another, and who share a common culture is what sociologists

Constructivism

is an extension of symbolic interaction theory which proposes that reality is what humans cognitively construct it to be.

Social facts

laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life

macro-level

look at trends among and between large groups and societies.

social institutions

patterns of beliefs and behaviors focused on meeting social needs, such as government, education, family, healthcare, religion, and the economy.

figuration.

process of simultaneously analyzing the behavior of individuals and the society that shapes that behavior

culture

refers to the group's shared practices, values, and beliefs

Hebert Spencer

saw similarities between society and the human body; he argued that just as the various organs of the body work together to keep the body functioning, the various parts of society work together to keep society functioning

positivism

scientific study of social patterns

significant others

specific individuals that impacted a person's life

micro-level

study small groups and individual interactions

Manifest functions

the consequences of a social process that are sought or anticipated latent functions are the unsought consequences of a social process

Social Solidarity

the social ties that bind a group of people together such as kinship, shared location, and religion

Sociology

the study of groups and group interactions, societies and social interactions, from small and personal groups to very large groups.

Weber believed humans could not be studied purely objectively because they were influenced by:

their culture

theory

way to explain different aspects of social interactions

difference between positivism and antipositivism relates to:

whether sociological studies can predict or improve society

social facts

which are the laws, morals, values, religious beliefs, customs, fashions, rituals, and all of the cultural rules that govern social life, that may contribute to these changes in the family

theory on how societies transformed from a primitive state into a capitalist, industrial society. people rise to their proper levels in society based on belief in a meritocracy.

Émile Durkheim

Which would a quantitative sociologists use to gather data?

A large survey