Oral Communication Midterm Review

Just as totally relaxed actors or musicians aren't likely to perform at the top of their potential, speakers think more rapidly and express themselves more energetically when they experience _______________. A. facilitative speech anxiety B. the fallacy of perfection C. debilitative speech anxiety D. irrational thinking

A. facilitative speech anxiety

A receiver's perceivable response to a message is ____________. A. feedback B. empathy C. self-monitoring D. encoding

A. feedback

Beliefs that are illogical and leave people feeling unnecessarily apprehensive are called ______________. A. irrational thinking B. deletions C. impromptu D. extemporaneous

A. irrational thinking

Messages which you communicate carelessly, especially online, may sometimes come back to haunt you. This demonstrates that communication is _______________. A. irreversible B. unintentional C. a process D. relational

A. irreversible

Nervous about a speech she is giving in class, Terri rubs her temples frequently when speaking. This nonverbal behavior is called a(n) __________. A. manipulator B. affect blend C. regulator D. disfluency

A. manipulator

Speeches learned by heart are called ___________. A. memorized speeches B. manuscript speeches C. extemporaneous speeches D. impromptu speeches

A. memorized speeches

An axiom that communication scholars like to use is: Meanings are in ________________, not in words. A. people B. objects C. letters D. vocabulary

A. people

High self-monitors are usually more aware of their identity management behaviors, while low self-monitors are not. This is because __________________. A. people differ in their degree of competence in identity management B. identity management can be conscious or unconscious C. we have multiple identities D. identity management is collaborative

A. people differ in their degree of competence in identity management

A tool for helping to understand others accurately instead of assuming that your first interpretation is correct is called ___________________. A. perception-checking B. empathy C. self-perception D. sympathy

A. perception-checking

Even though people from France and the United States spell the word "champagne" the same, Jean from France says it differently than Thomas from the United States. Which rules explain why? A. phonological rules B. semantic rules C. pragmatic rules D. syntactic rules

A. phonological rules

The highness or lowness of your voice is called ___________. A. pitch B. articulation C. volume D. rate

A. pitch

The rules that govern how people use and understand language in everyday interactions are known as _________________. A. pragmatic rules B. phonological rules C. syntactic rules D. semantic rules

A. pragmatic rules

The rules that deal with the meaning of specific words are called _________________. A. semantic rules B. pragmatic rules C. syntactic rules D. phonological rules

A. semantic rules

A person's name, accent, usage of powerful and powerless speech, and affiliative language can affect their ______________. A. status B. responsibility C. attitudes D. intelligence

A. status

Arbitrary constructions that represent a communicator's thoughts are referred to in the chapter as _________________. A. symbols B. communication C. syntactic rules D. phonological rules

A. symbols

Humans use ________________ to represent things, processes, ideas, or events in ways that make communication possible. A. symbols B. characters C. messages D. verbs

A. symbols

People who assume that an individual who is taller than average is also likely to be more intelligent than average are demonstrating _______________. A. the halo effect B. perception C. self-esteem D. self-concept

A. the halo effect

Jorge is giving a speech explaining why audience members should purchase a new computer operating system. What type of speech will he likely give? A. A speech to entertain. B. A persuasive speech. C. An informative speech. D. An ethical speech.

B. A persuasive speech.

When you give this type of speech, you attempt primarily to move your audience to a new belief, attitude, or behavior. A. An informative speech. B. A persuasive speech. C. A speech to entertain. D. An ethical speech

B. A persuasive speech.

Sam is giving a speech on how to use a new computer operating system. What type of speech will he likely give? A. A speech to entertain. B. An informative speech. C. A persuasive speech. D. An ethical speech

B. An informative speech.

When you give this type of speech, you attempt to enlighten audience members by describing, explaining, or instructing. A. A speech to entertain. B. An informative speech. C. A persuasive speech. D. An ethical speech

B. An informative speech.

Which characteristic of communication says that we can become more effective communicators? A. Communication is relational. B. Competence can be learned. C. Communication is situational. D. There is no "ideal" way to communicate.

B. Competence can be learned.

You prefer classrooms with natural light and a view of the campus through the window. This preference is related to which contextual element of nonverbal communication? A. Territory B. Environment C. Proxemics D. Chronemics

B. Environment

Which statement is correct? A. Emotive statements are never opinions. B. Factual claims can be proved to be false. C. Words cannot really cause any damage. D. Using uncivil language is a habit that cannot be changed.

B. Factual claims can be proved to be false.

What is a set of relatively stable perceptions that each of us holds about ourselves? A. Self-esteem B. Self-concept C. Presenting self D. Perceived self

B. Self-concept

Listeners who assume that particular accents are invariably proof of specific abilities and traits are exhibiting _____________. A. Divergence B. Stereotypes C. Status D. Affiliation

B. Stereotypes

Which sentence below best represents that meanings are in people, not in words? A. Some people understand the real meanings of words. B. The meanings people associate with words have far more significance than do their dictionary definitions. C. Successful communication occurs only when we let others know the true meaning of words. D. It's safe to assume all people use words the same way you do.

B. The meanings people associate with words have far more significance than do their dictionary definitions.

Esperanza was predicted and expected to do poorly in a math class. At the end of the semester, Esperanza got an F in math. This is an example of ___________. A. social traits B. a self-fulfilling prophecy C. self-esteem D. self-concept

B. a self-fulfilling prophecy

The method by which a message is conveyed between people is called a _________________. A. message B. channel C. device D. symbol

B. channel

A ____________ is an expressed opinion that the speaker would like the audience to accept. A. warrant B. claim C. statement B. reason-giving discourse

B. claim

It's a mistake to think that communication competence is a trait that a person either possesses or lacks. That's because __________________. A. there is no "ideal" way to communicate B. competent communication is both situational and can be learned C. competent communication is relational D. competent communication is transactional

B. competent communication is both situational and can be learned

An intense level of apprehension about speaking before an audience, resulting in poor performance, is referred to as _______________. A. facilitative speech anxiety B. debilitative speech anxiety C. irrational thinking D. the fallacy of catastrophic failure

B. debilitative speech anxiety

Competent communication is _______________ communication. A. linear B. effective C. face-to-face D. intelligent

B. effective

Self-regulation and internal motivation are two of the five proposed dimensions of _______________. A. sympathy B. emotional intelligence C. empathy D. IQ

B. emotional intelligence

Supporting material that the speaker uses to attempt to prove any type of claim is called ___________. A. ethos B. evidence C. reason-giving discourses D. proof

B. evidence

A(n) ___________ is given off the top of one's head, without preparation. A. manuscript speech B. impromptu speech C. extemporaneous speech D. memorized speech

B. impromptu speech

An example of external noise is ____________. A. insecurity B. loud music C. fatigue D. hunger

B. loud music

Mediated communication channels include ______________________. A. hand signals B. social media C. face-to-face contact D. speaking

B. social media

"Going you the to tonight game are."Which rules help explain the mistakes in the above sentence? A. emantic rules B. syntactic rules C. pragmatic rules D. phonological rules

B. syntactic rules

The loudness of your voice, determined by the amount of air you push past the vocal folds in your throat, is called ___________. A. pitch B. volume C. articulation D. rate

B. volume

Which type of speech can be classified by (a) a belief in whether something is true or not, (b) a belief in whether someone or something has worth or not, or (c) a belief in whether a course of action should be followed or not? A. An unethical speech. B. An informative speech. C. A persuasive speech. D. A controversial speech.

C. A persuasive speech.

Which definition best fits the description of a dialect? A. A version of a language without a distinctive pronunciation. B. A version of a language with a distinctive pronunciation. C. A version of a language with its own distinctive words and meanings. D. A version of a language which is less powerful

C. A version of a language with its own distinctive words and meanings.

Which of the following is true of communication? A. Communication occurs in discrete, individual acts. B. Communication is always encoded. C. Communication is something we do with others.

C. Communication is something we do with others.

ed is a lawyer. He is speaking for the record during some legal proceedings and is therefore reading word for word from a prepared text. Which sentence below explains the greatest disadvantage of the speech he will most likely give? A. It may be overly formal. B. It may lack a conversational tone. C. It may lack spontaneity. D. It may lack formality.

C. It may lack spontaneity.

Which communication model describes communication as similar to tossing a ball? A. Mediated communication. B. Transactional communication. C. Linear communication. D. Face-to-face communication.

C. Linear communication.

Dana is persuasive because, above all, she appeals to her audience's sense of reason. What type of appeal does this illustrate? A. Ethos B. Pathos C. Logos D. Charisma

C. Logos

An important five-step organizational pattern for persuasive speeches is referred to as ___________. A. motivational rhetoric a formal outline C. Monroe's Motivated Sequence D. the general purpose

C. Monroe's Motivated Sequence

How do you differentiate sympathy from empathy? A. Sympathy involves perspective taking and empathy does not. B. Empathy means you feel compassion for a person's predicament. C. Sympathy means you feel compassion for another person's predicament, whereas empathy means you have a personal sense of what that predicament is like. D. With sympathy, you actually experience the emotions of others, with empathy you don't.

C. Sympathy means you feel compassion for another person's predicament, whereas empathy means you have a personal sense of what that predicament is like.

Which statement below breaks down the differences between the linear and transactional models? A. The linear model relies on messages and the transactional model does not. B. The linear contains message encoding and the transactional model does not. C. The roles of sender and receiver are separate in the linear model, but they are considered communicators in the transactional model. D. The linear model is based on simultaneous communication, while the transactional model is based on sender feedback.

C. The roles of sender and receiver are separate in the linear model, but they are considered communicators in the transactional model.

When you increase audience involvement in your speech by announcing a question-and-answer period at the end, it is important to _______________. A. remember every last detail of the question, even if some of it is irrelevant B. ignore questions which seem to suggest you are biased C. answer the question briefly D. respond in as much detail as possible about all aspects of the question

C. answer the question briefly

For our purposes here, _____________ means pronouncing all the parts of all the necessary words and nothing else. A. pitch B. slurring C. articulation D. rate

C. articulation

The process of attaching meaning to behavior is called _________________. A. negative impressions B. self-serving bias C. attribution D. androgyny

C. attribution

Nonverbal cues that reinforce a message are known as __________. A. regulating B. substituting C. complementing D. repeating

C. complementing

Mass media, significant others, expectations and ________________ are some of the factors influencing people's sense of self. Choose the best answer. A. concepts B. prophesies C. culture D. biases

C. culture

A ____________ is an error in logic. A. falsity B. mistake C. fallacy D. warrant

C. fallacy

People who succumb to the ____________ operate on the assumption that, if something bad can happen, it probably will. A. fallacy of overgeneralization B. fallacy of approval C. fallacy of catastrophic failure D. fallacy of irrational thinking

C. fallacy of catastrophic failure

Speakers who succumb to the ____________ expect to deliver a flawless presentation. A. fallacy of approval B. fallacy of overgeneralization C. fallacy of perfection D. fallacy of irrational thinking

C. fallacy of perfection

You have been invited to a party where you don't know many people. In an effort to make a good first impression that projects confidence, you smile frequently and maintain a relaxed body posture. This nonverbal communication is related to __________. A. cultural environment B. informal roles C. identity management D. disinhibition

C. identity management

In a(n)___________, the speaker will generally present a noncontroversial topic. A. persuasive speech B. speech to entertain C. informative speech D. ethical speech

C. informative speech

A collection of symbols governed by rules and used to convey messages between individuals is referred to in the chapter as _________________. A. phonological rules B. symbols C. language D. syntactic rules

C. language

Clara is a very punctual person who prefers to complete one task before starting another. Clara has a __________ orientation. A. polychronic B. chronemic C. monochromic D. synchronic

C. monochromic

The rules that govern how words sound when they are pronounced are called _________________. A. syntactic rules B. semantic rules C. phonological rules D. pragmatic rules

C. phonological rules

John is in biology class trying to listen to the lecture. He's having difficulty following because he stayed up most of the night studying for an economics test. This best exemplifies __________________. A. external noise B. environmental noise C. physiological noise D. psychological noise

C. physiological noise

The term ____________ describes how we develop an image of ourselves from the way we think others view us. A. self-concept B. perceived self C. reflected appraisal D. self-esteem

C. reflected appraisal

Emily is speaking with Tristan. As Emily finishes her statement, she uses a falling intonation pattern to signal she is done. Tristan notices and then begins to comment. This is an example of __________. A. complementing B. substituting C. regulating D. repeating

C. regulating

The process of paying close attention to one's own behavior and using these observations to shape the way one behaves is called __________________. A. cognitive complexity B. commitment C. self-monitoring D. empathy

C. self-monitoring

The tendency for us to judge ourselves in the most generous terms possible is called _________________. A. attribution B. confidence C. self-serving bias D. self-fulfilling prophecy

C. self-serving bias

A person whose opinion is important enough to affect one's self-concept is called __________________. A. self-fulfilling prophecy B. reflected appraisal C. significant other D. self-serving bias

C. significant other

When you feel compassion for another person's predicament, this is_________________. A. understanding B. a self-perception C. sympathy D. empathy

C. sympathy

A new theory of gender proposing that gender cannot be simply categorized, that social expectations can be confining, and that showing gender qualities may be related to context and mood, is called ________________. A. the gender effect B. self-concept C. the gender matrix D. a continuum

C. the gender matrix

The person you believe yourself to be in moments of honest self-examination is referred to as ________________. A. attribution B. identity management C. the perceived self D. facework

C. the perceived self

Graphic devices that may be used in any type of speech to illustrate and support ideas are called ___________. A. pictograms B. models C. visual aids D. diagrams

C. visual aids

The elements in a speech which speak to the heart rather than the head are referred to as ______________. A. Credibility B. Persuasiveness C. Logos D. Pathos

D. Pathos

Which of the following is an example of intrapersonal communication? A. Elisha is having an intimate face-to-face conversation with Jill. B. Joanne is asked to make a speech about the club, to which she replies, "Absolutely!" C. Frank is speaking to his cycling group. D. Tanya is asked to speak to the school board and she thinks, "I'm not a good enough speaker to do that."

D. Tanya is asked to speak to the school board and she thinks, "I'm not a good enough speaker to do that."

The presidents of universities often have the largest offices on campus. This is an illustration of which nonverbal contextual element? A. Chronemics B. Proxemics C. Environment D. Territory

D. Territory

The level of commitment and attention that listeners devote to a speech is called _____________. A. audience participation B. audience demographics C. signpost D. audience involvement

D. audience involvement

The believability of a speaker is called ___________, and is a perception in the minds of the audience. A. character B. honesty C. competence D. credibility

D. credibility

The primary components of reasoning are claims, subclaims, and ______________. A. counter-claims B. statements C. warrants D. evidence

D. evidence

A(n) ____________ is planned in advance but presented in a direct, spontaneous manner. A. memorized speech B. impromptu speech C. manuscript speech D. extemporaneous speech

D. extemporaneous speech

The verbal and nonverbal ways we act to show a positive image of ourselves to others is called ________________. A. attribution B. private self C. the presenting self D. facework

D. facework

The communication strategies people use to influence how others view them is called ________________. A. empathy B. self-serving bias C. attribution D. identity management

D. identity management

An article in the print edition of a magazine is an example of ___________________. A. public communication B. small group communication C. organizational communication D. mass communication

D. mass communication

Larger, more permanent collections of people engage in ________________ when they collectively work to achieve goals. A. mass communication B. public communication C. small group communication D. organizational communication

D. organizational communication

Reason-giving discourse that involves proposing claims and backing up those claims with proof is called ____________. A. informative speaking B. speaking to entertain C. ethical speaking D. persuasive speaking

D. persuasive speaking

Statements explaining why your claims are true, along with evidence that backs up those claims are called ___________. A. persuasion B. reason-giving discourses C. warrants D. proof

D. proof

A ____________________ occurs when a person's expectation of an outcome, and their subsequent behavior, make the outcome more likely to occur than would otherwise have been the case. A. reflected appraisal B. perceived self C. self-concept D. self-fulfilling prophecy

D. self-fulfilling prophecy

If you find explanations outside yourself when you suffer a setback, but tend to blame others' problems on their personal flaws, you are exhibiting _______________. A. overgeneralization B. the halo effect C. miscommunication D. self-serving bias

D. self-serving bias

What rules make it possible for us to agree that "bikes" are for riding and "books" are for reading? A. phonological rules B. pragmatic rules C. syntactic rules D. semantic rules

D. semantic rules

In __________________ every person can participate actively with other members. A. intrapersonal communication B. organizational communication C. interpersonal communication D. small group communication

D. small group communication

Ethan simply shrugs his shoulders when his mother asks him if he'll be home Saturday night to babysit his sister. This is an example of __________. A. complementing B. repeating C. regulating D. substituting

D. substituting

The rules that govern the structure of language. A. semantic rules B. phonological rules C. pragmatic rules D. syntactic rules

D. syntactic rules

An _____________ involves pronunciation perceived as different from the local speech style. A. accent B. expression C. affiliation D. elocution

A. accent

The ability to re-create another person's perspective, to experience the world from the other's point of view is referred to as ________________. A. empathy B. understanding C. sympathy D. self-perception

A. empathy

Fields of experience that help communicators understand others' behavior are referred to as __________________. A. environments B. models C. dyads D. channels

A. environments

Analyze the statements below and identify the statement that exemplifies the need step establishing the problem. A. The prevalence of plastic waste is cluttering waterways, endangering wildlife, and damaging scenery on our planet. B. I was canoeing down the Blackwater River last week when I encountered a duck trapped in the plastic rings from a six-pack of beer. C. Every small choice people make makes a big difference in the health of our planet. D. Help protect our natural wonders!

A. The prevalence of plastic waste is cluttering waterways, endangering wildlife, and damaging scenery on our planet.

Andrea forgot that she was giving a speech in her communication class so she decided to just wear workout clothes and sneakers to class. Which visual aspect of delivery was she neglecting? A. Appearance B. Appropriateness C. Dynamic visuals D. Attractiveness

A. Appearance

Bryan's speech tends to speed up when he is nervous, and his pitch becomes higher. Which is the correct description of these nonverbal behaviors? A. Both his speed and pitch are paralanguage. B. His speed is paralanguage, and his pitch is chronemics. C. His speed is chronemics, and his pitch is paralanguage. D. Both his speed and pitch are chronemics.

A. Both his speed and pitch are paralanguage.

Jonathan is perceived by his peers to be highly ethical, and someone who acts with integrity. What characteristic of credibility does this illustrate? A. Character B. Competence C. Charisma D. Pathos

A. Character

Jared is looking intently at his computer screen when his father walks into his room. What should his father conclude about Jared's behavior? A. It is impossible to say because nonverbal cues can mean more than one thing. B. He does not want to be disturbed. C. He is angry. D. He is concentrating.

A. It is impossible to say because nonverbal cues can mean more than one thing.

Which of the following statements is true? A. Words are imprecise by nature. B. Jargon has no benefits. C. Euphemisms always make bad news easier to bear. D. Equivocal understandings are usually intentional.

A. Words are imprecise by nature.