org behavior ✰ exam 2
_______ is the willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions.
Trust
What is motivation?
A set of energetic forces that originates both within and outside an employee.
What is Trait theory of leadership?
A theory that argues that leaders are born and not made. It considers social, intellectual, or physical qualities that differentiate leaders from non-leaders.
What is Leader-Member Exchange theory?
A theory that describes how leader-member exchange (LMX) relationships develop over time on a dyadic basis and can explain differences among various leader-member relationships.
What is psychological empowerment?
An intrinsic form of motivation derived from the belief that one's work tasks are contributing to some larger purpose.
What can the organization do to gain the trust from its employees?
An organization can gain the trust of its employees by improving the employee's perceptions of justice.
What steps can organizations take to manage employee stress?
Assessment → Reducing Stressors → Providing Resources → Reducing Strains
How do individuals cope with stress?
Behavioral Coping - the set of physical activities that are used to deal with a situation Cognitive Coping - thoughts involved in trying to deal with a stressful situation Problem-focused Coping - focuses on managing the stressful situation itself Emotion-focused Coping - focuses on managing emotional reactions to stressors
What does it mean to be equitably treated according to Equity Theory, and how do employees respond to inequity?
Being treated equitably is when our "mental ledger" that tallies our contributions to the job with the rewards we get from the job is balanced. If under-reward inequity exists, people try to increase outcomes or shrink inputs. Moreover, if over-reward inequity exists, people try to shrink outcomes or grow inputs.
How does stress affect job performance and organizational commitment?
Challenge stressors tend to trigger positive emotions in employees, which results in higher job satisfaction and job performance. Hindrance stressors reduce the energy and attention people devote to a job, resulting in less job satisfaction, which decreases organizational commitment.
How does personality affect job performance and organizational commitment?
Conscientiousness has the biggest influence on job performance. If your job allows you to express your personality and its dimensions, you'll be more likely to want to stay with the organization.
Kathryn was bullied as a child and later married a man who lied and stole money from her. Kathryn is not likely to demonstrate ________ trust.
Disposition-based (learned from a young age and is influenced by life experiences)
What are the four types of justice?
Distributive Justice - perceptions of fairness related to whether or not outcomes have been allocated in accordance with accepted norms Procedural Justice - whether or not rules have been followed Interpersonal Justice - perceptions of fairness related whether or not authorities treat people with fairness when implementing rules Informational Justice - perception of fairness related to whether or not the communications provided to employees during organization decision making are fair
Kelli is about to deliver an important presentation on her highly innovative efficiency technique at an internationally recognized business conference. Just minutes before she is to go on stage, Kelli gets nervous and cannot remember half of her talking points. Her boss speaks to her, reminding her that she should be proud of herself for earning this opportunity to present, which helps shore up her confidence. Kelli then makes a presentation that earns her a standing ovation. Which of the following considerations dictated Kelli's self-efficacy?
Emotional Cues
Raoul owns a furniture moving company. During late spring, especially when the local colleges go on summer break and students move out of the dorms, he finds himself overloaded with work, which often makes him feel irritable and anxious. To calm himself, he often takes time out to go swimming. In this example, the coping strategy that Raoul uses can be classified as ________ and ________ coping.
Emotion-focused, behavioral
What two dimensions capture most of the day-to-day leadership behaviors in which leaders engage?
Initiating structure & consideration
What's the difference between leader effectiveness and leader emergence?
Leader effectiveness is the degree to which a leader's actions result in achievement, continued commitment, and a better leader-member dyad. Leader emergence consists of the likelihood that an individual will assume a leadership role.
What decision-making problems can prevent employees from translating their learning into accurate decisions?
Limited Information, Faulty Perceptions, Faulty Attributions, Escalation of Commitment / *Professor mentioned: Rationality, Bias, Fundamental Attribution Error & Self-serving Bias, Escalation of Commitment
What four beliefs determine empowerment levels?
Meaningfulness, self-determination, competence, and impact.
Are personality tests a useful tool for organizational hiring?
Most integrity tests assess a combination of high conscientiousness, high agreeableness, and low neuroticism along with honesty. Even allowing for some "faking" among test-takers, personality and integrity tests are among the most useful tools for hiring.
What taxonomies can be used to describe personality, other than the Big Five?
Myers-Briggs Type Indicators, Dark Triad
What two methods can employees use to make decisions?
Programmed Decisions (automatic due to knowledge/intuition) and Non-programmed Decisions (when a problem is new, complex, unrecognized)
Kwame, Rosalinda, and Sven work at Security First Trust and National Reserve, a medium-sized bank with 240 branches in eight states. Kwame works as a teller. Rosalinda works as one of five regional supervisors, each of whom is expected to supervise a team of tellers. Kwame recently received instructions from his supervisor that all tellers will be evaluated on the number of people they assist at their window per day. Serving more customers means higher performance effectiveness. However, Kwame is also expected to follow the bank's number-one goal of customer satisfaction. Rosalinda is facing her own challenges. Two of the regional supervisors suddenly left the bank for other opportunities, resulting in a significant increase in work responsibility and time pressure for Rosalinda and the remaining two supervisors. Just two days before the two regional supervisors quit, the bank hired Sven as a supervisor trainee. With the bank suddenly short-handed, Sven was asked to take up all the responsibilities of a regional supervisor. He has been given very few instructions or guidelines about how things are supposed to be done. Instead, the bank expects him to learn on the job. In this scenario, Sven is encountering stress resulting from...
Role Ambiguity
Know the rules of the four types of justice.
Rules of Fair Process (Procedural Justice) - voice, correctability, consistency, bias suppression, representativeness & accuracy Rules of Fair Treatment (Interpersonal Justice) - respect rule & propriety rule Rules of Fair Communication (Informational Justice) - justification rule & truthfulness rule
What two qualities make goals strong predicators of task performance, according to goal setting theory?
Specificity and difficulty
___________ are the negative consequences that occur when demands tax or exceed one's capacity or resources.
Strains
What does it mean for a leader to be "effective"?
The degree to which a leader's actions result in achievement, continued commitment, and the development of mutual trust, respect, and obligation.
How does motivation affect job performance?
The motivating force with the strongest performance effect is self-efficacy, and people who feel a sense of internal self-confidence tend to outperform those who doubt their capabilities.
What is Decision Making?
The process of generating and choosing from a set of alternatives to solve a problem.
How does motivation affect organizational commitment?
The psychological and physical forms of withdrawal that characterize less committed employees are themselves evidence of low levels of motivation.
What is Personality?
The structures and propensities inside a person that explain his or her characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and behavior. •What a person is like
What is leadership?
The use of power and influence to direct the activities of followers toward goal achievement.
What is Trust?
The willingness to be vulnerable to an authority based on positive expectations about the authority's actions and intentions.
What are the 4 types of leadership?
Transactional Leadership: leaders who guide or motivate their followers by clarifying role and task requirements Transformational Leadership: leaders who inspire and intellectually stimulate and develop their followers Laissez-Faire: hands-off leadership; avoidance of leadership and ignorance of responsibilities Abusive Supervision: verbally and nonverbally hostile supervision
How does transformational leadership affect organizational commitment?
Transformational leadership increases job satisfaction, which results in a stronger emotional bond with the organization and a stronger sense of obligation to remain engaged in the work.
How does transformational leadership affect job performance?
Transformational leadership leads to higher levels of task performance, citizenship behaviors, levels of motivation, and empowerment.
How does transformational leadership differ from transactional leadership?
Transformational leadership seeks to inspire and motivate followers through appeals to ideals, using personal beliefs and strength, and focuses on compelling communication. Transactional leadership establishes a clear chain of command and motivates through punishments and rewards.
What are the three dimensions of trust?
Trust propensity, cognitive-based trust, affective-based trust
How does the Type A Behavior Pattern influence the stress process?
Type A Behavior tends to encounter more stressors, is more likely to see demands as being stressful rather than benign, and is more likely to have coronary artery disease & exhibit other physical and psychological symptoms of strain.
Kelli is about to deliver an important presentation on her highly innovative efficiency technique at an internationally recognized business conference. Just minutes before she is to go on stage, Kelli gets nervous and cannot remember half of her talking points. Her boss speaks to her, reminding her that she works everyday with the information she plans to communicate, which helps shore up her confidence. Kelli then makes a presentation that earns her a standing ovation. Which of the following considerations dictated Kelli's self-efficacy?
Verbal Persuasion
What are cultural values?
shared beliefs about desirable end states or modes of conduct in a given culture
Is personality driven by nature or by nurture?
you tell me...
