Org Behavior Exam 2

Which of the following best describes negative reinforcement? (A) Pleasant events are presented after the performance of a behavior (B) Unpleasant events are presented after the performance of a behavior (C) Pleasant events are taken away after the performance of a behavior (D) Unpleasant events are taken away after the performance of a behavior

(A) Pleasant events are presented after the performance of a behavior

Which of the following are characteristics of burnout?

-Emotional Exhaustion -Depersonalization -Diminished sense of accomplishment -Reduced satisfaction with work and the work environment

Short Answer: Name three reasons why it is important to set goals.

-Increase Performance -Increase Motivation -Focus -Growth & Development -Sense of Achievement -Take control of Your Life

Short Answer: What are 2 consequences of injustice?

-People who are unhappy -Leave situation -Stress in people: anxiety, depression -Sabotage equipment/coworkers, abuse other people, rumors

Short Answer: What is emotional contagion? Describe a scenario where this may cause an issue in the workplace.

-higher job status spread having a bigger effect -attitudes spread more easily

Short Answer: Give 3 reasons as to why we set goals.

-increased performance -increase motivation -focus -growth & development -sense of achievement -take control of your life

Short Answer: What are the 5 steps of the basic turnover model?

1. Employment 2. Job Dissatisfaction 3. Lack of Organizational Commitment 4. Withdraw Thoughts 5. Turnover

Extra Credit: What percent of employers don't think their pay system is great.

70%??

Essay: Explain 3 advantages and 3 disadvantages for employee empowerment.

Advantages: -increased motivation -increased accountability -increased sense of community -flexibility -enhanced trust -decreases turnover Disadvantages: -abuse of power -takes longer to make decisions -security risks -lack of ability to make informed decisions -sense of entitlement -blurred chain of command

Which of the following is not a key element of goal setting? (A) Challenge (B) Attainment (C) Achievement (D) Pride (E) all are key elements

All are key elements Key Elements in Goal-Setting -Challenge -Feedback -Goal Attainment -Feeling of Achievement -Pride

You want to avoid pay for performance when: (A) employees are in training (B) motivation levels are sufficient (C) performance is monitored (D) A&B (E) All of the above

All the above

Essay: Doug was recently promoted to a higher management position where he is now in charge of the quarterly budget reports. When he is asked by his manager on the deadline date if he has finished his report Doug does not know how to respond. He explains that he has been extremely busy helping with his sons soccer team and that the content of the report is to much because the last person did it wrong. He says he will try to complete it within the next week but his schedule may be busy. He continues to go around the problem to avoid confrontation. Identify and explain three factors of defensiveness that Doug has partaken in and give two ways to overcome the defensiveness.

Avoid Defensiveness: -Rationalization -Denial -Making Excuses -Refusing to consider the issue

Which of the following is not a form of recognition?

Award Forms of recognition are: Formal Informal Day-to-Day

Ashley loves to buy people gifts, and since Halloween is coming up, she decided to surprise her friend Mary with a spooky basket. When she gave Mary her gift, Mary was hesitant to accept because she felt as though she needed to give a gift back to Ashley in return. Ashley shrugged her off and said "No worries, it's my gift to you! No need to get me anything!" In this situation, Ashley is ________ and Mary is _________. A. entitled, benevolent B. benevolent, equity indifferent C. equity sensitive, equity indifferent D. benevolent, equity sensitive

B or D

Which of the following is a problem with commission pay? (A) Lesser employees stand no chance (B) It can lead to employees focusing on th "Big Score" (C) Increased Stress (D) Lack of Control (E) Both B and C

Both B and C

Extra Credit: Your friend just told you that they finally saved up enough money to buy their dream car. Find a way to twist into something negative.

Class Examples: She just received her PhD -> She is very independent She decided to lend her friend $2000 -> She got really great presents for her birthday

Eric is a car salesman and learns about another dealership that offers better commissions. He does research and contacts the new dealership. When he is offered a position a the new dealership he accepts their offer and quits his current job. What type of quitter is Eric?

Comparison Quitter

Stan is a great employee and a strong performer but has decided to leave his job due to being dissatisfied. What type of turnover is this?

Comparison Quitter -Employment -Not happy -perception: violation of image -job search -evaluation of alternatives -Turnover

What is the secret to customer service?

Compassion - which requires an emotion you shouldn't show

Matthew is manager at a small marketing firm. he knows that one of his employees, Fred, always comes in late of Fridays, slacks off for most of the day, and hardly gets any work done. Instead of confronting Fred, Matthew always has another co-worker do Freds work for him on these days, and makes a mental note to reduce Freds bonus the next time it's bonus season. Explain the mistake Matthew made if he wanted to change Freds behavior.

Complexity of Punishment sand Rewards Resentment for a Violation of Expectation

Janice is behind on her factory warranty weekly report and when her co-worker Michael asks if she has started it yet she becomes irritated and bites back at him. What common response is Janice providing to the situation?

Defensiveness!!!

Which of the following is NOT an identified advantage of employee empowerment within an organization?

Diminished Sense of Community *it is increased sense of community*

Which type of justice has to unilaterally offer the same opportunities to everyone?

Distributive Justice -> how you distribute these awards Interactional Justice -> wanting to be treated with respect

Short Answer: Explain the concepts of distributive justice, procedural justices, and interactional justice and provide examples we discussed in class.

Distributive Justice -> how you distribute these awards -Equity -> rewarding employees based on their contributions -Equality -> providing each employee roughly the same compensation -Need -> providing a benefit based on one personal requirement Procedural Justice -> process things are determined -Consistency -> all employees are treated the same -Lack of bias -> no pension or group is singled out for discrimination or ill-treatment - Accuracy -> decisions are based on accurate information - Representation of all concerned -> appropriate stakeholders have input into decisions - Correction -> there is an appeals process or other mechanism for fixing mistakes - Ethics -> norms of professional conduct are not violated Interactional Justice -> wanting to be treated with respect -Interpersonal Justice -> treating an employee with dignity, courtesy, and respect -Informational justice -> sharing relevant information with employees

Short Answer: Explain the potential concerns of pay for performance for doctors and teacher.

Doctors Base Level a. How many referrals they get b. How many patients they lose c. How many afflictions cured d. How many positive reviews Pay for performance for teachers Higher scores 1. Might incentivize them to make them easier 2. don't know the direct relationship a. maybe a pretest-posttest Student evaluations 1. they could give students treats, etc

Extra Credit: What did the EEOC sue a New York school district for?

EEOC sues New York school district for Equal Pay Violation

Essay: Ursula is a manager of a sales department and she is trying to implement an award system in order to motivate her employees. She wants to use the 3 forms of recognition and she has come to you to ask what she should do. Identify each form and briefly describe how often it should implemented and then using the three key reinforcers (something physical, feedback, and money) provide an appropriate award and how it should be given for each form.

Employee Recognition Implementation Identify the Critical Behavior Measure Current Frequency Analyze the Antecedents and Consequences of the behavior Design & implement an intervention Evaluate the intervention (Measure behavior) Did the intervention work> Continue Program Key Reinforcers for Employees Thank you Money Feedback

Becca wants to recognize one of her employees in a big way. To do this she will be presenting her with the Employee of the Year Award at awards night. What form of recognition is this?

Formal Recognition

Short Answer: Name three key areas to remember with employee recognition and explain what you want to remember about those three concepts.

Formal Recognition -> service milestones, formal awards such as Presidents Award Informal Recognition -> sincere, timely recognition of teams and individuals, specific to individual interests, manager driven Day-to-Day Recognition -> instant, frequent and unlimited, specific to behavior and/or performance, peer or manager led

Extra Credit: What in relation to goal setting does GTD stand for?

Getting Things Done

Short Answer: Leo was implementing his own behavior modification process of intervention and followed the steps perfectly with a detailed play of action. When it came time to evaluate his progress, he found out that he was short of several objectives. What should he do now and why?

Go back to step three: Analyze the Antecedents and Consequences of the behavior

Short Answer: What is it called when you give yourself a reward upon completion of a specific goal?

Goal Attainment or Feeling of Achievement

Short Answer: When should you refrain from keeping a goal according to the GTD flight model?

Goal Commitment???

What is the name of the pyramid when looking at the social cognitive theory for the impact of recognition?

How Recognition Works *Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs*

Emotions: When we talked about procrastination what book was recommended?

Indestructible

Essay: Cynthia works for an accounting firm that is looking to expand their clientele by 25% within the next 2 years. Her employees are excited but have expressed concerns about the amount of work they will now be doing. She wants to use either an individual or group based, describe how each option can be implemented in account, and a potential pitfall that could be associated with each. Second, give your opinion as to which option would be the best and why.

Individual: Problems & Concerns -Focus on Quantity ... Not Quality -Focus on the Big Score -Increased Stress & Pressure -Complexity of Punishments & Rewards -Measurement Problems -Resentment for a Violation of expectations -Incentives Toward Unethical Behavior Group Level Problems & Concerns -Pressure to Perform Leads to Resentment -Cofounding External Factors -Lack of control + Increased Uncertainty = Stress -Difficult to See the Effort -> Performance Link -Financial Information can be questioned

Short Answer: Explain two different ways in which equity theory could be off-balance in the workplace and how you could restore those imbalances.

Inputs: Me (here) -> Outputs: Me (elsewhere) Inputs: Others (here) -> Outputs: Others (elsewhere) Inputs: What I put into my job: time, effort, ability, loyalty, tolerance, flexibility, integrity, commitment, reliability, heart and soul, personal sacrifice Outputs: What I get from my job: pay, bonus, perks, benefits, security, recognition, interest, development, reputation,praise, responsibility, employment

Short Answer: Mr.Wonderful has been considering making changes in his company in order to respond to the growing desires of his employees for empowerment. He first attempts to decentralize organizational procedures by granting each department within his company greater responsibility. He instills a wider range of duties in each department, including authority for their own payroll procedures, decisions for hiring employees, and work scheduling. Identify and briefly describe the benefits of the empowerment technique Mr. Wonderful is relying on.

Job Enrichment

What Netflix show was recommended when we talked about basic emotions?

Lie to Me The Office

Extra Credit: What role modeling performance was shown to explain the outcomes of pay for performance?

Math Problem Activity -compensation system

For the past several months, employee Jimmy Johnson has topped the ranks of his sales department. Jimmy has earned the highest sales amongst his peers 8 times within the last 12 months. At the end of the year, Jimmy's manager pull him aside to congratulate him on his achievements and express his sincere gratitude for the extra effort Jimmy continually expends. Doing so, Jimmy is informed he will be receiving a 2.5% raise to his salary starting January 1st. Identify which individual pay-for-performance option Jimmy's manager is offering.

Merit Pay -paying for performance *only to top performers

Which of the following is NOT a guideline for designing pay-for-performance incentives?

NOT: Align Rewards with what is most accessible to the organization Guidelines are: -Select the Appropriate Level -Define Performance Objectives -Ensure competence -Communicate Pay for Performance Guidelines -Align Rewards with Employee Values -Combine with Non-Financial Incentives

Short Answer: Your FIT project is related to fitness and you are looking into the positives and negatives of commiting to this goal. List a negative to this goal and revise it.

Negatives to Goal Commitment -cost of membership -less unstructured time -increased time commuting -feeling self-conscious -sore from exercising -need to buy workout clothes

Short Answer: What ability did masks take away during the pandemic?

Nonverbal Emotional Cues

Short Answer: Marie wants to implement a pay for performance incentive in an attempt to improve sales at her company. She decides that employees who reach their target sales goals for the quarter will be recognized with an award in front of all 500 employees at the company banquet, as well as a $25 Dairy Queen gift card. After a year, Marie notices that performance has not improved at all. What possible mistake did Marie make when choosing this incentive?

Only focusing on Formal Recognition in front of 500 people Needs to a little bit of all -> Formal Recognition, Informal Recognition, and Day-to-Day

Short Answer: What is one of the outcomes from an employee perceiving injustice?

People who are unhappy Leave situation Stress in people; anxiety, depression Sabotage equipment/coworkers, abuse others people, rumors

Short Answer: Upon being asked by her department supervisor at the bank to go print and cut ten sets of customer checks on the new machine received last month, teller Susie Smith panics. Last week, when her coworker who has been working at the bank just as long as she has was tasked with the same project, it ended disastrously. Her coworker pressed a wrong button, jammed the machine, and left it out of service for two days until a repairman could come fix it. Susie had absolutely zero beliefs in her capabilities to accomplish the task successfully. Identify and briefly describe what particular determinant of self-efficacy is Susie being affected by.

Performance Outcome or VIcarious Experience Key Elements in Goal-Setting: Self-Efficacy -Performance Outcomes -Verbal Persuasion -Physiological Feedback -Vicarious Experience

Short Answer: When setting SMART goals, what does it mean to make them measurable? Give an example.

Pick a goal that is measurable so you can continually monitor your progress

Short Answer: A combination of what three key reinforcers for employees creates good recognition for employees that they.

Positive behavior followed by positive consequences. Manager rewards the employee for productivity -> employee increases his/her productivity Teacher praises student for effort -> student is more active in class

Short Answer: Define and provide an example of negative and positive reinforcement.

Positive behavior followed by positive consequences. Manager rewards the employee for productivity -> employee increases his/her productivity Teacher praises student for effort -> student is more active in class Positive behavior followed by removal of negative consequences. manager stops nagging the employee -> employee starts being more productive Teacher stops criticizing students input -> student is more likely to participate in discussion

Essay: ABC Corporation takes pride in identifying as an organization centered on the importance of having an employee recognition program. In fact, ABC has provided all of its managers and supervisors the necessary guidance and tools for implementing a recognition program, with two 8-days devoted to learning about its implications. Further, just last month at ABC Corporation, production supervisor Johnny Appleseed stood before the 100 employees he is responsible for and voiced the following: "Ladies and gentlemen, I wanted to express my sincere appreciation for the work you accomplished last quarter. Our department's productivity increased by 17%, which resulted in increased earnings of $250,000. I noticed that many of you teamed up to assist others during your idle time, and that directly impacted the productivity results I am proudly sharing with you today. There are far too many of you to recognize, so thank you all!! Because of your contributions, I am happy to announce that you will each be receiving a $500 cash award, (to which the employees roared with enthusiasm). Unfortunately, this will be the last quarter such bonuses are provided based on productivity because it is becoming too expensive for ABC to keep up with. Enjoy it one last time!" Identify and explain two key areas of employee recognition Mr. Appleseed/ABC Corporation made sure to remember as well as two key areas they failed to fulfill.

Positives: Details -> how much productivity increase (17%) Genuine -> thanked them on his behalf, said thank you multiple times Negatives: Clear Target -> "There were too many to recognize so we thank you all" -> blanket recognition statement Ensure Sustainability -> program possible long-term? -> no this is the last year of recognition because they can't afford it anymore, it failed

During Ben's quarterly chat with his manager, Moe, about his work performance, his manager talked about the good and the bad that he had noticed. Moe did not disrespect him at all or make him feel terrible about his actions. Instead, Ben left that meeting feeling good about his accomplishments and encouraged to try harder in other areas because Moe had properly used _________ justice. A) Distributive B) Procedural C) Interpersonal D) Informational

Procedural -> push you

Short Answer: Describe the process of controlling your emotions. Use an example where you have followed this pattern in your personal life.

Process Resulting in Emotion Object -> Cognitive -> Value Appraisal -> Emotion Emotions -> Behaviors usually starts with Thoughts Thoughts -> Emotions -> Behaviour

Extra Credit: What company displayed negative informational justice by sending layoff information via email?

RadioShack

Short Answer: Which two parts of Maslow's hierarchy of needs does recognition satisfy?

Safety Love/Belonging

Extra Credit: What was the name of the robot Jimmy Fallon talked with on The Tonight Show in our discussion of artificial intelligence?

Sophia

Essay: Claire is just starting a difficult project for work that doesn't have defined guidelines and decided to set some goals. This project was supposed to be done on the side of her normal work tasks, but she kept busy most days with the day-to-day and planned to come into work two hours early every morning (even though she is not a morning person). Since there weren't that many guidelines, she decided to go above and beyond in creating two and a half pages worth of tasks to complete. Each task was detailed enough so that she knew exactly what to do, but it was very time-consuming. When looking at her list of tasks, she thought she could wrap up the project in two weeks, if she kept to a strict schedule with no wiggle room. In order to track her progress, she also made an excel document to mark off when she completed a task and if she was still on schedule. List each of the SMART goals and pick three that were utilized in the essay and explain how they were used in a good way, a bad way, or both.

Specific Time Achievable

Essay: Define the SMART goal concept and develop a smart goal showing you understand how to use this concept.

Specific - be thoughtful and specific about what you want to focus on Measurable - pick a goal that is measurable so you can continually monitor your progress Achievable - set yourself up for success by choosing something that is achievable Realistic/Relevant - be realistic/relevant when choosing your goal. Think about how it will affect your day-to-day life Time - Be aggressive and realistic when setting your end time or date. Knowing there's an end in sight will help you focus and push yourself

Short Answer: Why is it important to have participation by both superior and subordinate when using management by objective?

Superior & Subordinate Participation -Joint Goal-Setting -Joint decision on Methodology -Makes Way to Attain Maximum Results -Support from superior

Extra Credit: What was the name of the video we watched to see interactional justice?

The Devil Wears *Issue no respect for assistant

Austins customer at the coffee shop was so difficult and rude that he decided to quit on the spot. Why would this be considered impulsive quitting?

The Impulsive Quitter -Employment -Just something happens -perception violation of image -Turnover

When talking about artificial intelligence and emotions, what show was played as an example?

Tonight Showbotics: Jimmy Meets Sophia

Essay: Explain the pay for performance pays and give an example of each concept. (traditional incentive pay, variable pay, merit pay)

Traditional Incentive Pay - Piece-Rate Pay - Commission - example: Delta Flight Attendants Variable Pay -Bonuses - example: IKEA -> share profits in cash on certain day Merit Pay - paying for performance *Only to top performers - Example: Dunkin donuts

IKEA decided to have an employee appreciation day and gave bonuses for how much each department sold for that day. What kind of pay is used in this situation?

Variable Pay

Which of the following key reinforcers for employees is most found to be most effective? (A) Recognition (B) Money (C) Feedback (D) All the above

all the above