Organization Behavior

What are the most frequent causes of poor decision making?

-Poorly defined processes and practices -Unclear company vision, mission and goals -Unwillingness of leaders to take responsibility -A lack of reliable, timely information

How else can you call a win-win collaboration?

-also called integrating. or "problem solving" -parties confront issue and cooperatively identify problem. -primary strength is its longer impact because it deals with underlying problem rather than just symptoms. weakness - time consuming

When should you use an accommodation or lose-win strategy?

-also called obliging, smoothing -playing down differences while emphasizing commonalities. -appropriate when it's possible to eventually get something in return. inappropriate for complex or worsening problems. -weakness - temporary fix, fails to confront underlying problem. strength - encourages cooperation

What is the garbage can model?

-assumes that organizational decision making is a sloppy process and does not follow an orderly series of steps -decisions result from a complex interaction between four independent streams of events: problems solutions participants choice opportunities -this model explains how problems, solutions, participants, and choice opportunities interact and lead to a decision

What are the four implications of the garbage can model?

-decisions are made by oversight or presence of a salient opportunity -political motives often guide the decision making process -decision making process is sensitive to load (too many problems = less time = less likely to be solved) -important problems are more likely to be solved than unimportant ones

How do you reduce commitment bias?

-regularly rotate decision makers -encourage less ego -increase awareness of the cost of persistence

What is escalation of commitment bias?

-tendency to stick to an ineffective course of action when it is unlikely that the bad situation can be reversed

What are Fernando Bartolome's guidelines for building and maintaining trust?

1. Communication. Keep members and employees informed of policies and decisions, and provide accurate feedback to your team. 2. Support. Be available and approachable. Help, advice, coaching. 3. Respect . Actively listening to ideas of others and delegate tasks - empowerment is not possible without trust. 4. Fairness. Quick to give credit and recognition; all performance appraisals and evaluations are objective and impartial.

What are some common team decision pitfalls?

1. Groupthink 2. Escalation of Commitment 3. Abilene Paradox 4. Group Polarization 5. Unethical decision making

Name three different types of conflict:

1. Relationship-> incompatible personalities or value systems 2. Task-> Overlapping or unclear job boundaries 3. Process->Organizational Complexity; unclear deadlines, politics, rules, extreme time pressure

What three things influence personality?

1. Sum total ways individual reacts 2. Measurable traits a person exhibits 3. Formed by genetics

What's the follower's role in the leadership process?

1. Understand the boss and themselves. 2. Gap analysis btw understanding and themselves. 3. Build on mutual strengths and adjust or accommodate the leader's divergent style, goals, expectations, and weakness.

Process Theories (Motivation)

Focus on process that create internal motivation with employees. We studied Expectancy Theory and Goal Setting Theory.

What are the stages of group development (Tucksman's model theory)?

Forming Storming Norming Performing Adjourning

Best type of motivation?

Goal Setting!

What is the difference between a group and a team?

Group- Two or more individuals interacting with each other Generally joined by choice Team- Group with a mission Generally join by assignment (Widely used in orgs)

Why do groups do?

Groups develop norms (norm: structure that regulate member behavior) --Deviance Deal with using correcting, rejecting, or accomodating Compliance --Influenced by person, norm, or role Structure that regulate and regularize member behavior Norms Develop by --explicit statements made by coworks --Critical events in group history --Primacy --Carryover behaviors from past situations Norms Enforced --Help group or org survive --Clarify behavior --Avoid embarrassing situations

Content Theories of Motivation

Identify internal factors influencing motivation. (Need Theory is a Content Theory).

Personality

Individuals personality is relatively stable set of characteristics, tendencies, and temperaments

What are the three roles of managers?

Informational Interpersonal Decisional

What are the four key sets for transformational leadership?

Inspirational Motivation Idealized Influence Individualized Consideration Intellectual Consideration

What are the core traits of leadership?

Intelligence Dominance Self-Confidence Levels of energy and activity Task relevant knowledge

Job Characteristic Model

Intrinsic job characters are highly correlated with internal work motivation

What is servant leadership ?

It is more a philosophy than a testable theory. It is based on the premise that great leaders act as servants putting others needs first including employees, customers, community as their first priority.

How do you motivate employees through job design?

Job rotation Job enlargement Job enrichment

When does feedback backfire?

Just praise Discourages Early in complex task

What's the difference between laissez-fair, transactional , and transformational leadership?

Laissez-faire = No leadership Transactional = Focuses on clarifying employees roles and task requirements and providing followers with positive and negative awards Transformational = Motivate employees to pursue org goals above their own self interests

What are the main differences between a leader vs. manager?

Leaders... inspire motivate behavior manage people use power and influence act decisively Managers execute plans direct and accountable for resources use authority and responsibility act responsibly

Tell me how a goal can be measurable, attainable, realistic

Measurable =Quantifiable Attainable = Can be achieved Realistic = Willing and Able

What is the role of an informational manager?

Monitor Disseminator Spokesperson

Transformational leadership?

Motivate employees beyond self for the betterment of the corporation

Is goal setting positive when it's linked to individual incentives?

NO Goal based bonus incentives produced higher commitment to easy goals and lower comittment to difficult goals. People with high goal commitment also offered less help to coworkers when they received goal based bonuses.

McClelland's Need Theory

Need for Achievement, Need for Affiliation, Need for Power

Is cohesion related to group performance?

No

How are most decisions made?

Not using the rational decision making model. Instead satisfice and heuristics

What is Frost/Scanlon Principles?

Object is to create a participatory workforce that understands feels connected to the goals of the organization.

What is shared leadership?

Ongoing mutual influence process in which individuals share responsibility for leading regardless of role or title. Most occurs on teams. Good for creative tasks

Expectancy Theory Overview

People motivated to behave in ways that produce desired combinations of expected outcomes.

Implicit Leadership Theory

Perceptual theory in which prototypes determine traits of effective leaders. In the past more masculine traits Now focuses on more feminine traits and styles such as empowerment, fairness, and supportiveness

What two types of goals are there?

Performance Out Goals-> Specific End Result Learning Goals-> Strives to improve creativity and develop skills

What influences compliance?

Person->Personality Norm-> Intensity Role-> Idiosyncratic

Valence

Positive or negative value people place on the value of reward or outcome. (Part of the expectancy theory)

What is the best predictor of job satisfaction?

Positive self-concept

Decision Making

Process of making choices from among several alternatives Identifying and choosing alt solutions lead to desired state

What is leadership?

Process whereby one individuals influences other group members toward attainment defined group or org goal

Why people form groups?

Proximity Personal Satisfaction Reasons for Joining Group Looking Glass Obtain Rewards

Motivation

Psych processes that arouse and direct goal directed behavior

Unethical decision making is caused by what three things?

Rational expectation model Pluralistic ignorance Densensitization

What type of personality trait is self-monitoring?

Relational

Best motivational technique?

Research consistently has supported goal setting as a motivational technique. Setting performance goals increases individual, group and organizational performance.

What is satisficing?

Satisficing (good enough) - choosing a solution that meets some minimum qualifications but is not optima

Give an example of extrinsic motivation

Selecting a major in college because it pays well Going into sales because it pays well Doing something because it benefits you

What is the best predictor of job performance?

Self Esteem

Define the negative aspects of a high self-monitoring person:

Self-Monitoring more likely achieve cross company promotion Change employers Move to different country or state NOT better performers, but better at establishing social networks and politics

Emerging Leaders

Shared Leadership Managing Up Leader Member Exchange Essentially the belief that the subordinate strongly influences the behavior of the manager

What is behavior leadership?

Similar to behavior theory in psych; learned behaviors can make you a better leader

Goal Setting Theory

Specific goals Participation Feedback Goal Commitment Difficult Goals

Tell me how a goal can be specific

Specific goals are clear goals.

SMART Goals

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely Drastic performance increase after a goal was set Performance at goals sustained seven years after goal set Feedback + goal setting improved effectiveness even more Feedback improved group effectiveness How to set Goals Have a vision Write it down Identify Obstacles Make a plan Stick with it

What is the abilene paradox?

Taking actions in contradictions to the data for dealing with the problem, and as a result, compound their problem rather than solving it.

What is trait leadership?

That one trait or a series of traits will make you a good leader. (I.e. Intelligence) Trait leadership does not believe one is born to be leader, but can be taught.

Explain the leader-member exchange model of leadership

The LMX model revolves around the development of dyadic relationships between managers and direct reports. Leader member exchanges are either in-group or out-group.

How do transformational leaders transform?

Transform followers by creating changes in their goals, values, needs, beliefs, and aspriations. Transformation by appealing to follower's self concept.

It's best to use an avoidance (lose-lose) strategy when an issue is trivial and irrelevant to organization goals. (T or F)

True

Trust is the antidote for fear (T or F)

True

In a group meeting, you should assign someone as Devil's advocate. (T or F)

True. But not every time or that person can a bad rap.

Stretch Goals

Virtually unattainable; require autonomy and resources and must share awards when attained

What are some aspects of charismatic leadership?

Vision Personal Risktaking Sensitivity toward Followers Extraordinary Behaviors

Give an example of intrinsic motivation:

Volunteering because you enjoy it. Exercising because you like the rush. Success for its own sake Doing something out of pure joy

Who uses transformational leadership more men or women?

Women

What is groupthink?

a psychological phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an irrational or dysfunctional decision-making outcome.

What are the most important aspects of behavior theories from Ohio State and University of Michigan?

a. Leaders are made not born. b. there is no one best style of leadership c. effectiveness of a particular style depends on situation at and d managers are encourages to apply Drucker's tips for effective leadership

Goal

what an individual is trying to accomplish

Define anchoring bias

when information received about a decision influences you even if it is irrelevant.

Long Review of Goal Setting

•1)Specific high goals lead to greater performance: goal specificity pertains to the quantifiability of a goal. •2) Feedback enhances the effects of specific, difficult goals. Feedback lets people know if they are headed toward their goals or if they are off course and need to redirect their efforts. Goals plus feedback is the recommended approach. Goals inform people about performance standards and expectations so that they can channel their energies accordingly. In turn, feedback provides the information to adjust the direction, effort and strategies for goal accomplishment. •3) participative goals, assigned goal and self set goals are equally effective: a summary of goal setting research indicated that no single approach was consistently more effective than others in increasing performance. •4) action planning facilitates goal accomplishment: an action plan outlines the activities and tasks that need to be accomplished in order to obtain a goal. Managers can use action plans as a vehicle to have performance discussion with employees and employees can use them to monitor progress toward goal achievement. An action plan can also serve as a cue to remind us of what we should be working on. Managers are encouraged to allow employees to develop their own action plans because autonomy fuels higher goal commitment and a sense of doing meaningful work. 5. goal commitment and monetary incentives affect goal setting outcomes: goal commitment is the extent to which an individual is pe

What are the six different kinds of decision making styles?

1. value orientation - extent to which an individual focuses on either task and technical concerns or people and social concerns 2. tolerance to ambiguity - extent to which a person has a high need for structure or control in his or her life 3. Directive style - low tolerance for ambiguity and are oriented toward task and technical concerns 4. Analytical style - higher tolerance for ambiguity but overanalyze situation, careful decision makers who take longer to make decisions but also respond well to new situations 5. Conceptual style - high tolerance for ambiguity and tend to focus on people or social aspects of a work situation 6. Behavioral style - work well with others and enjoy social interactions in which opinion sare openly exchanged

What is social loafing?

A Decrease in individual effort as group size increases.

What is a decision making style?

A combination of how individuals perceive and response to information

Integrating Model of Successful Team Performance

Ability, Motivation, and Strategy lead to Productivity, cohesion, learning, and integration

Performance =

Ability, Motivation, and Understanding the Environment

What is a group performance's actual productivity?

Actual productivity= potential productivity-process losses

What is vertical loading?

Adding responsibilities that increase autonomy

How can you maximize group performance?

Address Conflict Keep size small Composition Group Half-Life Set Group Goals

What goals are most likely to fail?

Ambiguous, Intangible, Trivialized No vision No plan Overwhelming road blocks

What are the drawbacks of the rational decision model?

Assumes managers are completely objective and possess complete information to make a decision.

What is Fiedler's Contingency Model?

Based on the premise that a leader's effectiveness is contingent on the extent to which a leader's style fits or matches the situation at hand. High Control = predictable results because leader has ability to control Low control = No control In three different situatons: 1. Leader-member relations->Leader has support, loyalty, and trust of gorup 2. Task structure-> How structured a job is? Bank job vs. Creative toy designer 3. Position Power-> Formal power to reward or punish employees

What is Simon's Normative Model?

Bounded rationality - constraints that restrict rational decision making personal or environmental characteristics Managers do not identify all possible alternative solutions in this model because of above constraints Satisficing (good enough) - choosing a solution that meets some minimum qualifications but is not optima

What goals are most likely to motivate?

Clarify expectations Increase productivity Improve work quality, satisfaction, self-confidence, sense of achievement, willingness Pursue future challenges

What type of personality trait is emotional intelligence?

Cognitive

What are the 3 types of personality traits?

Cognitive or Emotional Relational Behavior

What kind of conflict is healthy or unhealthy for a group?

Cognitive-> Healthy Affective-> Unhealthy/ personal conflict

What is horizonal loading?

Combining tasks to add variety and identity

Path Goal is what kind of leadership?

Continguent Leadership

What is the rational decision making model?

Define Problem Identify Decision Criteria Allocate Weights to Criteria Develop Alts Evaluate Alts Select Best Alt

What is contingency theory?

Depends on situation. Not every leader is good for every situation.

When does feedback work?

Directed toward goals Directed toward past mistakes and learning Doesn't hurt self esteem Relevant

2 Factor Theory (Heizerg)

Dissatisfied-> Hygiene Factors Quality of supervision Company policies Working Conditions Relations with Other Job Security Job Satisfaction Promotions Personal Growth Recognition Responsibility Achievement

Why is the half way point to completing a project so important to teams?

During the half way point, it's is fairly easy to see if the team will fail or work

How can you get employees more motivated to pursue goals?

Employees are more likely to pursue goals that are reasonable, obtainable, and fair.

What is the role of a decisional leader?

Entrepreneur Disturbance Handler Resource allocate Negotiator

You cannot learn to be a charismatic leader. (T or F)

False. Charismatic leaders are both born and made.

Emotional intelligence is significantly associated with leadership effectiveness (T or F)

False. Not enough evidence. Although it is considered important

It is OK to compromise (lose-lose) all the time. (T or F)

False. inappropriate when overuse = inconclusive action weakness - temporary, can stifle creative problem solving

Consensus is a unanimous decision and a unanimous agreement. (T or F)

False. Consensus is not necessarily unanimous agreement, but it is a unanimous decision.

What is the role of an interpersonal leader?

Figurehead Leader Liason

Maslow's Need Theory

Five basic needs: physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization (few reach)

What is service leadership?

Focus on increase service to others rather than oneself.

How does goal setting work?

and away from goal irrelevant activities •goals regulate effort: the level of effort is proportionate to the difficulty of the goal •goals increase persistence: within the context of goal setting, persistence represents the effort expended on a task over an extended period of time. Persistent people tend to see obstacles as challenges to be overcome rather than reasons to fail. A difficult goal that is important to an individual is a constant reminder to keep exerting effort in the appropriate direction. •Goals foster the development and application of task strategies and action plans: goals can help because they encourage people to develop strategies and action plans that enable them to achieve their goal

When is it appropriate to use a Win-Lose collaboration?

appropriate when an unpopular solution must be implemented, the issue is minor, a deadline is near, or a crisis looms. also called dominating or "forcing" high concern for self, and low concern for others.

When is it time to compromise (lose some-lose-some)?

appropriate when parties have opposite goals or possess equal power

What is punctuated equilibrium?

at midway in their mission, team undergo transformation in how they approach their work.(increase in performance)

Why is programmed conflict important?

encourages different opinions without protecting management's personal feelings

What is knowledge management?

implementing systems and practices that increase the sharing of knowledge and information throughout an organization

Keys to Creating Motivating Goals

involved Specific goals better than "do your best goals" Difficult goals lead to higher motivation Own it Set goals at max level that employees will accept and commit to Build in Feedback Be Honest

Define hindsight bias

knowledge of the outcome of an event influences our belief that we could have predicted the event earlier

Intuition

making a choice without the use of conscious thought or logical inference

Define overconfidence bias

overconfident about estimates or forecasts

What are the four characteristics shared by all leadership developmental theory?

process b/w leader and followers involves social influence leadership occurs at multiple levels mentoring, coaching, motivating, building teams, build culture, generate change focuses on goal accomplishment

What is trust?

reciprocal faith in others' intentions and behavior

Define judgemental heuristics

represent rules of thumb or shortcuts that people use to reduce information processing demands. (used without conscious awareness)

Define confirmation bias

subconsciously deciding something before investigating which leads to looking for information that supports our decision and discounting information that does not

What are the two types of knowledge?

tacit knowledge - information gained through experience that is difficult to express and formalize explicit knowledge - information that can be easily put into words and shared with others

Define representative heuristic

tendency to assess the likelihood of an event occurring based on one's impressions about similar occurrences.

Define availability heuristic

tendency to base decisions on information that is readily available in memory (recent events, emotional events)

What is framing bias?

the way a question is posed