Organization of the Human Body Chapter 15
What are body cavities and viscera
A body cavity is a space within the body that contains internal organs
What is the combining vowel 6. Discuss the components of medical terminology.
A combining vowel (usually o) joins a root to another root or to a suffix, for example, thermometer (therm = heat; meter = measuring device).
What is the anatomic position 8. Define the anatomical position.
A standard reference point, body is pictured standing erect The body is described in terms of superior, inferior, dorsal, and ventral directions. It is also described in terms of transverse, frontal, and sagittal planes, and specific cavities containing viscera.
4. Which tissue is found in the external ear? *
Adipose tissue Elastic connective tissue Areolar tissue Fibrous connective tissue Elastic connective tissue
What is the root of a word 6. Discuss the components of medical terminology.
All medical terms have at least one root, which may begin the word. Appendix C, available online, lists prefixes and roots followed by a dash (e.g., intra-, hypo-, or sub-).
6. Which is considered a form of connective tissue? Select all that apply
Areolar tissue nerve tissue Blood Muscle tissue Cartilage Areolar tissue Blood Cartilage
7. What is the importance of the process of cell reproduction in the body? Select all that apply *
Brings about the conversion of ingested substances Brings about and promotes protein synthesis Promotes the growth of a single fertilized egg Aids in the repair of wounds Brings about the replacement of damaged or dead cells Promotes the growth of a single fertilized egg Aids in the repair of wounds Brings about the replacement of damaged or dead cells
1. Which is a function of cartilaginous tissue
Cartilage acts as a shock absorber, reducing friction between moving parts Cartilage contains fibers that contract and relax, bringing about movement Cartilage anchors and supports the various body structures. Cartilage provides protection for the various organs in the body Cartilage acts as a shock absorber, reducing friction between moving parts
3. The nurse explains to a client with a nose injury that recovery of the cartilaginous tissue after surgery will be slow. Which should the nurse identify as a reason for the slow healing of cartilaginous tissue? *
Cartilaginous tissue inhibits the secretion of synovial fluid. Cartilaginous tissue causes friction between bones Cartilaginous tissue is poorly supplied with blood vessels Cartilaginous tissue does not have flexible strength Cartilaginous tissue is poorly supplied with blood vessels
Define Meiosis 13. Identify the functions of the human cell.
Cell division produces eggs or sperm that contain half the total number of chromosomes (gamate) or germ cell, human sperm cells and ova reproduce by meiosis, even more complex
Define mitosis 13. Identify the functions of the human cell.
Cells divide into two parts to reproduce themselves, daughter cell and exact genetic duplicate of the original mother cell. Body cells replicate (reproduce) through mitosis. Sex cells (eggs and sperm) replicate through meiosis.
Define Tissues 14. Identify the four types of tissues.
Cells of the same type and structure The body can be described in terms of a single cell, which collaborates with similar cells in groups called tissues. The body is made up of four basic kinds of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve.
What are the structural levels in the body 12. Describe the body's four basic structural levels, differentiating between them.
Cells—the basic units Tissues—made up of cells Organs—made up of tissues Systems—made up of organs
9. In the division of the abdominal cavity based on the costal margins and pubic bones, which region forms the epigastric region? *
Central area above costal margins Central area below pubic bone Central area between the two dividing lines Left and right iliac and lumbar regions Central area above costal margins
Define nerve tissue 14. Identify the 4 types of tissue
Composed of neurons and neuroglia
10. Which are functions of muscle tissue? Select all that apply *
Composed of neurons that respond to stimuli Send impulses to and receive impulses from all parts of the body Control action as voluntary or involuntary Contract or shorten and relax, thereby bringing about movement Cover or line surfaces or separate organs Control action as voluntary or involuntary Contract or shorten and relax, thereby bringing about movement
Define blood 14. Identify the 4 types of tissue
Connective tissue that has a matrix of specialized cells, plasma the liquid portion
Define Muscle tissue 14. Identify the 4 types of tissue
Contains unique fibers that can contract and relax, bringing about movement
Define Epithial Tissue and Function 14. Identify the 4 types of tissue
Covers and protects body tissues • Covers and protects all body surfaces (e.g., skin), cavities, and lumina (hollow portions of blood vessels or body tubes) • Absorbs and secretes substances from the digestive tract • Secretes substances from glands • Provides filtration in the kidneys • Forms highly specialized epithelial tissues in the taste buds and nose • Transports particles contained in mucus away from the lungs The body is made up of four basic kinds of tissue: epithelial, connective, muscle, and nerve.
2. How is the dorsal cavity subdivided? *
Cranial and spinal cavities the diaphragm thoracic and abdominal cavities Abdominal and pelvic portions of the abdominal cavity Cranial and spinal cavities
What is Cytology
Cytology is the science that investigates the formation, structure, and function of cells. Each cell is composed of many complex structures. Each structure has a specific duty that relates to the body as a whole. These include metabolism, contractility, conductivity, and irritability.
Describe hair
Derives from the sub
Elements, Compounds, and Mixtures, what are they 4. Describe the basic organization of atoms, elements, compounds, and mixtures.
Element is a pure, simple chemical, 23 elements are found in the human body A compound is when atoms of two or more elements react chemically with one another A mixture, is a blend of two or more substances that have been mixed together without forming a new compound
What are the body planes 9. Identify and differentiate body planes.
Frontal · Coronal plane vertical line passes through the body longitudinally from head to toe, dividing it into front anterior and posterior parts Sagittal · Vertical plane, passing through the body lengthwise Transverse · Horizontal plane, ot transaxial passing through the body at right angles to the frontal and sagittal planes The body is described in terms of superior, inferior, dorsal, and ventral directions. It is also described in terms of transverse, frontal, and sagittal planes, and specific cavities containing viscera.
Why do we use medical term?
Healthcare professionals use medical terminology to communicate assessment findings, diagnostic test results, and other pertinent information.
13. Identify the functions of the human cell.
Human cells have special abilities such as metabolism, contractility, conductivity, irritability, and reproduction.
5. Discuss the difference between a physical and a chemical change.
If you lower the temperature of water (normally a liquid) so it freezes, it changes to a solid (ice); if you raise the temperature of the water so it boils, it becomes water vapor (steam, a gaseous state). The water has undergone a physical change A chemical change has occurred. Familiar types of chemical changes are burning (combustion), rusting of iron (oxidation) and digestion of food in the body (a decomposition reaction). Substances are capable of undergoing physical changes in outward appearance or chemical changes with the transfer of energy and change in structure.
Define soft connective tissue 14. Identify the 4 types of tissue
Include areolar, fibrous and adipose
Define Hard connective tissue 14. Identify the 4 types of tissue
Include bone and cartilage
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: Cardiovascular
It consists of the heart, which is a muscular pumping device, and a closed system of vessels called arteries, veins, and capillaries. Supply oxygenated blood to the body.
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: Blood, its components
It has four main components: plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Blood has many different functions, including: transporting oxygen and nutrients to the lungs and tissues.
12. Identify the basic structural elements of the human cell.
It is important to remember that body organs and systems are interdependent. That is, they depend on each other for proper functioning. In general, a malfunction of one system of the body often causes malfunctions in other systems as well. The body operates as an integrated whole. The optimum functioning of one body system usually depends on the functioning of other systems. The body is organized according to systems (groups of organs) that work together to perform certain functions that contribute to the overall workings of the body.
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: lymph, its components
Lymph is a clear fluid that comes from blood plasma, which exits blood vessels at capillary beds. This fluid becomes the interstitial fluid that surrounds cells. Lymph contains water, proteins, salts, lipids, white blood cells, and other substances that must be returned to the blood.
What are the Sources of Medical Terms 6. Discuss the components of medical terminology.
MASH stands for "mobile army surgical hospital." AIDS is an acronym for "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome." Many acronyms used in healthcare are listed in Appendix B (available online). Eponyms are words based on the names of people—for example, Parkinson's disease or Alzheimer's syndrome.
Define combining form 6. Discuss the components of medical terminology.
Medical terminology texts list roots combined with a vowel
Explain parts of words 6. Discuss the components of medical terminology.
Most medical terms consist of two or three parts: prefix, root, and/or suffix. Medicine has developed a sophisticated system of describing anatomy and physiology called medical terminology. To assist the learner, much of this terminology can be broken down into prefixes, suffixes, and root words.
Define epithelial memgbranes
Mucous membranes, secrete mucus
Define Organs and systems 12. Identify the basic structural elements of the human cell.
Organ is a group of different types of tissues that form in a specific manner to perform a definite function Each organ contributes it's share to the function of the whole Systems do specialized work in the body. The body is organized according to systems (groups of organs) that work together to perform certain functions that contribute to the overall workings of the body.
5. Discuss the difference between a physical and a chemical change.
Physical change. Outward properties change, but chemical properties remain the same (e.g., changes in temperature convert water into ice or steam). Chemical change. One substance changes to another, or the compound breaks down into atoms of elements, and its energy is transferred (e.g., an electric current breaks down water into hydrogen, oxygen, and heat). Substances are capable of undergoing physical changes in outward appearance or chemical changes with the transfer of energy and change in structure.
8. Seven elements make up approximately 99% of human body weight. Which is one of those elements *
Potassium Iron Chromium Phosphorous Phosphorous
Describe oil glands
Sebaceous glands (oil glands) lie close to hair follicle sebum is the oily secretion
Define Connective Tissue Membranes 14. Identify the four types of tissues.
Skeletal membranes are connective tissue membranes the cover bones and cartilage
Define Anatomy 7. Define and differentiate among anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology.
Study of body structure The study of the human body can be subdivided into the studies of anatomy (structure), physiology (function), and pathophysiology (disorders of body structure and/or function).
Define Cell 11. Describe four basic structural levels of the body.
The cell is the basic unit of structure and function in all living things. Each cell is alive and carries out specific activities. The smallest forms of life, such as bacteria, are composed of a single cell. The body can be described in terms of a single cell, which collaborates with similar cells in groups called tissues.
Define diaphragm
The diaphragm is a large muscle that separates the ventral cavities. Often, the abdominal cavity is subdivided again into the abdominal and pelvic portions or is referred to as the abdominopelvic cavity.
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: Digestive
The digestive system is a group of organs working together to convert food into energy and basic nutrients to feed the entire body. Food passes through a long tube inside the body known as the alimentary canal or the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract).
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: Hematologic & lymphatic
The hematologic system consists of blood (i.e., plasma and formed elements) and bone marrow, the primary organ that manufactures blood cells. The lymphatic system consists of the lymphatic vessels and tissues. Other organs and structures, such as the spleen, liver, and kidneys, also perform specific related functions.
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: Lungs and airways
The lungs are a pair of spongy, air-filled organs located on either side of the chest (thorax) The trachea (windpipe) conducts inhaled air into the lungs through its tubular branches, called bronchi. The bronchi then divide into smaller and smaller branches (bronchioles), finally becoming microscopic
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: Lymphatic organs
The lymphatic system is a network of tissues and organs that help rid the body of toxins, waste and other unwanted materials. The primary function of the lymphatic system is to transport lymph, a fluid containing infection-fighting white blood cells, throughout the body.
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: Blood cells
The main job of red blood cells, or erythrocytes, is to carry oxygen from the lungs to the body tissues and carbon dioxide as a waste product, away from the tissues and back to the lungs
Explain prefix's 6. Discuss the components of medical terminology.
The prefix begins the word; and may or may not be present. The root of a medical term is the word's foundation.
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: Immunologic
The role of the immune system is to protect against disease or other potentially damaging foreign bodies
Define Physiology 7. Define and differentiate among anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology.
The study of body function The study of the human body can be subdivided into the studies of anatomy (structure), physiology (function), and pathophysiology (disorders of body structure and/or function).
Define pathophysiology 7. Define and differentiate among anatomy, physiology, and pathophysiology.
The study of disorders in body function The study of the human body can be subdivided into the studies of anatomy (structure), physiology (function), and pathophysiology (disorders of body structure and/or function).
Explain suffix's 6. Discuss the components of medical terminology.
The suffix is the word's ending. Most medical terms have a suffix.
3. Identify the three types and states of matter.
The three states of matter are solids, liquids, and gases.
explain dorsal and ventral
The two groups of body cavities are the dorsal (posterior, back) and the ventral (anterior, front)
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: Urinary
The urinary system, also known as the renal system or urinary tract, consists of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and the urethra. The purpose of the urinary system is to eliminate waste from the body, regulate blood volume and blood pressure, control levels of electrolytes and metabolites, and regulate blood pH.
Explain external organs
These external structures include the penis, the scrotum, and the testicles.
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: Respiratory
These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi and lungs. The respiratory system does two very important things: it brings oxygen into our bodies, which we need for our cells to live and function properly it helps us get rid of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of cellular function.
Musculoskeletal How does each of the following function? Do they need support from each other? Joints
These keep muscles stable synarthroses: no moveable; skull amphiarthrosis: slightly moveable; vertebral column diarthroses (synovial): freely moveable
Musculoskeletal How does each of the following function? Do they need support from each other? Muscles
These move the joints as well as provides structural support
Explain, male reproduction
To produce, maintain and transport sperm (the male reproductive cells) and protective fluid (semen) To discharge sperm within the female reproductive tract. To produce and secrete male sex hormones.
Define Chromosomes 12. Identify the basic structural elements of the human cell. 13. Identify the functions of the human cell.
Transfer of genetic material to ribosomes made up of a complex of DNA and RNA and protein
What are body directions, areas, and regions
Uses medical terminology to describe The body is described in terms of superior, inferior, dorsal, and ventral directions. It is also described in terms of transverse, frontal, and sagittal planes, and specific cavities containing viscera.
A client states to the nurse, "I can't get rid of the fat around my abdomen." What is the best response by the nurse?
a. "Diet and exercise may eliminate stored fat but fat tissue will still remain." b. "You should try targeting the abdominal muscles when you exercise." c. "You may be on the wrong type of diet plan." d. "Intermittent fasting will help eliminate the stored fat." a
The nurse is scheduling a tonsillectomy for a 10-year-old child. When explaining the procedure to the child and parents, what should the nurse include?
a. "The surgeon will be removing the tonsils." b. "The surgeon will make an incision and drain fluid from the tonsils." c. "The surgeon will incise the tonsils and pack them with antibiotic solution and gauze." d. "The surgeon will place a tube in the eustachian tube." a
A client is diagnosed with a disorder that prevents impulses from transmitting to other parts of the body. What type of disorder does the nurse recognize that the client has?
a. Connective tissue disorder b. Nerve tissue disorder c. Muscle tissue disorder d. Epithelial tissue disorder b
The nurse is caring for a client with a low platelet count. What should the nurse closely monitor this client for?
a. Inability for the blood to clot b. Infection c. Difficulty breathing d. Lethargy and weakness a
A client is taking a medication that will suppress the immune response and decrease white blood cell production. What should the nurse encourage the client to do to protect himself or herself?
a. Use an electric razor versus a straight blade b. Stay away from crowds during cold and flu season c. Hold direct pressure to the area if a cut or laceration is sustained d. Report difficulty with daily activities and shortness of breath b
Describe skin
and its accessory structures form the body's integumentary system Covers the entire outside of the body, largest organ
Define Plasma Membrane 13. Identify the functions of the human cell.
another name for cell membrane Each cell is composed of many complex structures. Each structure has a specific duty that relates to the body as a whole. These include metabolism, contractility, conductivity, and irritability.
Define proteins
are made by ribosomes
Define Enzymes
are one type of complex protein structure determined by DNA, they speed up chemical reactions
Define Membranes
are sheets of epithelial connective tissue that act together to cover surfaces, line surfaces, or separate organs or lobes.
Describe nails
are tightly packed cells of the horny layer of the epidermis and help protect the sensitive tips of fingers and toes.
4. Describe the basic organization of atoms, elements, compounds, and mixtures. Atom Proton Neutrons Electrons
atom is the smallest part of any element. Atoms are composed of subatomic (smaller than an atom) particles or structures. Protons (carrying a positive electrical charge) and uncharged neutrons or nucleons (carrying no charge—"neutral") are located in the nucleus (center) of atoms (with the exception of hydrogen). Electrons (negative charge) are much smaller than protons and whirl around the nucleus like a cloud.
Nervous-How does the nervous system work? How are each of the following a function of the nervous system? Brain
cerebrum: 80% of the brain, -coordinates sensory data - reasoning, learning, memory and complex movements - Cerebral cortex: learning, intelligent, reasoning, and judgement
5. How does the frontal plane divide the human body? *
divides the body into equal right and left halves divides the body into upper and lower parts divides the body into front and back parts divides the body into right and left sides divides the body into front and back parts
Explain external organs
external genital organs include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora, Bartholin glands, and clitoris. The external genital organs have three main functions: Enabling sperm to enter the body.
Define Cell Membrane 13. Identify the functions of the human cell.
external wall of the cell and is a double layer of phospholipid cells with proteins randomly embedded Each cell is composed of many complex structures. Each structure has a specific duty that relates to the body as a whole. These include metabolism, contractility, conductivity, and irritability.
Define Cilia 13. Identify the functions of the human cell.
hair like threads that sweep materials across the cell surface
Musculoskeletal How does each of the following function? Do they need support from each other? Bones
have many functions. They support the body structurally, protect our vital organs, and allow us to move. Also, they provide an environment for bone marrow, where the blood cells are created, and they act as a storage area for minerals, particularly calcium.
Explain, female reproduction
include producing female gametes called eggs, secreting female sex hormones (such as estrogen), providing a site for fertilization, gestating a fetus if fertilization occurs, giving birth to a baby, and breastfeeding a baby after birth.
Define Genes 13. Identify the functions of the human cell.
information about inherited characteristics Genes, the controllers of heredity, are found on chromosomes. Human cells have 46 chromosomes.
Related internal structures, what are they
internal structures are the inner pieces and parts that keep organisms alive, help them grow, and help them reproduce.
Define Cytoplasm 12. Identify the basic structural elements of the human cell. 13. Identify the functions of the human cell.
is gel-like fluid inside the cell that is not located in the nucleus, contains cytosol, a semi-transparent liquid made up mostly of water and containing some salts and sugars Each cell is composed of many complex structures. Each structure has a specific duty that relates to the body as a whole. These include metabolism, contractility, conductivity, and irritability.
What are Organs producing hormones
pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenals,gonads, pancreas, thymus, pineal body, heart, liver, kidney, GI tract,
Nervous-How does the nervous system work? How are each of the following a function of the nervous system? Nerves
receives and stores info from external stimuli also sends messages from throughout the body using internal stimuli
Nervous-How does the nervous system work? How are each of the following a function of the nervous system? Spinal cord
sensory tracts send impulses to the brain (afferent) motor tracts send impulses from the brain (efferent)
What are Organs that rid the body of waste and water
the kidneys are the main organs of excretion, several other organs also excrete wastes They include the large intestine, liver, skin, and lungs.
what are Related internal structures of the female organs
the uterus, which hosts the developing fetus, produces vaginal and uterine secretions, and passes the anatomically male sperm through to the fallopian tubes; and the ovaries, which produce the anatomically female egg cells.
Describe Sweat
used for thermoregulation
Explain endocrine
what happens to the endocrine system if hormones are not producing effectively? the body can fall out out of homeostasis depending on which hormone is producing, some organs do not operate properly
Define matter 2. Define chemistry, physics, and matter. State how these relate to homeostasis.
· Matter is anything that occupies space and has weight · 3 types of matter are elements, compounds, and mixtures An individual's physical and mental functioning is kept in equilibrium through dynamic interactions between anatomy and physiology (homeostasis).
Independent & interrelated Actions, what are they?
· The body's chemical reactions result in specific independent, yet interrelated , actions, essential for normal body function.
Define Homeostasis 1. Define homeostasis; relate this to the study of anatomy/physiology.
· The dynamic interactions between anatomy and physiology · Means physical and emotional equilibrium and involves an individual's cumulative chemical reaction, physical conditions, and emotional status
what are Inter-relationship of Chemistry 2. Define chemistry, physics, and matter. State how these relate to homeostasis.
· The relationship between matter, atoms and elements is inter-related with how our biological anatomy functions, without chemistry, and the elements needed to assure cells survive, well we would not exist. The human body is made up of solids, liquids, and gases that function independently, but are interrelated.
Define physics 2. Define chemistry, physics, and matter. State how these relate to homeostasis.
· is the science of the laws of matter and their interactions with energy. (Energy=the capacity to perform work-potential {stored} or kinetic {active} An individual's physical and mental functioning is kept in equilibrium through dynamic interactions between anatomy and physiology (homeostasis).
Define Connective tissue and function 14. Identify the 4 types of tissue
• Support, bind, or connect other tissues • Provide nutrients to all body organs and remove waste • Store vital nutrients (e.g., fat or calcium) • Provide protection for organsor connect other tissues
Please describe what each of the following consists of and its function: GI/Accessory organs
• The SALIVARY GLANDS, LIVER AND GALL BLADDER, AND THE PANCREAS AID THE PROCESSES OF INGESTION, DIGESTION, AND ABSORPTION. • These ACCESSORY ORGANS OF DIGESTION PLAY KEY ROLES IN THE DIGESTIVE PROCESS • Each OF THESE ORGANS EITHER SECRETES OR STORES SUBSTANCES THAT PASS THROUGH DUCTS INTO THE ALIMENTARY CANAL
