organizational behavior

core Personality

(stable set of characteristics)

Cognitive Dissonance

- psychological discomfort experienced when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, values, or emotions)

About what percent of the labor force holds a college degree?

35%

Which of the following stimuli would be most salient? A twelve-year-old student in an MBA class. A 250-pound man at a meeting of the National Football League Players' Association. A McDonald's restaurant sign right after you've eaten breakfast. A Mobil gas station sign when you have a full tank of gas. An 85-pound girl at a gymnastic class.

A twelve-year-old student in an MBA class.

What is Emotional Intelligence (EI)?

Ability to monitor one's own emotions and those of others, to discriminate among them, and to use this information to guide one's thinking and actions

Which of the following is not one of the stages of social perception? Attention and comprehension Storage and retention Action and decision making Interpretation and categorization Memory

Action and decision making

What is OB?

An interdisciplinary field dedicated to understanding and managing people at work

The layers of diversity include all but one of the following. Which one?

Attributional

Which of the following does a person have the most control over? Emotions CSEs Behavior Intelligence Emotional intelligence

Behavior

OB is based on a contingency perspective

Best course of action depends on the interplay of person and environment factor

According to research, the relationship between job performance and job satisfaction is best summarized by which of the following statements?

Both variables indirectly influence each other.

Juliet often takes office supplies home for her personal use. This is an example of:

CWB

Lack of Employee Involvement

Co-workers should learn to work alongside one another and value the contributions of the other person. For example, someone from the United States may not understand the culture and business practices of Asian countries. Co-workers that get along create a happy, more productive work environment. Companies can offer training and education to create a supportive environment.

As a senior serving as the student representative on the Ethics Advisory Board of your university, you feel strongly that cheating on college examinations is unethical. You have never cheated on any exam in your academic career. However, this semester your best friend was desperate for your help, and you allowed him to take a quick "peek" on your answer sheet. Since then, you feel uncomfortable every time you think of the situation. Which of the following concepts best explains your psychological discomfort?

Cognitive dissonance

Which of the following is not one of the predominant models of the causes of job satisfaction? Value attainment Equity Met expectations Cognitive dissonance Dispositional factors

Cognitive dissonance

Managers should attempt to raise subordinates' self-efficacy by all but one of the following. Which one?

Creating routine jobs that are boring but easy to perform

Practical Considerations Regarding Self-Esteem

Deemphasize Self-Esteem When Doing Business in Collectivist Cultures • Self-Esteem Remains Fairly Stable Over the Course of a Person's Life • Differences Between Men and Women are Small

Language and Cultural Differences

Diverse workers often speak other languages and have different cultural traditions. This can clash with current workers who do not understand. It can create an uncomfortable situation when there is an inability to communicate with one another.

Problem Consultants

Diversity consultants help to attract and retain a diverse workforce. It's crucial to choose a consultant that will work well for your company. A consultant who works for a small business may have a difficult time with a large corporation, and a consultant who has extensive service with non-profit organizations make not be appropriate for an immense for-profit corporation. Relying too heavily on the consultant to bring individuals in can lessen the company's involvement with the diversity initiative.

Lack of Funding

Economic hardships can lead to company layoffs and a loss of employees. It can be difficult for employers to maintain quality workers when they can't afford to recruit. This situation can leave veteran employees wondering why there is a push towards diversity when the company can't afford to maintain current employees. Lack of morale and resources can be enough to keep diverse workers from working for the company.

Which of the following is the least fixed of a person's individual differences? Emotions Attitudes Intelligence Cognitive abilities Self-esteem

Emotions

Luis has just learned that Brian, who has less experience and who does less work, receives a higher salary. Since learning this, Luis has been very unhappy and has started to look for another job. What model of job satisfaction best explains Luis's reactions?

Equity

___________ is associated with success for managers and salespeople.

Extraversion

Which of the following statements about emotions is false? Emotions may occur from past or possible future events. Emotions change psychological and/or physiological states. Emotions motivate behavior. Felt emotions are always displayed. Positive emotions result from goal achievement.

Felt emotions are always displayed.

Which of the following is not a soft skill? Active listening Financial analysis Problem solving Decision making Critical thinking

Financial analysis

Jennifer is described by her friends as independent, distrusting authority, and technologically savvy. One of her strongest memories is the day of the Oklahoma City bombings. She is most likely to be a member of the _____ generation.

Gen Xers

Which of the following are CSEs not related to? Reduced conflict Higher levels of experienced stress Better adjustment to international assignments Life satisfaction Organizational citizenship behaviors

Higher levels of experienced stress

Which of the following statements is true? Human capital is more important than social capital. Social capital is more important than human capital. Human and social capital are both extremely important. Neither human nor social capital are very important. Research has not studied this topic, so no one knows how important either form of capital is.

Human and social capital are both extremely important.

Internal Locus of Control

I Make Things Happen Look What I Can Do! I Can Determine My Future

What is Emotional Stability?

Individuals With High Levels of Emotional Stability Tend to be Relaxed, Secure, Unworried, Less Likely to Experience Negative Emotions Under Pressure Have Higher Job Performance, More OCB, Fewer CWBs

Proactivity has been shown to be related to all but one of the following. Which one?

Intelligence

cwb

It is also commonly used as a name for white gangs.

Which of the following statements about key workplace attitudes is false?

Job satisfaction is the least studied of the key workplace attitudes.

barriers of divercity

Language and Cultural Differences Lack of Funding Lack of Employee Involvement Problem Consultants Attitudes

Which of the following is not one of the recommendations to managers about reducing stereotypes? Managers should create opportunities for diverse employees to work together Managers should provide opportunities for employees to get accurate data about the characteristics of other groups of people Managers should educate people about stereotypes Managers should actively ignore stereotypes Managers should encourage all employees to strive to increase their awareness of stereotypes

Managers should actively ignore stereotypes

Of the following, which is the best action to address any type of diversity issue?

Mutual adaptation

Attitudes

Negative attitudes are one of the most common barriers of workplace diversity. This includes stereotyping and prejudice. According to the University of Florida Extension Office, negative attitudes and behaviors can harm working relationships and damage morale and productivity. Employees who stereotype assign labels to certain races and ethnic groups, which is also a form of prejudice. Discrimination can also result when an individual receives different treatment due to their characteristics.

When Daniel's daughter got seriously ill, his boss Kyle and fellow employees went to the HR department and arranged to donate some of their sick leave to him so he could spend more time with his family. Daniel is most likely to be experiencing:

POS

Core self-evaluations represent a broad personality trait comprised of all but one of the following. Which one?

Proactivity

____________ is associated with entrepreneurialism.

Proactivity

Which of the following is not a property of deliberate practice? Highly demanding mentally Designed to improve performance Isn't much fun Can be repeated a lot Provides little or no feedback

Provides little or no feedback

External factors include all but one of the following. Which one?

Putting forth effort

What is Locus of Control?

Relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility someone takes for their behavior and its consequences

Which of the following is not a technique for managers to reduce the effect of implicit cognitions in hiring? Undergo training to reduce bias Use multiple interviewers Rely on stereotypes Use virtual interviews Use structured interviews

Rely on stereotypes

Sharon observes her co-worker, Robert, being rude to a newcomer. She has seen this behavior in Robert whenever the company brings in new people. She decides that Robert is being a bully and asks him to stop. Which of the following stages of information processing has Sharon just undergone?

Retrieval and response

Which of the following is not a suggestion for managers who want to reduce voluntary turnover?

Reward all employees equally

You are trying to concentrate during an examination but you get distracted by the sound of another student tapping her pencil on her desk. Which of the following stages of the information processing model are you in?

Selective attention/comprehension

Which of the following statements about self-efficacy is true? Self-efficacy is the same as self-esteem. Self-efficacy can be developed. The biggest predictor of a person's self-efficacy is his or her emotional state. A person with high self-efficacy is likely to work less hard than a person with low self-efficacy because he or she is already confident of good results. Self-efficacy is not related to prior experience.

Self-efficacy can be developed.

Personal Competence

SelfAwareness • SelfManagement

Kelly found that she was the only woman in her advanced statistics course, which had 30 students. Which of the following best describes Kelly's situation?

She will be perceived as a salient stimulus by her classmates and thus receive their attention.

Social Competence

Social Awareness • Relationship Management

Personal Attitudes S

Specific Targeted: Specifically Via Intentions

Bill provides directions to his house to Mark. Mark listens carefully to make sure that he does not forget the directions and does not get lost on the way. Which stage of the information processing model is Mark currently undergoing?

Storage and retention

Practical Intelligence

The ability to solve everyday problems by utilizing knowledge gained from experience in order to purposefully adapt to, shape, and select environments

Which of the following statements is false? The contingency approach is just common sense. Common sense excels in well-known scenarios with predictable outcomes. Common sense requires less effort than finding the real problem. Common sense can be overly subjective. Common sense is weak in unexpected situations.

The contingency approach is just common sense.

What form of diversity management is an organization adopting when it acknowledges differences but does not value nor accept them?

Toleration

Which of the following is not a key workplace attitude that managers should track? Organizational commitment Perceived organizational support Turnover Employee engagement Job satisfaction

Turnover

Which of the following is not a behavior that research found in the employees' schemata of good leaders?

Using an autocratic approach

External Locus of Control

Why Does Everything Happen To Me? Why Bother? There is Nothing I Can Do About My Future

Which of the following statements about the progress of women in the workplace is false?

Women's participation on boards of directors of Fortune 500 firms decreased between 1995 and 2013

The agency problem is

a conflict of interest inherent in any relationship where one party is expected to act in another's best interests.

Giovanni says, "I can run a mile in under 5 minutes." He is expressing:

a high self-efficacy.

Chris has studied for his mathematics test and his English test. He expects to do moderately well in both subjects. He gets an "A" in English, but fails mathematics. While Chris feels that the grade he got for English was well-deserved, he blames his failure in mathematics on the fact that his teacher, Mr. Wallace, does not like him. In this situation, Chris is exhibiting __________.

a self-serving bias

Values represent beliefs that influence behaviors _____________; attitudes relate to behavior __________.

across all situations; toward specific targets

Which of the following is a surface-level characteristic of a person?

age

Petra made a large mistake on a report she submitted to her boss, and it ended up costing the company a significant amount of money. When asked why this had occurred, she blamed one of her co-workers for giving her erroneous information for the report. Petra is expressing:

an external locus of control.

People with __________ see themselves as masters of their own fate.

an internal locus of control

layer 1 External influences

and organizational dimensions are considered deep-level characteristics that take time to emerge in interactions

ABC Airlines hires flight attendants from diverse backgrounds and puts them through an extensive training and orientation program before they are approved to fly. In addition to learning about responding to medical issues and FAA guidelines, they also must learn the company's many rules and processes that are contained in an extensive procedures and policies manual. ABC Airlines is adopting a(n) ______ option for managing diversity.

assimilate

Managers must accurately identify and communicate the behavioral characteristics and results they look for in good performance:

at the beginning of a review cycle.

flexible

attitude, emotions

The remedy for the slippery slope is:

be alert for even trivial ethical infractions and address them immediately.

Personal attitudes affect _______ via ______.

behavior; intentions

The head of ABC Company announced that the company was going to start a project on weekends that would teach self-defense techniques to underprivileged kids in the neighborhood. Thomas decided to register himself for the project, as he was a trained kick-boxer. This action of Thomas reflects the __________ component of his attitude.

behavioral

Star athletes are likely to be high in:

bodily-kinesthetic intelligence.

The remedy for ill-conceived goals is:

brainstorm unintended consequences.

Affirmative action plans:

can negatively affect women and minorities.

The steps in the process of stereotype formation and maintenance in order are:

categorization, inferences, expectations, maintenance.

You are unlikely to say anything to someone using a cell phone in a restaurant if you believe cell phone use helps people manage their busy lives. Your belief reflects the __________ component of your attitude toward people using cell phones in restaurants.

cognitive

It makes sense for managers and organizations to hire people based on their:

cognitive abilities.

Jane hated the idea of child labor. She believed that children should not be employed in any type of job. She worked in a factory that claimed that it did not employ children. However, news reports accused the company of employing young children. The psychological discomfort that Jane experienced when she heard this news is known as:

cognitive dissonance.

stage 1 social information process model competing environmental stemuli

competing environmental stemuli people events objects

People who are dependable, responsible, and achievement-oriented are likely to score high on:

conscientiousness.

The personality trait with the strongest positive relationship with job performance is:

conscientiousness.

Kelley hypothesized that people make causal attributions by observing:

consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency.

Eury observes that his subordinate Nate is performing and acting like the other members of the unit. He is observing:

consensus.

Camilla, a manager, notes that while Wilhelm's written reports are very thorough and accurate, his oral presentations are not effective. Camilla is looking at:

consistency.

Josef, a manager, reviews Arturo's performance over the past six months and notes that during February he was late to work five times. He was not late during any other months. Josef is observing:

consistency.

Carlos, a manager, is looking at records of Mary's work performance. He notes that she performed very well on task A, but poorly on task B. He is observing:

distinctiveness.

Klaus works in a very stressful job, but maintains his "cool" even in the worst times. He is likely to score high on ________.

emotional stability

People who are relaxed, secure, and unworried are likely to score high on:

emotional stability.

. Withdrawal cognitions

encapsulate this thought process by representing an individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting

The millennial generation is described as:

entitled, civic-minded, closely involved with parents.

The categories of memory that social perception involves are:

event, semantic, and person.

All the employees in Mostafa's unit are performing poorly on one aspect of their jobs during the month of June. They are performing well on all other parts of their job. This is likely to be attributed to:

external causes.

The generation with the traits of multitasking, online life, cyberliteracy, and communicating fast and online is:

gen 2020.

A person can build his/her social capital by:

getting a mentor.

In being hired for a job, the most important factor is likely to be _____, but to be promoted, a person needs _______.

hard skills; soft skills

Most entrepreneurs:

have bachelor's degrees.

People with an internal locus of control:

have stronger expectations that effort leads to performance.

Marisa is office manager in a small company. Her employees find that they can often come late to work and leave early, and Marisa will cover their work for them. Marisa is likely to score:

high on agreeableness.

"I feel I am a person of worth, as good as other people" is a statement reflecting:

high self-esteem.

Research has demonstrated that organizational citizenship behavior is positively related to:

higher performance ratings and lower organizational costs.

In hiring new employees, the best thing a manager could do is:

hire based on using CSE as one broad personality characteristic.

Pascal is a customer service representative who handles phone inquiries. He has a goal of handling 12 calls per hour. When he gets a customer with a complex situation, he tends to become short with that person to keep the call short. This is an example of:

ill-conceived goals.

When we set goals and incentives to promote a desired behavior, but they encourage a negative one, the cause of the resulting unethical behavior is called:

ill-conceived goals.

The relationship between self-esteem and life satisfaction is significantly stronger:

in individualistic cultures than in collectivist cultures.

When we hold others less accountable for unethical behavior when it's carried out through third parties, this is called:

indirect blindness.

relatively fixed

intelligence, cognitive abillity, personality, core self evaluation

If a person views a situation as having low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency, he or she is likely to make an attribution of:

internal causes.

Janelle, one of Abdul's employees, has performed poorly on many aspects of her job since she was hired four months ago. This is likely to be attributed to:

internal causes.

layer 2 internal or surface-level

internal or surface-level characteristics are apparent to others (unchangeable) - External influences and

At its most basic, a person's behavior can be attributed to either ______ or ______ factors.

internal; external

stage 2social information process model encoding and simplification

interpretation and categorization

Keyshawn is a player on a professional football team. Because of this, his play every week is scrutinized by fans and media, as well as his own coaches. Sometimes, their comments are very negative and even personal. Keyshawn will handle this better if he has a high level of _________ intelligence.

intrapersonal

Mike hosts a talk radio program that discusses political issues. He often receives emails and tweets that are very critical of his positions. However, these messages don't bother him. It is likely that he is high on _______ intelligence.

intrapersonal

Organizational citizenship behavior

is discretionary behavior that is not part of an employee's formal job requirements, but that nonetheless supports the effective functioning of the organization

The distinction between flexible and fixed individual differences:

is that managers have little or no impact on fixed differences.

Job satisfaction has a positive relationship with _________, and a negative relationship to _______.

job performance; turnover

stage 4 competing environmental stemuli

judgments and decisions

To develop his or her self-awareness, a person should:

know his or her own strengths and limits.

The use of implicit cognitions:

leads people to make biased decisions.

To develop his or her relationship management skills, a person should:

learn how to build teams.

Jonathan speaks four languages fluently. He is likely to have a high level of _______ intelligence.

linguistic

The potential to learn and use spoken and written languages is:

linguistic intelligence.

Josephine scored very high on the Scholastic Aptitude Test (SAT) on all three parts. She is likely to possess high ________ intelligence.

logical-mathematical

Performance on tests like the Scholastic Aptitude Test and the Graduate Management Admissions Test is likely to be most closely related to:

logical-mathematical intelligence.

Samantha, a member of a team you are assigned to for a management class, has often been late getting her work to the team, and when it arrives it is often of poor quality. Samantha is likely to be displaying her ________.

low conscientiousness

Halfway through the semester, Samuel quit doing assignments for and going to his advanced accounting class. He attributes this to his poor performance on the first two tests, as well as his lack of talent for accounting; he feels he will do much better as a management major. Samuel is likely to be experiencing:

low self-efficacy for accounting.

competing environmental stemuli stage 3 Storage and retention

memory

The generation that currently makes up the largest number of individuals in America is:

millennials.

Harriet saw Josephine cheating on a test in their OB class. However, she did not report this because Josephine is on her team in the class and she feared that Josephine might be kicked out of the class and that this would hurt her team's chances of doing well on their project. Harriet is experiencing:

motivated blindness.

When we overlook an unethical behavior of another when it's in our interest to remain ignorant, this is called:

motivated blindness.

Soft skills are:

needed to interact with, influence, and perform with others.

People tend to find _______ information more salient than _______. This leads to ______ bias.

negative; positive; negativity

Halim, one of your employees, always seems to be "taking it easy," often ignores problems that arise, and rarely takes action on his own. It is likely that Halim is:

not a proactive personality.

When we give a pass to unethical behavior if the outcome is good, this is called:

overvaluing outcomes.

The fundamental attribution bias says that we tend to overattribute others' behaviors to _________ factors.

personal

Organizational commitment exists to the degree that a person's _______ match the __________.

personal values; organizational culture

Cognitive Dissonance

psychological discomfort experienced when simultaneously holding two or more conflicting cognitions (ideas, values, or emotions)

In the ________ stage of social perception, individuals call upon memory.

retrieval and response

The remedy for overvaluing outcomes is:

reward solid decision processes, not just good outcomes.

The remedy for motivated blindness is:

root out conflicts of interest.

In the ________ stage of social perception, people choose to perceive subsets of environmental stimuli.

selective attention and comprehension

Personal competence is composed of:

self-awareness and self-management.

The part of CSE that can best be enhanced because it is most flexible is:

self-efficacy.

Josephine was placed on a four-person project team in her management class. The team produces four reports during the term, and each person leads one of these projects. The project Josephine leads earned an A, while the team received Cs on the other three. Josephine believes that the reason her project was successful was because of her leadership abilities, while the reason the other projects were not so good was the inadequate leadership of the other team members. Her beliefs are likely to be reflecting:

self-serving bias.

Roberto is a manager at XYZ Corporation. Every day, he eats lunch in the company cafeteria so he can learn the latest news and rumors. He is exhibiting his:

social awareness.

Research shows that, in general:

social capital can improve operations.

Together, social awareness and relationship management constitute:

social competence.

Joyce finds that the members of the project team to which she has been assigned in her management class are all athletes on the college's football and basketball teams. She immediately considers dropping the class because she thinks her experience with that team will be negative. Joyce is likely to be reacting to a:

stereotype.

In the ________ stage of the social perception process, we utilize separate compartments for events, semantic materials, and people.

storage and retention

Karrin notices immediately that one of the members assigned to her group in her marketing class is a middle-aged man. This is a(n) _______ characteristic.

surface-level

The self-serving bias states that we tend to:

take more responsibility for success than failure.

People with moderate emotional stability __________ than people with low emotional stability.

tend to perform more OCBs

social capital

the networks of relationships among people who live and work in a particular society, enabling that society to function effectively.

human capital

the skills, knowledge, and experience possessed by an individual or population, viewed in terms of their value or cost to an organization or country.

Auditors at XYZ Company accept a client firm's questionable financial statements when the infractions have occurred over time. This is an example of:

the slippery slope.

Regarding using personality testing as part of the hiring process, experts have concluded that:

the typical personality test is not a valid predictor of job performance.

The components of employee engagement are:

urgency, being focused, intensity, enthusiasm.

The _________ model suggests that managers should structure the work environment and rewards to match employees.

value attainment

The remedy for indirect blindness is:

when handing off work, ask if the assignment might invite unethical behavior.

Kim lives and works in a small town, even though she prefers life in a bigger city. She is quite dissatisfied with her current job and is thinking of leaving the organization. She is worried, however, about her ability to find other employment that pays as well as her current job. Additionally, she is concerned about finding another organization that offers college tuition reimbursement. Based on this information, Kim is experiencing _________.

withdrawal cognitions

An individual's overall thoughts and feelings about quitting are called:

withdrawal cognitions.

Interpersonal Skills

• Active listening • Positive attitudes • Effective communication

Personal Attributes

• Attitude • Personality • Teamwork • Leadership

Which of the following is not an element of emotional intelligence?

Emotional stability

Molly works as a dishwasher at a restaurant. She comes across as a very fun-loving, party-going person. One day her dog falls sick and Molly has to take him to the vet. She calls her boss and tells him that she won't be coming in to work. Her boss thinks that Molly is missing work intentionally, so that she can go out and party. Which of the following best describes the boss's perception of the situation?

Fundamental attribution bias

What is Self-Esteem?

General belief about self-worth Personal Achievement and Praise Raise SelfEsteem Prolonged Unemployment and Destructive Feedback Lower Self-Esteem

Personal Values Global Broad: All Situations Variously

Global Broad: All Situations Variously

Which of the following is not a factor in contributing to employee engagement?Motivating jobs Recognition High levels of stress Charismatic managers High levels of conscientiousness

High levels of stress

Bill, who has an internal locus of control, failed his last history test. He is apt to respond to this grade by:

admitting that he hadn't studied hard enough to prepare himself.

The President of American Systems announced the employees would be going on a trip to San Francisco. A few employees liked the idea and a few of them disliked the idea. According to the nature of attitudes, these evaluations reflect the __________ component of the employees.

affective

What are Personal Attitudes?

• Important because they impact behavior • Ranges from positive to negative • Feelings or opinions about people, places, and objects

John, a mid-level manager, noticed that all his subordinates were filling out their monthly reports incorrectly. He concluded that the report forms were too complicated and needed to be revised. On which type of attributional information is John's decision based?

High consensus

David's boss has observed that David took about 12 hours to perform tasks A, B, and C. However, he took 24 hours to complete task D. David's boss concluded that task D must have been tougher than the other tasks. Which of the following attributional information led David's boss to this conclusion?

High distinctiveness

You are unlikely to say anything to someone smoking in the nonsmoking section of a restaurant unless you are irritated by this behavior. A lack of irritation implies that the __________ component of your attitude toward people smoking in restaurants is neutral.

affective

Contingency approach

also known as situational approach, is a concept in management stating that there is no one universally applicable set of management principles (rules) by which to manage organizations.

If a person attributes outcomes to luck or fate, that person is likely to have:

an external locus of control.

At ABC Inc., each employee is required to evaluate himself or herself as part of preparation to meet with his or her manager for the annual employee performance review. As part of this, Daneesha prepared a thoughtful and comprehensive list of her strengths and weaknesses. Daneesha was displaying her:

self-awareness.

types of intellegence

• Linguistic • Logical-Mathematical • Musical • Bodily-Kinesthetic • Spatial • Interpersonal • Intrapersonal • Naturalist