OT 513 study for final
Cytokines are responsible for
cell-to-cell communication
One of the predictors for good outcomes in managing PTSD (post traumatice stress disorder) per new research is:
having a good sense of humor
Oxidative stress, a natural process in the body, is aligned with two forces:
cell destruction and energy creation
Cognitive restructuring is a term best described as:
A rethinking process of a stressor.
What immune system cells produce antibodies?
B-cells
These two substances work synergistically to regulate eating behavior. Relatively speaking, Ghrelin ____________ and Leptin______________.
Increases appetite; tells us when we have eaten enough
One of the theories for why humor is an effective stress reducer is that it also
Makes you more social, which then also causes you to produce oxytocin, a neurohormone produced when connected to others. Oxytocin in known to buffer cortisol.
The function of T-helpers (CD 8) is to:
Prevent the T-cell from attacking healthy self cells
Excess amounts of these foods are thought to augment the stress response.
Processed flour Refined sugar Iron
This phagocyte is the most common and considered the "first responder" of the innate system
The Neutrophil
What structure in the brain is primarily involved in fear memory? The amygdala The hippocampus The pre-fontal cortex The thalamus
The amygdala
The use of sarcasm would be a mismanaged anger trait exhibited by: Underhanders. Exploders. Self-punishers. Somatizers.
Underhanders.
The _________ nerve is stimulated by chanting meditations resulting in stimulation of ____________
Vagus/parasympathetic system
PKC in the short-lived adaptive stress response produces this kind of behavior:
Vigilant, focused behavior
Current research suggests that this vitamin might be the most vulnerable to depletion through the stress response.
Vitamin B complex
Specific immunity refers to
a learned form of immunity that uses antibody markers to target invaders
Guffaw means _______________ and is associated with_______________.
A type of whole-hearted, boisterous laughter; increased numbers of NK cells in the immune system
Sleep and stress are entwined together in a "viscious cycle" per Sapolsky. Why?
Because lack of sleep causes stress and stress itself leads to poor sleep.
Experience expectant plasticity:
allows for learning to occur during periods in which the brain is expecting information..for example, language sounds or visual input.
Stress appears to play a critical role in aging. Reducing chronic stress, in general, is associated with (check all that apply):
better overall health better memory happier, more stable mood
____________is a key element of happiness.
core value
Laughing a lot appears to reduce levels of this in the blood
cortisol
Interleukin-6 is a messenger ______________ secreted by
cytokine; T-cells and macrophages
Non-specific immunity refers to
the innate, primitive immune system with which we are born
In "Unnatural Causes" a term was used to describe when death rates exceed the expected percentage of death in a specific area, based on prior statistics. The term is:
excess death
In order to achieve stress reduction benefits from exercise, you should:
exercise regularly at least 3-5 times per week
Those affected most by an expressive writing intervention to manage stress were those students who were rated as:
habitually anxious about testing
Reframing in the form of positive affirmations
help to balance negative self-talk.
In the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer", rank in government positions in the UK translated to health outcomes. Rank translated into what characteristics of people's jobs?
higher rank = increased control and predictability lower rank = less control and predicability
These areas are critical for short term memory transference to long term memory:
hippocampus & prefrontal cortex: The Hippocampal Formation
Memory is transferred from short term to long term via this formation amygdala-prefrontal cortex hippocampus-prefrontal cortex hypothalamus-prefrontal cortex temporal-hippocampus
hippocampus-prefrontal cortex
What may be a better indicator of a stress-prone personality than the "type A" sort of person? depression humor hostility fear
hostility
T-cells are a key part of the ___________and are stored in the ______________gland (thus, their name).
immune; thymus
Which of the following are principles guiding Vispassana or insight meditation?
impermanence and emptiness
A MAJOR outcome of Sapolsky's baboon troop described in the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer",was that young adolescent males learned to become (through modeling from other males):
less aggressive and more nurturing towards troop members
One of the reasons that our brains become less plastic with aging is that we have less_____________available.
neurotrophic growth hormones
At the neuronal synapse, changes in amount of neurotransmitters/neurohormones present can result in changes in the receptor sites on dendrites. If there is an increase this is called___________________while a decrease is called__________________________.
upregulation; downregulation
CRH and cortisol receptors in the hypothalamus, amygdala and other structures are responsible for:
regulation of the stress response system (turn on/shut off)
In the Worried Sick video, what was related to faster wound healing in medical students?
relaxation training intervention
What creature harnesses the toxicity of cortisol to create its own death?
salmon
If you are too stressed while taking an exam, you may:
see the same things over and over
In the Whitehall study in the UK, lower ranking officials tended to have
shorter life spans, more illnesses
These are known to increase oxidative processes in the body:
smoking poorly balanced diet excessive alcohol consumption high stress perception
In the video, Stress: Portrait of a Killer, what appeared to be an effective intervention for shortening of one's telomeres?
social connectedness through support groups
In the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer", stress, along with what causes ulcers?
stomach bacteria (H Pylori)
Sapolsky and McEwen are known for saying this, because of cortisol effects on the hippocampus:
stress makes you stupid
One possible reason that chronic stress from adversity may affect a child's ability to learn may be found in research that suggests:
stress reduces neurotrophic growth factor, a necessity for brain plasticity and growth
According to the text (Seaward), what estimated percent of physician visits can be attributed to stress-related health problems?
80%
Only _____% of lymphocytes are in circulation at any one time (i.e. otherwise, they lay in wait in their respective places like the Thymus Gland).
2
Researchers have identified that neuroplastic changes can occur within the human brain after practicing meditation for as little as:
2 months
Exercise under 5 minutes in duration employs this energy source.
ATP-PC and anaerobic glycolysis
The four stages of cognitive restructuring are:
Awareness, reappraisal, adoption and evaluation
This chemical agent is thought to be associated with "runner's high."
Beta-endorphin
This is thought to be the distinguishing characteristic of the survivor personality: Resiliency traits Faith Biphasic traits Hope
Biphasic traits
What neurohormones appear most involved with stress impact on development?
CRH and cortisol
Exercise over 20 minutes in duration employs this energy source.
Carbohydrates and fats
This hormone is thought to be associated with weight gain.
Cortisol
Free radicals cause stress to the body in which of the following ways?
Destroying cell membranes Destroying mitochondria Destroying DNA
Antioxidants help destroy free radicals that cause stress to the body by doing which of the following?
Destroying cell membranes. Destroying mitochondria. Destroying DNA.
Type "D" refers to a _________________ personality type. Disorganized Distressed Dumbfounded Diligent
Distressed
In the monkey study, in which they are placed in cages --atypical environments--, who is most stressed?
Dominant animals, probably because they are always vigilant about keeping their status in the group secure
This is the opposite of nutrient density.
Empty calories
If you want to sleep better, you should:
Exercise (but not ~2 hours before bed), have no caffeine after dinner, and then go to bed only when you are ready to sleep
Which type of neural plasticity supports learning throughout one's lifetime?
Experience dependent. This is also the kind of plasticity that supports learning associated with stress expereinces.
The helpless hopeless personality is most closely associated with this factor: Internal locus of control. External referencing. Internal referencing. External locus of control.
External locus of control.
These areas are critical for short term memory transference to long term memory:
Hippocampus & prefrontal cortex: The Hippocampal Formation
This Type D (or A) characteristic is thought to be most closely related to coronary heart disease: Competitive anxiety. Polyphasia. Hostile aggressive behavior. Ultra time consciousness.
Hostile aggressive behavior
One way humor may affect a person's stress levels is that it:
Increases the likelihood of people being around the person, which enhances the immune system
The study describing circumcision and stress responding in infant boys found that:
Infants' stress response levels varied among people who were expert vs novice at the procedure
Of the following components, which is the most crucial to reap benefits from aerobic exercise?
Intensity Mode of exercise Frequency Duration
Ways in which stress can negatively impact sleep include:
It can make sleep more light and vigilant It can impact the ease with which you fall asleep
Ways in which stress can negatively impact sleep include:
It can make sleep more light and vigilant It can impact the ease with which you fall asleep
What was the point of the heelstick study done with young babies?
It demonstrated that young babies learn to discriminate between threats and non-threats (being picked up vs having your heel cut). This suggests early learning behavior in the stress response system.
If your mom did not get enough to eat during your pregnancy, your metabolism would likely adjust in what way to deal with the external environment?
It might become "thrifty" meaning that you use every nutrient efficiently. This could lead to obesity later in life if you are around plenty of food.
This statement is NOT true regarding creative anger management. Know your anger style. Plan ahead for tense situations. Learn to disassociate from your anger. Forgiveness is an essential part of anger management.
Learn to disassociate from your anger.
Structures primarily involved in meditation include:
Limbic system, insula, cingulate and prefrontal cortices
REM sleep is:
Linked to increased metabolic rates in certain areas of the brain and to dreaming.
One way in which humor is thought to effect changes in the body is by:
Lowering the level of stress hormones in the body
Purposes of sleep inlcude:
Memory consolidation, replenishment of glucose and neurotransmitters in the brain, problem solving, and mental exercise.
The __________Insula is responsible for linking our perceptions and emotions with painful experiences
Middle
What are the major immune system cells that help eliminate cancer cells in the body?
NK-cells
NLP is best defined as:
Neurolinguistic Programming
Which of the following statements is most accurate?
Neurons proliferate, migrate, differentiate and then reduce in number as childhood progresses.
Pain perception has two primary pathways:
One that ends in spinal cord and one that travels to the brain
Neuropeptide Y levels are linked with
PTSD and depression
REM sleep differs from deep sleep (slow wave) is what respects?
REM includes body movement and slight increases in cortisol while slow wave sleep includes lack of body movement and glucose/neurotransmitter replenishment.
The PKC Enzyme when released due to uncontrollable stress causes: Dementia You to get schizophrenia and bi-polar disorder Reduced long term memory by enhancing long term potentiation Reduced dendritie connections in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortext and reduced working memory
Reduced dendritie connections in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortext and reduced working memory
"Cutting" is an example of this mismanaged anger style: Exploders Self-punishers Underhanders Somatizers
Self-punishers
Self-esteem is thought to be comprised of these following components: Connectedness, uniqueness, mood swings Self-respect, self- acceptance, connectedness to others What you think of yourself and what you think others think of you. Self-love, physical beauty and personal wealth
Self-respect, self- acceptance, connectedness to others
NK T (T cytotoxic) cells in the immune system receive assistance from other cells that regulate how active they are. These assist cells include:
Suppressor T cells and T helpers
When stressed, our memory retrieval is: Enhanced Not affected at all Supressed
Supressed
The essence of loving-kindness meditation is
The development of kind and benevolent feelings first to ourselves then to others
In the caged Macaques (Worried Sick Video), who is most likely to get atherosclerosis?
The dominant animals who also get a high-fat diet
Psychoneuroimmunology refers to
The effect of human perceptions and emotions on health and immunity
The relationship of cortisol to memory is: Too much impairs memory more than too little Too little impairs memory, too much causes improved memory The proper level of cortisol enhances memory and therefore the time of day that you are exposed matters The use of steroids have no effect on memory
The proper level of cortisol enhances memory and therefore the time of day that you are exposed matters
This is the reason why people who are stressed are vulnerable to nutrient deficiency.
They don't restore essential nutrients.
Tibetian monks are able to increase their body temperatures at will, as seen in the wet towel experiments. This suggests that:
They have purposeful control over their parasympathetic nervous systems that increases blood flow and thus temperature
Working memory causes information To be permanetly stored in the hypothalamus To be temporarily stored and involves the exectutive control process to only involve verbal information and is stored in the auditory cortex To only involves spatial information and is stored in the occipital cortex
To be temporarily stored and involves the exectutive control process
The answer = telomeres. What is the question?
What shortens faster (hastens the aging process) under chronic stressful conditions?
What statement is most true regarding neural plasticity?
While giving us great flexibility for learning and constructing a sophisticated brain structure, it also leaves us vulnerable to negative, stress-related influences as well, for example abuse and trauma.
The following can be accurately stated about the gender difference of anger. Studies show that men harbor feelings of guilt after anger explosions. Women not only express anger differently, they have different stressors. Studies show no significant correlation between anger and breast cancer. Women tend to have less anger related symptoms than men.
Women not only express anger differently, they have different stressors.
What is the most important quality in early caregiving across species?
active touching
What pain type is associated with tissue damage?
acute, short-lived
Stress during pregnancy may:
adversely affect an infants' ability to adapt well to new situations. may cause obesity or diabetes in the child. may lead to learning and social behavior problems.
A sense of humor is an effective stress buffer in part because it
allows you to have some control over how you perceive your world
This trait more than any other, distinguishes the sensation seeker personality: optimism. immortality. confidence. calculated risk taking.
calculated risk taking.
These three characteristics are thought to be associated with what is now known as the hardy personality: challenge, commitment and control. control, challenge and creativity. commitment, challenge, and creativity. creativity, control, and commitment.
challenge, commitment and control.
In class, the clown study example suggested that:
children in quality attachment relationships recover more quickly from stressful events.
To be stress resistant, you should, among other things
commit yourself to personal goals feel that you have some control over what is happening
In the video, Stress: Portrait of a killer, what did chronic stress appear to do to the dopamine-based pleasure centers in the brain in Macaque monkeys?
decrease the activity, making life less pleasurable
Sapolsky, in the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer",described an event that changed the outcome of a large troop of baboons that he has followed for 30 years. This troop lost its ___________ and became___________________.
dominant males; more caring towards each other
An end result of meditation is a state of
effortless presence
When baby rats are separated from their mothers for SHORT amounts of time and then reunited, they tend to be more stress resistant as adults. This implies that they will:
either mount an average response when exposed to a threat or mount a high stress response that is quickly lowered when the threat is removed
According to Candace Pert's stress and disease model:
emotions can either enhance or suppress the immune system through the synthesis and release of neuropeptides throughout the body.
According to Borysenko's stress and disease model, lupus is regarded as an:
endogenous over-reaction.
According to a medically-oriented stress and disease model, allergies are regarded as an:
exogenous over-reaction.
According to Borysenko's stress and disease model, the common cold is regarded as an:
exogenous under-reaction.
Tamar experienced a huge growth in developmental skills through her first three years of life, including the development of emotional attachments. What best describes the process underlying such development?
experience-expectant neuroplasticity
In the wild, low ranking Baboon males tend to have _____________ while high ranking males_____________________.
increased blood pressure and clogged arteries; lower blood pressure and non-clogged arteries.
A poorly regulated amygdala typically results in what behavior? depression and lethargy motor clumsiness irritability and hot angry temper peaceful happiness
irritability and hot angry temper
What does "dose-related response" mean?
it means that length of exposure to experiences of something at certain levels, relates to the overall outcome effect
Peter, who works in a genetics research laboratory, was recently able to obtain a photo of his twenty-three pairs of chromosomes. This photographic record is called a(n)
karyotype.
In the process of oxidative stress, a free radical is a cell that has
lost an electron
The _______ system is a network of vessels in the body that _____________________.
lymphatic; carries white blood cells responsible for the human immune response
The normal aging process can be accelerated by high stress perception. High levels of cortisol has been shown to increase _____________________ through accelerated _________________________.
memory loss & confusion; hippocampal shrinkage
PKC, an enzyme produced in the brain during chronic, uncontrollable stress conditions, is linked to this(these) behaviors:
memory problems distorted thinking impulsivity distractability
In the video, Stress: Portrait of a Killer, what males died after they were exposed to tuberculosis?
the aggressive males who were not socially connected to others
Antibiotics are:
only effective on bacteria, not viruses
Two primary forms of meditation have been identified. These are:
open monitoring and focused attention
In "Unnatural Causes", a predictor of adult susceptibility to illness was identified by whether
people's parents owned their own homes while they were growing up
What is the likely result of damaged neurons in the hippocampus?
poor memory
According to Sapolsky, what conditions produce the most stressed apes?
rank in the group, paired with context (environment) and degree of social connectedness
Endorphins are released by the brain and body to:
reduce pain perception (analgesia effect)
In the video, "Stress: Portrait of a Killer", baboons who live in the wild are studied to determine the cost of stress on their health. Who in the troop has the most stress?
subordinate animals
Blister healing studies suggest:
that people heal faster when in less-stressed, and supportive relationships
Chakras are interesting because:
these proposed energy centers appear to align with neural activity of the spinal cord
The _________ gland is where baby white blood cells go to mature and become specialized
thymus
he immune system is suppressed by chronic stress through the
thyroxine axis
In the video, Robert Sapolsky states that human cognition is at least partly responsible for our stress. This is because:
we have the ability to think about future problems and "what-ifs".
Which one of these is NOT known to be responsible for changes in pain perception?
what you ate last
According to Gandhi, happiness is
when what you think, say and do are in alignment
Phagocytosis is the term for when:
white blood cells eat a pathogen (bacteria or virus)
In "Unnatural Causes", what did the persons featured in the video have in common?
workplace
