Our Canada Chapter 1-4 Vocabulary for SS7 Midterm

Samuel Hearne

A British explorer who had a guide named Mantonabbe. He sought a route to Asia west of the Hudson's Bay. On his journey he encountered hardships such as frostbite and hunger.

Henry Hudson

A British explorer who in 1610 went on a mission trying to find a northwest passage between Europe and Asia. His ship the "Discovery" got trapped in ice in what is now the "Hudson's Bay" in 1611. He wanted to explore more, but his crew rebelled. They abandoned him and several others in a small boat.

Martin Frobisher

A British explorer who left for the Arctic in 1576, with ships containing trade goods for Asia. On his expedition he found pyrite, but no gold.

Alexander Mackenzie

A British explorer who was the first European to reach Canada's west coast by travelling over land. He hoped that the route would take him west to the Pacific Ocean. This explorer followed a river later named after him and ended up in the Arctic. Four years later, he followed the Peace River and ended up in British Columbia.

Sieur de Monts

A French nobleman who sponsored expeditions to explore and colonize North America

Tenet

A basic principle held in a common group

Dodem

A clan of the Anishinabe

Tuberculosis

A contagious disease that mostly attacks the lungs

Grand Council

A council for all seven districts of the Mi'kmaq Nation

Canadien

A descendant of the settlers of New France

Scurvy

A disease resulting from lack of Vitamin C that causes internal bleeding

Smallpox

A disease that causes the skin to break out, accompanied by a high fever.

Anishinabe

A first nations group that lived in Ontario and Quebec. This group lived a nomadic lifestyle. They harvested wild rice. They had relations with both the British and the French.

Haudenosaunee

A first nations group that lived on the Atlantic coast. Their name means "people of the longhouse." They ate corn, beans, and squash and harvested crops using fish heads as fertilizer. In colonial times, this group had trade relations with the Dutch.

Mi'kmaq

A first nations group that was located in what is now New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, and Prince Edward Island. They moved with the seasons. This group harvested shellfish, sea mammals, seabirds, and their eggs during the spring, summer, and early fall. In colonial times they had an alliance with the French.

Pemmican

A food made from dried meat, pounded and mixed with berries and fat

Tewaarathon

A game today known as lacrosse.

Powwow

A gathering of First Nations peoples to celebrate their cultures

Castor

A gland at the base of a beaver's tail

Heterogeneous Cultures

A group of cultures that are diverse in many cultural aspects.

Ogimauh

A leader in Anishinabe society

Saqamaw

A leader in Mi'kmaq society, chosen and advised by the Council of Elders.

Sponsor

A person or organization that contributes to a project or activity by paying for it

Savages

A person regarded as primitive or uncivilized, in this case, it refers to Native Americans.

Francophone

A person whose first language is French

Status

A person's rank, or importance, in society

Settlement

A place where people live permanently, such as a village.

Imperialism

A policy (decision) on the part of a ruler or government of one territory to dominate other territories

Colony

A region claimed and governed by a country from another part of the world

Hunting Grounds

A region for hunting. The Mi'kmaq used the land differently from season to season.

Mercantilism

A regulated economic system that made a country rich from its colonies

Charter

A set of rules and privileges granted to a company by a king or queen

Midewin Society

A special society of the Anishinabe people who had special gifts as spiritual leaders and healers.

primary source

An original piece of information, such as a document or image

Alliance

An agreement among a group of nations to act together to support each other's interests.

Consensus

An agreement by everyone

Pierre Gaultier de La Verendrye

An explorer, soldier, and farmer who was born in New France. As an explorer he wanted to find a route to the western sea, an on his route established forts to give France control of the expanding fur trade. He became the first non-aboriginal person to travel the Great Plains and see the Rocky Mountains.

Kespukwitk

Another one of the seven districts of the Mi'kmaq Nation

Ethnocentrism

Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.

Disruption

Breaking an established way of doing things

Homogeneous Cultures

Cultures of the same kind.

Shawnadithit

Died of tuberculosis in 1829; she was the last survivor of the Beothuk people.

Clan Mothers

Female leaders of clans in Haudenosaunee society.

Aboriginal peoples

First Nations, Metis and Inuit peoples, as defined by Canada's constitution

Protocols

Formal Rules

Samuel de Champlain

French explorer in Nova Scotia who established a settlement on the site of modern Quebec (1567-1635). He was the father of New France.

Council of Elders

Groups of respected people that chose and advised Mi'kmaq leaders.

Story

In this book, stories are based on real historical events, and often on real people. Some stories create characters, or imagine the thoughts of real people, to explore historical events.

Unama'ki

Is one of the seven districts of the Mi'kmaq nation.

Durable

Long lasting

Indian

Many First Nations people prefer not to use the word Indian to describe themselves, except to identify those people recognized by Canada's Indian Act. We include the word here because Hargrave used it.

Mishomis

Means grandfather.

Heathenish

Non-Christian

Great Law of Peace

Oral constitution of the Iroquois Confederacy, which was later recorded in writing. The Iroquois nations adopted this constitution as a means to live together as equals and included some democratic ideals. In some ways, the Iroquois created a model for the U.S. Constitution.

Wampum Belt

Shell beads woven into belts or strings used by some First Nations, such as the Haudenosaunee and Anishinabe, to record treaties and other agreements among different Nations

Immunity

The ability of the body to fight off infection.

Monopoly

The complete control of a resource by a single company

Jacques Cartier

The first French explorer to explore mainland Canada in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. He raised the cross on Gaspe Peninsula.

Rene-Robert Cavelier de La Salle

The first French explorer to go down the Mississippi river to the Gulf of Mexico. He is famous for claiming the land from the Great Lakes all the way to the Gulf of Mexico for France. This explorer wanted to conquer Mexico for France but his plan resulted in him dying, from being shot by a member of his crew.

Mi'kma'ki

The homeland of the Mi'kmaq people; also known as Acadia

Epidemic

The infection of a large population by a disease

Kichi Sibi

The last strong hold of the Kichesiprini people

Hoyaneh

The male leaders of each nation in the Iroquois Confederacy

Factor

The person in charge of a fort and its business for the Hudson's Bay Company or the North West Company

Human Rights

The rights and freedoms to which everyone is entitled

Diminish

To become less

Manoeuvre

To steer

Universal

True or applicable in every circumstance

coexistence

When two or more peoples of diverse cultures living together peacefully

Dowry

money a woman brings to a marriage, an old custom

Peacemaker

the man named Dekanawidah, who brought the Great Law of Peace to the Haudenosaunee.