Packet18&20
Why did many United States farmers fail to benefit from the economic prosperity of the 1920s? •no technological advances were made in agriculture •levels of farm production declined •farm exports were heavily taxed •agricultural goods were over produced
Agricultural goods were overproduced
which is an accurate statement about american society during the 1920s? •the public expressed great interest in sports heroes and movie stars •social attitudes were identical to those of earlier decades •political figures were widely praised as role models •achieving equal opportunity for minorities became a major social goal
The public expressed great interest in sports heroes and movie stars
the automobile might have led to a decrease in what sort of activities?
decline in church attendance due to sunday outings, gave young people freedom and privacy (portable bedrooms that couples could take anywhere)
One common theme in many of the writings of Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Langston Hughes was •the need to regulate business •the benefits of mass production •optimism for reforms promised by great society •dissatisfaction with the american culture of the 1920s
dissatisfaction with the American culture of the 1920s
what were two cleaning appliances that were brand new in 1920s?
electric vacuum cleaners and washing machines
what was the purpose behind henry ford doing nice things for his workers?
he was doing it for the good of the people, the happier he made his employees then the harder they would work
in what city were the first motion pictures made?
new york city
which economic factor was a major cause of the great depression? •purchase of stocks on credit •increases in taxes on business •reduction of tariffs on imports •failure to produce enough consumer goods
purchase of stocks on credit
in the 1930s, shantytowns, often called "hoovervilles" sprang up across the united states because of president herbert hoover's •support for federal programs to provide jobs for the unemployed •refusal to provide direct federal aid to the homeless •efforts to help the residents return to their farms •emergency relief program to provide food to the poor
refusal to provide direct federal aid to the homeless
what was the first talkie?
The Jazz Singer
which event led to the start of the great depression?
The stock market crash of 1929
Henry Ford's use of the assembly line in the production of automobiles led directly to •A decrease in the number of automobiles available •a decrease in the cost of automobiles •an increase in the unemployment rate •an increase in the time needed to produce a single automobile
a decrease in the cost of automobiles
one result of president franklin D roosevelt's new deal was that it •raised the national debt •weakened labor unions •deregulated the stock market •repealed federal antitrust laws
raised the national debt
true or false: many companies laid off workers which created rising unemployment
true
What was an underlying cause of the Great Depression? • unequal distribution of income throughout the 1920s •adoption of a high federal income tax rates during the 1920s •failure of American farmers to produce enough food after World War I •rapid increase in federal defense spending following World War I
unequal distribution of income throughout the 1920s
what does the article mean when it says "the US became a consumer society"
we started to adopt to all of these items and became a very materialistic society along with raving about anything new like gossip
where did music originate? what is scat?
•originated in new orleans •scat is singing on nonsense syllables
name 3 famous jazz musicians
1) duke ellington 2) "jelly roll" morton 3) louis armstrong
how many cents out of every dollar that americans spent on entertainment was spent at movies?
83 cents!
how were middle class and working class theatres different?
•middle class theatres: -in middle class neighborhoods or downtown, luxurious, exotic decor, red plush seats, specific show times, well-groomed and uniformed ushers to enforce etiquette •working class theatres: -inexpensive, rowdy, high spirited center of neighborhood, audiences cheered shouted and whistled, continuously showed films
what industry greatly boomed in the 1920s? (when did movies stop being silent? what happened to the silent movie stars? try and name movie stars from the categories comedy, cowboy, drama, women)
•motion picture industry •movies were silent until 1927 •silent movie stars had careers cut short because they couldn't act in the new movies with words •comedy: Laurel and Hardy, Charlie Chaplin •cowboys: Tom Mix, William S. Hart •Drama: douglas fairbanks (played robin hood), rudolph valentino (heartthrob who died suddenly of appendicitis) •women: mary pickford, gloria swanson, clara bow (the it girl)
by 1929, there were more than 27 million cars, or nearly _____ in the US
1 car for every household
by 1929, the automobile industry produced 12.7% of all manufacturing output, and employed ____ out of every _____ workers
1 out of every 12
list the 3 things henry ford did for his workers that they liked
1) introduced a minimum wage of $5 in 1914 (2x what most workers earned) 2) shortened work day from 9 to 8 hours 3) shortened work week from 6 to 5 days
name 3 famous blues musicians
1) mamie smith 2) ma rainey 3) bessie smith
by the middle of the 1920s, how many people of the nation went to movies each week?
50 million
a major reason for the emergence of a consumer culture in the 1920s was that •The federal government encouraged labor to unionize •enforcement of antitrust laws resulted in higher prices •minimum wage laws expanded buying power •advertising and installment payments encouraged buying
Advertising and installment payments encouraged buying
Which event is most closely associated with the end of the Great Depression? •passage of the social security act •beginning of world war 2 •re-election of president FDR in 1940 •announcement of marshall plan
Beginning of World War II
the economic prosperity of the 1920s was mainly the result of the •adoption of lower tariff rates •stricter enforcement of antitrust laws •success of most US farmers •development of new industries for consumer goods
Development of new industries for consumer goods
what was a major reason american farmers failed to obtain a fair share of the economic prosperity of the 1920s? •crops failed due to poor weather conditions •government controlled food prices •farm crops were overproduced •banks refused to lend money to farmers
Farm crops were overproduced
which geographic area was most seriously affected by the dust bowl of the 1930s?
Great Plains
Which event of the 1920s symbolized a conflict over cultural values? •election of herbert hoover •transatlantic flight of charles lindbergh •scopes trial •stock market crash
Scopes Trial
what was one cause of the stock market crash of 1929 and the great depression that followed? •costs associated w WW1 had bankrupted the economy •Speculators had purchased shares of stock on margin with borrowed funds •federal tax cuts had caused high inflation •low farm production had weakened banks
Speculators had purchased shares of stock on margin with borrowed funds
explain how clothing changed in the 1920s
Standard clothing sizes allowed the mass production of ready to wear clothing, since there was no copyright on clothing designs until the 1950s garment manufacturers could pirate European fashions and reproduce them using less expensive fabrics
the conflict between science and religion in the 1920s was most clearly shown in the
Trial of John Scopes
what two entertainment devices were brand new in 1920s?
electric phonograph (record player) and commercial radio broadcasts
one of the major causes of the stock market crash of 1929 was •excessive buying of stocks on margin •overconsumption of goods and services •failure of international banking systems •low prices of stocks and bonds
excessive buying of stocks on margin
one of the major causes of the stock market crash of 1929 was •excessive buying of stocks on margin •overconsumption of goods and services •failure of international banking systems •low prices of stocks and bonds
excessive buying of stocks on margin
what was one feature of the united states economy during the 1920s that contributed to the great depression •increased in federal regulation •expansion of easy credit •growth of the trade deficit •influence of foreign corporations
expansion of easy credit
the social security act (1935) is considered an important program because it •brought about a quick end to the great depression •provided employment for those in need of a job •established a progressive income tax •extended support to elderly citizens
extended support to elderly citizens
president herbert hoover's response to the great depression was often criticized because it •wasted money on new social programs •caused widespread rioting and looting in major cities •raised taxes on businesses and the wealthy •failed to provide direct relief for the neediest persons
failed to provide direct relief for the neediest persons
true or false: The Overholt covert tariff of 1922 and the Dooley rowels tariff of 1930 or two tariffs that hurt the American economy
false
true or false: US farmers used to buy a great deal of their crops from countries such as Canada Argentina and Australia however now these countries were no longer selling as much grain to the US
false
true or false: although farmers were struggling, many of them did not have a lot of debt
false
true or false: railroads were charging low shipping rates to farmers during the 1920s
false
true or false: The opportunity to buy on the margin encouraged the average American to try his or her or luck in the stock market; buying on the margin only required a person to pay 25% of the total cost of a stock at the time of the purchase
false (10%)
the automobile helped increase what sort of activities?
family togetherness
One Major Way President Franklin D Roosevelt's new deal tried to combat the effects of the great depression was by •keeping workers wages low •increasing protective tariff rates •giving states more control over the federal budget •funding public works relief programs
funding public works relief programs
a major reason for creating the tennessee valley authority (TVA) in 1933 was to •build and manage a turnpike in the valley •provide healthcare benefits for Southerners •encourage African-Americans to settle in the valley •improve economic conditions in a poor rural region
improve economic conditions in a poor rural region
the prosperity of the United states in the mid-1920s resulted in part from •increased demand for new consumer goods •high wage contracts negotiated by labor unions •record high farm prices •increased government regulation of the economy
increased demand for new consumer goods
what does it mean if a movie is a talkie?
it has spoken words
what is installment plan buying
manufacturers of everything allowed consumers to take a product home and pay it off over time in payments
what caused hollywood california to become the motion picture capital of the US?
many filmmakers in southern cali (drawn in by cheap land and labor), there is varied scenery and a climate ideal for year round filming
which of the following statements is an effect of the great depression? •overproduction of farm products led to decreased prices •easy credit and installment buying allowed for people to buy more goods •buying stock on speculation was a common practice •many people had to depend on bread lines in soup kitchens to feed their families
many people had to depend on bread lines in soup kitchens to feed their families
senator huey long, dr francis townsend, and father charles coughlin are best known as •members of President FDR's cabinet •outspoken critics of President FDR's new deal •supporters of President FDR's reelection campaign in 1940 •members of the supreme court nominated by President FDR
outspoken critics of President Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal
during the second half of the 1920s, which economic trend was a major cause of the great depression? •deficits in federal budget •reductions in tariff rates •creation of national and state sales taxes •overproduction and underconsumption
overproduction and under consumption
what was a major cause of the great depression? •overproduction and underconsumption •a decrease in the supply of consumer goods •an increase in demand for imported products •an increase in the price of wheat on the world market
overproduction and underconsumption
in the 1920s, which economic factor led to great depression? •lack of investment in the stock market •attempt by the United States to promote free trade •failure to develop new consumer goods industries •over production of farm products and manufactured goods
overproduction of farm products and manufactured goods
During most of the 1920s, which group experienced the most severe economic problems? •owners of small family farms •workers in the automobile industry •bankers in urban centers •entertainers in the field of radio
owners of small family farms
the new deal reform that helped labor unions win the right to represent workers was the • creation of social security •formation of the securities and exchange commission •passage of the national Labour relations (Wagner) act •establishment of unemployment insurance
passage of the National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act
The changing image of women during the 1920s was symbolized by •passage of an equal pay act •drafting of women into the army •popularity of the flappers and their style of dress •appointment of several women to president calvin coolidge's cabinet
popularity of the flappers and their style of dress
early air travel was mainly used for what reasons?
post office and airmail delivery; by 1925, only 7 years after the first official airmail flight, US post office airplanes were delivering 14 million packages and letters a year and maintaining a regular flight schedule
duke ellington, langston hughes, and bessie smith are most closely associated with efforts to •expand the back to africa movement •fight discrimination through the judicial system •promote the cultural identity of african americans through the arts •establish the national association for the advancement of colored people
promote the cultural identity of African Americans through the arts
As part of the New Deal, the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC) were created to •allow for a quick recovery of stock prices •provide direct loans to businesses •protect individual investors from stock fraud and bank failure •allow banks and companies to invest in the stock market
protect individual investors from stock fraud and bank failure
the national labor relations act of 1935 (wagner act) affected workers by •protecting their right to form unions and bargain collectively •preventing public employee unions from going on strike •providing federal pension for retired workers •forbidding racial discrimination in employment
protecting their right to form unions and bargain collectively
which economic factor was a major cause of the great depression? •purchase of stocks on credit •increase in taxes on business •reduction of tariffs on imports •failure to produce enough consumer goods
purchase of stocks on credit
National attention was drawn to the scopes trial of 1925 because the case •represented a conflict between science and religion •reversed a previous supreme court decision on free speech •upheld the right of veterans to protest in washington DC •revealed the extent of prejudice against immigrants
represented a conflict between science and religion
during the 1920s, the country doubled its system of
roads and highways
which action did president franklin D roosevelt take that helped organized labor gain strength during the new deal? •requiring the American Federation of labor to admit skilled workers •allowing women to work in government agencies •signing the national Labour relations act (Wagner act) •selecting John L Lewis as his secretary of labor
signing the National Labor Relations Act (Wagner Act)
what industries did automobile manufacturing help support?
stimulated the growth of steel, glass, and rubber industries
the growth of the automobile industry after world war I changed the united states economy by •stimulating the development of other new industries •decreasing employment opportunities for assembly-line workers •increasing the number of railroad passengers •encouraging government operation of major industries
stimulating the development of other new industries
in 1937, president franklin D. roosevelt sought to increase the number of supreme court justices because •some justices complained they were unable to handle the heavy caseload •some regions of the country were not represented on the court •the court needed more minority representation •the court had declared several new deal programs unconstitutional
the Court had declared several New Deal programs unconstitutional
"the business of america is business"... by making this statement, president coolidge was expressing his support for •high taxes on corporations •banking regulations •democratic socialism •the free-enterprise system
the free-enterprise system
why were some of the first passenger flights probably performed between Cleveland Ohio and Detroit Michigan
the great migration took place and many african americans were moving up north to take advantage of jobs and get away from black codes (flights were easier way to travel)
what was the goal of president franklin D. roosevelt's plan to add more justices to the supreme court? •to help the supreme court implement its decisions •to limit judicial opposition to new deal programs •to convince Congress to enact new economic laws •to replace the chief justice of the supreme court
to limit judicial opposition to new deal programs
During the 1920s, controversies concerning the Scopes trial, national Prohibition, and the behavior of "flappers" were all signs of disagreement over •the return to normalcy •traditional values and changing lifestyles •causes of great depression •benefits of new technology
traditional values and changing lifestyles
true or false: The amount of land under cultivation grew rapidly throughout the late 1800s as the railroads and removal of native Americans from the great plain open up new areas for western settlement
true
true or false: many companies weren't able to sell their products and suffered due to a lack of income and profit
true
true or false: people losing their jobs and not being able to pay off their installments (because they purchased goods on the installment plan) lead to even more unemployment
true
true or false: when Europeans were unable to sell their products in America they didn't have money to buy American products that were being sold in Europe
true
which economic condition was a major cause of the great depression? •high wages of industrial workers •deficit spending by the federal government •inability of industry to produce enough consumer goods •uneven distribution of income between rich and poor
uneven distribution of income between rich and poor
the 1920s are sometimes called the roaring twenties because •foreign trade prospered after World War I •the United States assumed a leadership role in the world affairs •political reforms made government more democratic •widespread social and economic change occurred
widespread social and economic change occurred
how did food consumption change in the 1920s
•Americans began to consume fewer starches (bread and potatoes) and consumed more fruit and sugar •there was shift towards processed foods (ready to cook) •during World War I manufacturers learn how to efficiently produce canned and frozen foods (saved homemakers large amounts of time preparing food)
Post war; 2nd industrial revolution... what was more widespread (where was it used?), what began (what was this process? give example), what opened up (what were these? who started here? what was a chaser?), who else became popular (what was special about them?)
•electricity more widespread (used in homes and factories, can now work at night) •beginning of scientific management / taylorism (time each step/process that goes into making a product) (example is ford who was master at taylorism, model T price cut in 1/2 and increased workers wages to $5) •vaudevilles opened up (places of entertainment, variety show that included singing, dancing and magic... start w silly act and end with bad act) (charlie chaplin started in vaudevilles, character known as tramp) (chaser is an act that makes you want to leave) •3 stooges (all jewish)
what were things that the new culture valued or obtained?
•emphasized consumption •personality •abundance •science •looked to future •mass culture (people want things sold on national level) •image
what were things that the old culture valued or obtained?
•emphasizes production •character •scarcity •religion •idealized the past •local culture •substance
after being introduced during WWI, what became a common feature in american homes of 1920s? describe them (what was first radio station and where? how did you get a radio? what happened to farmers? what two corporations started and when?)
•hundreds of stations popped up all over, broadcasting news, serial stories, and political speeches •first radio station was KDKA in pittsburgh and it broadcasted the 1920 presidential election between harding and cox •radios cost about $50 and were typically do it yourself kits to put the radio together •farmers were never as isolated or separated from society as they had been before the radio •NBC (national broadcasting corporation) started in 1926 and CBS (columbia broadcasting corporation) started in 1927
how did electricity revolutionize the american home?
•new appliances followed (refrigerator, washing machines, vacuum cleaners, toasters) • appliances imposed new standards of cleanliness so woman had to work more in the house
what methods did alfred sloan use in order to get people to buy more automobiles?
•primary object was to make money •convinced people would pay extra for luxury •advertises his cars as symbols of wealth and status •introduced yearly model change to encourage people to get the newest version •developed a series of automobile divisions (status, price, luxury level) •made people want to pay more to have the best
flappers (what did they do? what did they dance? who was the public face of this generation? what did they get to do? what styles of clothing did they favor? what did they do with men?)
•smoked cigarettes, drank prohibited liquor •danced the charleston •clara bow was public face (it girl) •got to vote •favored bobbed hair, short skirts, boyish clothing (wanting bras and corsets that reduced their curves), also used makeup and eyeliner •they would enjoy a mans company for a short time and never plan on marrying them and then move onto the next man
what were the most popular spectator sports during 1920s? what sports grew in participatory sports? what class participated in sports largely?
•spectator: baseball, boxing, football •participatory: golf and tennis •middle class
henry ford made cars ________ for the average family
affordable
critics of the new deal claimed that the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) and the Social Security system threatened the United States economy by •applying socialist principles •imposing unfair working hours •decreasing government spending •eroding antitrust laws
applying socialist principles
Much of the domestic legislation of the New Deal was based on the idea that the government should •favor big business over labor and farming •assume some responsibly for the welfare of people •own and operate the major industries of the country •require local communities to be responsible for social welfare programs
assume some responsibility for the welfare of people
what technique used in factories did henry ford use to mass produce his model T?
automated assembly lines
what were 2 of the heaviest influences on american society in the first quarter of the 1920s? (describe them)
car and nickelodeon's •car: -shrank the country because they linked city to city -ford remained cheapest car by 1928 ($500) •nickelodeon: -forerunner to movies -drop penny into slot and watch a minute of a film or parade and then go to another machine drop penny in a repeat -people got tired of this and theatres began to show movies 12 minutes in length, and then normal full length movies
in the 1920s, americans purchased a lot of new products. what were 3 types of products?
cars, appliances, and stylish clothing
what types of products could Americans buy in the installment plan
cars, irons, furniture, radios, houses
the scopes trial and the sacco and vanzetti case both involved •disputes over the death penalty •clashes over cultural values •protests by temperance leaders •challenges to search and seizure protections
clashes over cultural values
in 1929 a quarter of all American families purchased a car. About 60% bought cars on ______, often paying interest rates of ____ % it higher
credit, 30