PADM 4250 Midterm
6. Affordable housing is usually defined as when the cost of housing does not exceed _____ of a gross household income.
30%
Provide a definition of the labor market and at least 2 broad issues that should be considered in the collection of data. Please also provide a brief example of a labor market.
A local labor market is defined by Green and Haines as the social relationship between workers and employers of labor (Green & Haines, 2016). Labor markets can be difficult to define with district boundaries, and are often times looked at based on counties. An example of a labor market is seen in the community of Richardson that I am studying for the course project. When researching about Richardson's labor market I learned that the leading work industries in Richardson include IT, financial services, and aerospace. Major employers in this area are Texas Instruments, Raytheon, State Farm, RealPage, UTD, AT&T, GEICO, etc. Two broad issues that should be considered in the collection of data include: 1) What is the current demand for labor/supply of labor in the region and how likely is it to change in the future? 2) How are local institutions affecting the match between supple and demand for labor in the region? (Green & Haines, 2016)
Midterm: The condition of the housing stock is also referred to as housing _____________.
Adequacy
12-14. A compelling reason for nonprofits to merge or form an alliance is to
All of the above: Leverage complementary strengths, diversify asset base, and tap into leadership skills of established organizations
Community Supported Agriculture Systems:
All of the above: Mostly use organic farming techniques, link consumers with growers, adn improve access to nutritious food
Midterm: In a community where there seems to be an adequate supply of housing but low income households do not have adequate incomes to afford the available units communities can overcome this issue with programs such
All of the above: Preservation of housing, vouchers, and Inclusionary Zoning
12-14. Nonprofits benefit from working together on technology investments to lower their individual organization's investment in
All of the above: Technology, capital, and future systems
Midterm: An essential element of a community based organization is its ability to:
All of the above: create power as it gathers resources, Can sustain action over time, Create expertise through experience, and Build local leadership
11. Pothukuchi, K., & Kaufman suggest issues such as _________ and _______________ make food policy a planning issue.
All of the above: public health and access, food waste and water pollution and, transportation and economy
Midterm: The data collection process and method that assumes knowledge socially constructed - reinforces shaped meaning. Some important aspects include: -Memory and history -Valuable in shaping shared meaning and vision -Draws on positive memories - storytelling, interviews -Process that promotes positive change -Focuses on peak experiences -Collective analysis of success -Translate into community action
Appreciative inquiry
MIdterm: _________ is a planning philosophy and community development approach to provide stronger ties between institutions and residents in a locality.
Asset Based Development
5. ___________ refers to relationships between friends and family.
Bonding
Midterm: The efforts to develop leadership among more members of the community, build organizational resources such as board members, to help residents become more aware of the community issues and to leverage networks of residents, stakeholders are components of
Capacity building
2. The program ____________ created in 1970's by Nixon, and still available today, gives localities federal funds to support the development of low income housing, redevelopment, housing rehabilitation, and public facilities.
Community Development Block Grants
Midterm: _____ are funds were established under President Nixon. The law allows these grants to be used by local governments for a range of activities, but it requires that at least some of the funds help low-income families. These are still very important resources for local governments to increase access to housing affordability.
Community Development Block Grants
3. A steady source of funding for community development corporations is
Community Development Block Grants (federal)
3. A steady source of funds to support the work of Community Development Corporations comes from:
Community Development Block Grants (federal)
Midterm: The effort of a community based organization to help raise funds to support home renovation, redevelopment and home rehabilitation with a purpose of improving the conditions of the community is typically the work of a
Community Development Corporation
Midterm: The federal law requiring FDIC insured banks to reinvest back into communities is called ________________ _________________ Act.
Community Reinvestment
9. _______________________________ is based on the idea that power is concentrated at the top and change comes from power.
Conflict Organizing
9. An approach to community organizing that focuses on long-term community welfare, community leadership developed and building relationships is best described as...
Consensus organizing
9. When neighboring communities agree to work together on a common goal through the commitment of resources such as financial capital, land, public investment this level of partnership is defined as....
Coordination
10. __________ captial represents forces of family backgrounds and educational qualification converted into economic capital as a structure and function of the community.
Cultural Capital
Midterm: Community Based Organizations that promote social capital should have _________ leaderships to connect with differing values and cultures.
Diverse
Week 3. Local development corporations are either for profit or non-profit and provide a wide variety of
Economic development activities
10. Based on cultural capital theory _________________ state forms the knowledge that resides within us.
Embodied
2. During the period of Urban Renewal, the federal government granted itself the power of ____________ to take private property for the public purpose.
Eminent Domain
Midterm: In the Milwaukee labor market the Milwaukee Jobs Initiative to bring together major businesses and industries in the region to improve training and employment opportunities and connect individuals in the community with these employers. This is a good example of a(n) ____________________________.
Employment Networks
6. Residents of housing that believe that landlords, realtors or mortgage lenders have treated them differently, such as only showing them homes or apartments in certain neighborhoods, can file a claim of discrimination under the __________________________.
Fair Housing Act
10. Creative class of workers equally includes the working class in today's economy. (true or false)
False
2. Capacity building is described as the ability to become passive agents of change.
False
4. Labor markets are easy to define with distinct boundaries (true or false)
False
5. Collaboration is the connection people make to individuals beyond close friends and family.
False
Midterm: Investing primarily into job training is the main focus of workforce development.
False
9. Power that tends to distributed among elected officials in local decision making processes adheres to elite theory.
False, pluralist theory
6. A common Community Based Organization that serves as an intermediary of technical and financial resources to support development of affordable housing is called
Filtering
Midterm: The purpose of an intermediary in supporting the activities of Community Development Corporations is to provide __________________ and __________________ in the areas of housing development.
Financial resources and technical assistance
Midterm: Relative to public participation, community based organizations find themselves closer to which rungs on the "Ladder of Participation"
Forms of collaboration
2. The New Deal was a response to the poverty and problems of depressed communities during the __________________. In response the federal government became involved in social welfare programs and granted funding to nonprofits to deliver services.
Great Depression
3. Community Development Corporations tend to be involved in:
Housing
4. A theory of human capital attributed to the assumption that individuals are motivated to increase earnings which means they will invest in education and training to do so is known as_______________
Human Capital Theory
4. A basic assumption of ___________ theory is that individuals are motivated to invest in education and are willing to move to advance their position.
Human capital
4. Goals for preparing a future workforce may include:
Introduce issues of career and work as early as high school, understand career and postsecondary educational options, invest in pre-employment training
11. People who eat food grown and raised in their region are typically referred to as:
Locavores
11. _________________ is a tool planners may use to understand the relationship between where food insecure residents live and where food is available in the community.
Mapping
6. ________________________was instrumental in creating housing after the Great Depression, the federal government was criticized because of its lack of a democratic process and the involvement of potential residents in the policy making process.
New Deal
2. The evolution of the concept of community development tends to begin with the
Progressive Era
3. Community based organizations are an incubator for:
Public Participation
Midterm: Between 1934-1968: FHA Mortgage Insurance Requirements utilized a process called ______________. "determining which neighborhoods to approve mortgages in. This was a practice of denying or limiting financial services to certain neighborhoods based on racial or ethnic composition without regard to the residents' qualifications or creditworthiness."
Redlining
9. _______________________ power relies on informants to identify influential people in community; individuals with powerful reputations are able to connect more easily to the resources necessary to advance their agenda.
Reputational
2. The ability and success of social movements such as the Dudley Street Initiative largely depends on the ability of individuals in the movement to mobilize resources and acquire resources. The theory of ___________________ is helpful in explaining this effort.
Resource Mobilization Theory
Midterm: The efforts of the Dudley Street Initiative in Boston's Roxbury District to build capacity with members of the community through a 31 member board, over 2500 voting members in the community and 16 full time staff to address community issues such as redevelopment, housing affordability, and clean up illustrates this theory of development, ___________________________.
Resource Mobilization Theory
5. Social capital building may be difficult in poorer communities who may have social relationships to meet needs but have fewer _____________ to support them.
Resources
Midterm: Social capital building may be difficult in poorer communities who may have social relationships to meet needs but have fewer _____________ to support them.
Resources
2. If you are a community development manager serving in a role of facilitator to help communities identify their goals and increase the capacity of residents to participate in the community development process you are likely working on community development through the ____________________ approach.
Self-help
Midterm: _______________ capital consists of relations as ties with others and between and among organizations as a form of capital. The capital is an asset that contributes to formation of other community capital.
Social
2. The concept of community development is informed through the following theory:
Social Capital Theory, dependency theory, and resource mobilization theory.
4. What is the basic assumption behind human capital theory?
The basic assumption behind human capital theory is that individuals are motivated to increase earnings and in order to do so they will pay for education and/or training that is necessary to move them up in the labor market. Human capitol theory also assumes that individuals will move to other locations for job opportunities.
7. Community reinvestment act
The federal law requiring FDIC banks to reinvest in the community
12-14 What is the role of an initiating committee in building a collaboration? Define, provide an example, and elaborate on what this means in the context of community development. You may use your community mapping project as your example.
The initiating committee's role in building collaboration could be best described as brainstorming, fact gathering, and seeking important members/non-profits with whom they could collaborate with. For example the originating group may see food insecurity as an issue within the community and decide informally that collaboration is feasible and warranted to address this community issue. At that point the initiating committee would form, and their role would be to determine goals and mission, brainstorm which organizations could collaborate to address this issue, gather data, and plan a first meeting. In the context of community development the initiating committee truly takes an idea and begins to piece together the puzzle to make it come to life.
12-14. What are three key considerations in creating a collaborative work plan? Define, provide an example, and elaborate in the context of community development. You may use your community mapping project as your example.
Three factors when creating a collaborative work plan include: specific tasks needed to accomplish an objective, assignment of responsibilities , and a timetable with deadlines for each task. When non-profits come together to collaborate a work plain is necessary to meet outline goals/missions. For example if the State Farm in Richardson, TX decides to work with RALC to broaden the community members they reach, it would be important to have each organization focused on certain tasks and responsibilities, and deadlines for these tasks. This work plan will allow each organization involved to have clear expectations of what their responsibilities are as well as deadlines in order to hold one another accountable.
3. Explain the role and position of CDCs as depicted in Figure 1 in Fischer and Shevron (2006). Describe the three levels and their contextual relationship to the CDC. What is the purpose of each level in the relationship?
Three levels: CDC itself: the CDC works with other non profits to improve and or establish housing. Intermediary Organization: Provide the financial assistance to the CDC, train CDC members, and connect the CDC with local developmental actors. Developmental Actors: (Broadest level) These actors include: local government officials and agencies, real estate developers, universities, lending institutions, community foundations etc. The development actors, " work creates the conditions necessary for development to occur." (Fischer, 2006) Each level is important and the figure depicts the complicated relationship between the different levels. We see that the intermediary organizations provide the funding which trickles down to the CDC itself and they must work with the development actors to ensure that development for either new residents and or existing neighborhood residents, churches, and businesses occurs.
A factor that influences the performance of credit markets called ____________________ are the costs associated with reviewing and structuring an investment or loan product to poorer applicants. Banks make more profit off of large residential and commercial loans because there is less risk on repayment so these these costs are minimized.
Transaction costs
10. An economic development tool to leverage the arts through taxing authority is typically referred to as a special arts district. (true or false)
True
12-14. Deciding to collaborate is usually based on a collective accumulation of positive signals and discoveries that realize the benefits of mutual interest (true or false)
True
12-14. Nonprofits are an intermediary filling in the gap between individual and government (true or false)
True
3. Surveys are helpful tools to collect information on attitudes, values, and behavior on a topic important to the community (true or false)
True
4. Access to transportation is a factor in explaining inequalities in labor market success in a community.
True
5. Social networks are important to obtain information about employment, volunteering, housing, etc (true or false)
True
7. the Community Development Banking and Financial Institutions Act of 1994 was created to fund community development financial institutions to support housing development, business creation, and job creation for low income persons. (true or false)
True
12-14. An important factor influencing integrated services among nonprofit profits based on the _____ they have built-in working together in previous situations.
Trust
10. Please refer to the reading by Phillip (2004). Describe 2 different strategies for including art into community and economic development plans. Please provide an example to illustrate each strategy.
Two different strategies for including art into community and economic development plans that Rhonda Philips discussed in the article include, art business incubators and comprehensive approaches. Art business incubators are explained by Philips as an approach that utilizes shared community space, administrative and other services , and business development to foster growth for new or young business. With the use of government funds and/or non-profit organization art business incubators are able to support local artisans and generate economic development and. An example of an arts business incubator is the Tulsa Arts Fellowship a non for profit that recruits artist from the country to live in Tulsa and provides them grant money, a co-working space, and subsidized housing. By brining in arts to their community the Tula Arts Fellowship the community attempts to mobilize their community through the use of art. Another important factor to being a fellow is that you are required to engage with the community in which you live. In a comprehensive approach the arts-based business plan is used as the overall development plan for a community. This strategy focuses on revitalizing the local economy though the integration of arts and the encouragement of community member participation. An example of a comprehensive approach would be the Kansas City Crossroads District. This part of town was previously a high-crime, vacant building, run down part of town. Through the use of arts and creating a special arts district the community was able to create a vibrant, economically thriving, and community member driven corridor that was driven through a comprehensive approach.
Midterm: By the year 2025, the Town of Star Prairie will have 1,000 units for seniors and others that are affordable. New housing will be integrated with parks and trails and other natural features is a likely outcome from which participation process ________________.
Visioning Process
2. Capacity building is best described as a(n) __________________ of change.
active agents
2. Asset based development is
an approach to provide strong ties between residents of a locality and their institutions.
6. Community Development Block Grants
are funds were established under President Nixon. The law allows these grants to be used by local governments for a range of activities, but it requires that at least some of the funds help low-income families.
7. Angel Investors
are investors that are willing to provide capital for a business start up in exchange for equity ownership
7. Equity
capital is a direct permanent investment. As a result the investor claims a portion of earnings.
5. ________________ refers to social relationships in a particular locality.
community of place
4. Workforce development is primarily about job training
false
11. The UNT _____________________ is one resource UNT is offering to help students address hunger.
food pantry
7. Home Mortgage Disclosure Act
is a data source to include the data on annual number of volume of residential loans and the aggregate number of mortgage loans by banks and thrifts in a Metropolitan Statistical Area
6. Filtering
is a process in housing market that reflects in migration of higher income residents and the displacement of lower income residents.
7. Community benefit agreement
is an agreement between developer or business and local government such as provision of a number of jobs or housing in exchange of some public investment or public amenity.
6. Inclusionary
is zoning that requires developers to produce a percentage of housing as affordable units is a strategy to increased mixed income neighborhoods.
Community based organizations help identify the needs for employment, locate resources and _________________________ employers together for skills training.
mobilize
5. _______________ capital consists of relations as ties as a form of capital. The capital is an asset that contributes to formation of other community capital.
social
3. Intermediary organizations provide _____ and _____ support to Community Development Corporations
technical and financial
5. Social capital requires investment of ______________ and _______________ with the anticipation that individuals can invest in these resources and then receive benefits from them in the future.
time and energy
5. According to Putnam, social networks have
value
2. The New Deal
was the federal response to the Great Depression passed for the purpose of creating programs job creation, infrastructure development, housing construction.