Pain management and surgical patient

A nurse is caring for a client who requests pain medication. Which of the following actions should the nurse perform first? (single choice) A Reposition the cient. B. Admimister the medication C. Determine the location of the pain D. Review the effects of the pain medication.

C. Determine the location of the pain

1. A nurse is caring for a client who is postoperative following vascular surgery. Which of the following manifestations should indicate to the nurse that the client has developed a thrombus? (Single Choice) A. Positive Kernig's sign B. Positive Homan's sign C. Dull, aching calf pain D. Soft, pliable calf muscle

C. Dull, aching calf pain

A nurse is collecting data from a client who is reporting pain despite taking analgesia. Which of the following actions should the nurse take to determine the intensity of the client's pain? A. Ask the client what precipitates the pain. B. Question the client about the location of the pain. C. Offer the client a pain scale to measure their pain. D. Use open-ended questions to identify the client's pain sensations.

C. Offer the client a pain scale to measure their pain.

A nurse is caring for a client who is 1 day postoperative following gynecologic surgery and reports incisional pain. Which of the following actions should the nurse take first? (Single Choice) A. Determine the time the client last received pain medication. B.Measure the client vital signs, including temperature: C.Ask the client to rate her pain on a scale from 0 to 10. D. Reposition the client and offer her a back rub

C.Ask the client to rate her pain on a scale from 0 to 10.

Chronic pain

Chronic pain is ongoing or recurs frequently, lasting longer than 3 months and persisting beyond tissue healing.

fifth vital sign

Collect data and document about pain according to the client's condition and agency guidelines.

A nurse is discussing the care of a group of clients with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following clients should the newly licensed nurse identify as experiencing chronic pain? A. A client who has a broken femur and reports hip pain. B. A client who has incisional pain 72 hr following pacemaker insertion. C. A client who has food poisoning and reports abdominal cramping. D. A client who has episodic back pain following a fall 2 years ago

D. A client who has episodic back pain following a fall 2 years ago

A 73-year-old patient with diabetes was admitted for below the knee amputation of his right leg. Removal of his right leg is an example of which type of surgery? (Single Choice) A.Palliative B.Diagnostic C. Reconstructive D. Ablative

D. Ablative

A nurse is unable to read a new prescription written by a provider. Which of the following actions should the nurse take? (Single Choice) A. Clanfy the type of medication with the family, B. Revien the medication history on she admission record C. Send the prescription to for the pharmacist to clarify D. Contact the provider to clarify the written prescription

D. Contact the provider to clarify the written prescription

A nurse is reinforeing teaching with a client who is receiving morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) infusion device. Which of the following statements by the client indicates an understanding of the teaching? (Single Choice) ( A "i should only use the device when its absolutely necessary. B."i will ask my family to push the dose button when I am asleep. C" I'll be careful about pushing the button so I don't get overdose, D. I should tell the nurse if I can't control my pain with this device."

D. I should tell the nurse if I can't control my pain with this device."

A nurse is discussing data collection for pain with a newly licensed nurse. Which of the following information should the nurse include? A. Most clients exaggerate their level of pain. B. Pain must have an identifiable source to justify the use of opioids C. Objective data are essential in collecting data about pain. D. Pain is whatever the client says it is.

D. Pain is whatever the client says it is.

What action should the nurse take when evaluating the effectiveness of newor revised therapies for pain relief? A. Observe the patient performing activities of daily inving B. Observe the patient's facial expressions. C. Frequently assess subjective data D. Perform evaluation of outcome goals

D. Perform evaluation of outcome goals

A man, 64, participates every year in a number of Music & Motorcycle Festivals around the country but meets his rival in a particularly challenging open course and hill climb, in which he takes a fall. His motorcycle lands on top of him and he suffers a broken pelvis, two cracked ribs, and a punctured lung. He is put on IV hydromorphone. On transfer from the ICU to a surgical unit, he is switched to a single oral morphine. The nurse has her private doubts about this switch but says nothing. Soon after receiving the second dose of morphine tablet, the patient experiences intense pruritus. The physician is contacted and adds a medication to offset these adverse effects. He also adds a laxative as a prophylactic adjuvant. Then, the next afternoon, when his physical therapist arrives to help him practice walking the hallway on a walker, the patient's pain is at its peak, and he says, "I'm sorry. It just hurts too much this afternoon." When the physical therapist points out that he walked just fine before, he tries valiantly to stand several times, but the pain overtakes him, and he eases slowly back into his chair, rubs two fingers along his brow, and keeping his head down, quietly asks if he can be helped back into bed. After the nurse comes and helps him back into bed, observing that his face is pale and damp, another dose of oral morphine is delivered. The nurse evaluates the afternoon's disappointing outcomes. Select interventions that might have been more effective. A. Remember that pre-medication with morphine would mean the medication will reach peak effect too soon. B, C. Use NSAIDs to help reduce opioid side effects. Encourage coadministration of both morphine and an NSAID for enhanced effect. D. Give oral morphine in combination with a second opioid for maximum relief. E. Ask to switch the patient to an injectable medication for quicker relief. F Time his morphine to take affect before physical activities

E. Ask to switch the patient to an injectable medication for quicker relief.

After surgery for a total knee replacement, a patient was given an epidural catheter for fentanyl epidural analgesia. What is the most important nursing intervention? 1. Administer additional analgesic medications as needed. 2. Change the epidural dressing every shift. 3. Assess respiratory rate. 4. Encourage ambulation.

3. Assess respiratory rate.

What is the priority responsibility of the nurse related o paip 1. Leave the patient alone to rest. 2. Help the patient appear to not be in pain. 3. Believe what the patient says about pain. 4. Assume responsibility for eliminating the patient's pain.

3. Believe what the patient says about pain.

1. A nurse is monitoring a postoperative client who is unable to respond to questions. Which of the following nonverbal behaviors should the nurse identify as an indication that the client is experiencing pain? (Select all that apply) (Multiple Choice) A. Restlessness B. Grimacing C.Moaning D.Clenching E. Drowsiness

A. Restlessness B. Grimacing D.Clenching

How pain is subjective

the interpretation and significance of pain depend on an individual's learned experiences and involve psychosocial and cultural factors. *Only the person who is bearing the pain is an expert about that pain.

gate-control theory

theory that explains how the nervous system blocks or allows pain signals to pass to the brain

A 52-year-old patient admitted for deep vein thrombosis of the left internal illac vein complains of excruciating pain in his left leg. What is the most appropriate response by the nurse? 1. "Pain is what you say it is; I will assist you in whatever way I can." 2. "Your pain is an unpleasant sensation caused by inflammation of the vein and difficult to control."I your pal i are n pan. but is po-or are,. 4. "I know you are in pain, bout dis important that mg guard against possible addrotion to opioids."

1. "Pain is what you say it is; I will assist you in whatever way I can."

A patient underwent surgery for lysis of adhesions. He is transferred from the PACU to his room on the surgical floor. During the immediate postoperative period on the surgical floor, how often should the nurse measure. Blood pressure, pulse, and respirations? 1. Every 15 minutes 2 Every 5 minutes 3. Every 20 minutes 4. Every 30 minutes

1. Every 15 minutes

Whatdrug de very system o aster control pain via pora. computerized pump with a chamber for a syringe? 1. Patient-controlled analgesia 2. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation 3. A venous access device 4. An intrathecal delivery system

1. Patient-controlled analgesia

The nurse listens attentively while the patient describes her angina pectoris pain as radiating down her left inner arm to the little finger and upward to the law and the shoulder. What term is used to classify this type of pain? 1. Precisely localized 2. Referred 3. Intermittent 4. Chronic

1. Precisely localized

An alert 75-year-old patient is to undergo elective surgery. Who must sign the operative permit? 1. The patient 2. The patient and the patients spouse 3. Either the patient or the patients spouse 4. The patient and the surgeon

1. The patient

An obese patient is at risk for poor wound healing postoperatively for what reasons? (Select all that apply.) 1. Ventilation capacity is reduced. 2. Fatty tissue has a poor blood supply 3. The risk for dehiscence is increased. 4. Clotting factors are delayed. 5. Thrombophlebitis risk is increased

1. Ventilation capacity is reduced. 2. Fatty tissue has a poor blood supply 3. The risk for dehiscence is increased. 5. Thrombophlebitis risk is increased

analgesia administration, the nurse should participate in evaluation of pain for

10 to 60 min after administering medication.

Which patient is at greatest risk for surgical and anesthetic complications? 1. A 3-year-old patient scheduled for hernia repair 2. An 80-year-old patient scheduled for exploratory laparotomy 3. An 18-year-old patient scheduled for an appendectomy 4. A 42-year-old patient scheduled for breast biopsy

2. An 80-year-old patient scheduled for exploratory laparotomy

A postoperative abdominal surgery patient complains that he "felt something give way" in his incision. On assessing the wound, the nurse notes a large amount of serosanguineous drainage and that wound edges are not approximated. Intestines are protruding from the wound. What nursing action is appropriate? 1. Encourage the patient to turn, cough, and deep-breathe while splinting the opening. 2. Cover the protruding internal organs with sterile gauze moistened with normal saline, 3. Paint the open wound with an antimicrobial solution to prevent infection. 4. Reinsert the organs and apply a pressure dressing to prevent further organ protrusion.

2. Cover the protruding internal organs with sterile gauze moistened with normal saline

A patient is being discharged, and the nurse is teaching the patient how to do daily dressing changes at home. What is the most important point to include in the teaching plan? 1. Discussion of surgical asepsis 2. Discussion of hand hygiene 3. Instruction in sterilization 4. Demonstration of gloving

2. Discussion of hand hygiene

What is the best nursing intervention to help a patient cope with fear of pain associated with surgery? 1. Describe the degree of pain expected, 2. Explain the availability of pain medication 3. inform the patient of the trequency of pain medication 4. Divert the patient when talking about pain

2. Explain the availability of pain medication

The nurse has recommended the patient consider music therapy to manage pain after an upcoming surgery. What information should be provided to the patient? (Select all that apply) 1. Music therapy works best when selections are instrumental instead of songs containing words. 2. Music therapy is successful for at least 50% of people who try it. 3. Music therapy promotes relaxation and takes the focus 9 away from the pain being experienced. 4. Music therapy is easily a self-directed means of pain 7 management. 5. Music therapy's success is limited to postoperative pain.

2. Music therapy is successful for at least 50% of people who try it. 3. Music therapy promotes relaxation and takes the focus 9 away from the pain being experienced. 4. Music therapy is easily a self-directed means of pain 7 management.

The nurse is admitting a patient into the room on the surgical unit after abdominal surgery. There is a 1.5-cm-diameter spot of serosanguineous drainage on the dressing. What should the nurse do at this time? 1. Notify the physician of bleeding from the wound. 2. Note the amount of drainage and continue to monitor. 3. Remove the dressing to check for bleeding from the suture line. 4. Apply gentle pressure to the site for 5 minutes.

2. Note the amount of drainage and continue to monitor.

The nurse is correct when identifying a patient who smokes two packs of cigarettes per day as being at most risk for which postoperative complication? 1. Infection 2. Pneumonia 3. Hypotension 4. Cardiac dysrhythmias

2. Pneumonia

When a patient is prepared for surgery, which interventions are appropriate during the preoperative period? (Select all that apply.) 1. Provide sips of water for a dry mouth. 2. Remove the patient's makeup and nail polish. 3. Remove the patient's gown before transport to the OR 4. Leave on all of the patients jewelry. 5. Teach the patient postoperative breathing and coughing exercises.

2. Remove the patient's makeup and nail polish. 5. Teach the patient postoperative breathing and coughing exercises.

A patient has been prescribed acetaminophen to manage pain after a sports injury. What information can be included in the discussion about this medication with the patient? (Select all that apply.) 1. This medication is limited to the management of mild pain. 2. The dosage of acetaminophen should be limited to 4000 mg in a 24-hour period. 3. Acetaminophen is associated with gastrointestinal upset. 4. Excessive dosages are associated with hepatotoxicity. 5. Acetaminophen works by blocking pain impulses.

2. The dosage of acetaminophen should be limited to 4000 mg in a 24-hour period. 4. Excessive dosages are associated with hepatotoxicity. 5. Acetaminophen works by blocking pain impulses.

the nurse is caring for two patients with similar injuries. One patient presses severe pain, and the other reports feeling ine with toe levels of pain. Which statement is most correct? 1. The patient having more intense reports of pain has dysfunctional endorphins. 2. The patient having lesser levels of pain has a higher level of endorphins. 3. The patient experiencing intense pain has lower levels of endorphins. 4. The patient having elevated levels of pain has an alteration in recognition of endorphins by the hypothalamus of the brain.

2. The patient having lesser levels of pain has a higher level of endorphins.

A patient was admitted to the orthopedic section for acute back pain. The health care provider is planning to use cutaneous stimulation management. Which is an example of this pain control method? 1. Epidural analgesia 2. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS) 3. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) 4. Patient-controlled analgesia

2. Transcutaneous electric nerve stimulation (TENS)

REM sleep accounts for

20% to 25% of sleep time.

The nurse is assessing the bowel sounds of a patient who had a suprapubic prostatectomy 2 days ago. To confirm that no bowel sounds are present, the nurse would need to auscultate each quadrant for how long? 1. 1 minute 2. 3 minutes 3. 10 minutes 4. 16 minutes

3 minutes

The nursing student is discussing the gate control theory of pain. Which statement by the student indicates the need for further instruction? (Select all that apply.) 1. "The gates of the pain pathways can be opened with therapeutic massage and heat treatments." 2. "Pain has exclusive use of the pathways ahead of other stimuli, according to the theory." 3. "Distraction is beneficial in pain management, according to the theory." 4. "Pain is a manifestation of an intricate chain of electrochemical events." 5. "Memories and feelings may alter gating mechanisms."

3. "Distraction is beneficial in pain management, according to the theory." 4. "Pain is a manifestation of an intricate chain of electrochemical events." 5. "Memories and feelings may alter gating mechanisms."

A patient tells the nurse that "using this tube thing [incentive spirometer] is a waste of time." Which statement by the nurse best explains the purpose of the incentive spirometer? 1. "It helps by directly removing excess secretions from the lungs." 2. "It increases pulmonary circulation." 3. "It helps promote lung expansion and prevent. pulmonary complications. 4. "It helps stimulate the cough reflex and keeps your lungs working.

3. "It helps promote lung expansion and prevent. pulmonary complications.

On admission of a patient to the PACu from surgery, on what should the nurse place the highest priority for assessment? 1. Patient's level of consciousness 2. Condition of the surgical site 3. Adequacy of airway and breathing 4. Fluid and electrolyte balance

3. Adequacy of airway and breathing

After abdominal surgery, a patient is suspected et having internal bleeding. Which finding is most indicative of this complication? (Select all that apply.) 1. Increased blood pressure 2, incisional pain 3. Increased abdominal distention 4. Increased urinary output 5. Increased respirations

3. Increased abdominal distention 5. Increased respirations

Which route is most appropriate for treating rapidly escalating severe pain? 1. Oral 2. Intramuscular (IM) 3. Intravenous (V) 4. Transdermal

3. Intravenous (V)

Which opioid is no longer a drug of choice for managing pain because of its toxic complications, such as causing seizures? 1. Codeine 2. Morphine 3. Meperidine 4. Fentanyl

3. Meperidine

A 63-year-old patient underwent a lower anterior bower resection yesterday. WHat en to confrontral nervous system analgesic is prescribed often to control pain? 1. Aspirin 2. Acetaminophen (Tylenol) 3. Morphine 4. Ibuprofen (Motrin)

3. Morphine

What statement concerning unrelieved pain is most correct? 1. Unrelieved pain is a normal expectation after major surgery. 2. Patients with cancer diagnoses can expect to experience unrelieved pain. 3. Physiologic and psychological complications can result. 4. Arouncieved pain rain is strestlu and amorina. la from unrelieved pain. not as important as other physical care needs.

3. Physiologic and psychological complications can result.

The nurse is caring for a patient following a colon resection with A transverse colostomy. The patient is experiencing pain at it Operative site and surroutraly iSsues. To assist his palerth the prevention of postoperarve pulmonary complications, what interventions will be most helpful preoperatively? (Selectal har apply.) 1. Ask the surgeon to prescribe IPPB treatment. 2. Teach and observe the patient perform leg exercises 3. Teach and observe the patient use an incentive spirometer correctly. 4. Tell the patient that lack of an effective cough may result in pulmonary complications. 5. Ask the patient to perform a return demonstration of controlled coughing 6. Assist the patient with splinting the incision during coughing and deep breathing. 7 Medicate the patient with pain medication at least 30 minutes before ambulation or activity. 8. Ambulate the patient as ordered by the surgeon 9. Ensure that the patient is consuming the suggested amount of fluids postoperativery,

3. Teach and observe the patient use an incentive spirometer correctly. 5. Ask the patient to perform a return demonstration of controlled coughing

Which statement is accurate regarding a patient who receives general or regional anesthesia in an ambulatory surgery center? 1. The patient will remain in the unit longer than a nospitalized patient. 2. The patient is allowed to ambulate as soon as he or she is admitted to the recovery area, 3. The patient's level of consciousness must be near the level of preoperative functioning before dismissal, 4. The patient is immediately given liberal amounts of fluid to promote excretion of the anesthesia

3. The patient's level of consciousness must be near the level of preoperative functioning before dismissal

A patient is recovering from a right lobectomy. The nurse is going to assist in splinting the patient's incision so that the patient can cough and breathe deeply. When should an intramuscular analgesic be administered to achieve the most therapeutic effect? 1. After the procedure so the patient can rest 2. 15 minutes before the procedure 3. 1 hour before the proceaure 4, 30 minutes before the procedure

30 minutes before the procedure

A nurse is caring for a client who is experiencing mild acute pain after spraining an ankle. Which of the following analgesics should the nurse expect to administer? A. Ketorolac B. Ketamine C. Meperidine D. Methadone

A. Ketorolac

The nurse is assessing the patients description of nis back pa 16 states that it is "minobiling, intense, and on a scale f00 10, 1 is an 8"' What type of pain assessment scale is the plan. 1. Visual analog 2. Categorical 3. Functional 4. Numeric

4. Numeric

A patient admitted with severe cellulitis of the left breast states, "I have a severe burning pain, and it feels like my breast is on fire." She rates her pain as 7 on the 0-to-10 pain assessment scale. How would this collection of data by the nurse in assessing the patient's pain be classified? 1. Deductive 2. Speculative 3. Obiective 4. Subjective

4. Subjective

A patient asks the nurse why the nurse asked for the name and dosage of all prescription and over-the-counter medications (including herbal remedies) taken before surgery. which response by the nurse is most accurate? 1. these medications may cause allergies to develop 2. "These medications are automatically ordered postoperatively. 3. "These medications should be taken the morning of surgery with sips of water. 4. These megications may create a greater ns,for: complications or interact win anestretic agents.

4. These megications may create a greater ns,for: complications or interact win anestretic agents.

Self-report using standardized pain scales is useful for clients over the age of

7 years

A nurse at a clinic is collecting data about pain from of a client who reports severe abdominal pain. The nurse asks the client if there has been any accompanying nausea and vomiting. Which of the following pain characteristics is the nurse attempting to determine? A. Presence of associated manifestations B. Location of the pain C. Pain quality D. Aggravating and relieving factors

A. Presence of associated manifestations

Acute pain

Acute pain is caused by tissue injury. The pain is temporary, usually self-limiting, and resolves with tissue healing.

1. A nurse is collecting data from 4 clients who have wounds. The nurse should recognize that which of the following clients has a manifestation of a wound infection? (Single Choice) A. A client who has serosanguineous drainage from the wound B. A client who has swelling and tenderness around the wound c. A client who has urticaria and itching around the wound D. A client who has brown crusting over the wound

B. A client who has swelling and tenderness around the wound

A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) infusion device after abdominal surgery. Which of the following client statements indicates that the client understands how to use the device? A. "I'll wait to use the device until it's absolutely necessary." B. "I'll be careful about pushing the button so I don't get an overdose." C. "I should tell the nurse if the pain doesn't stop after I use this device." D. "I will ask my son to push the dose button when I am sleeping."

C. "I should tell the nurse if the pain doesn't stop after I use this device."

A nurse is caring for a client who is receiving morphine via a patient-controlled analgesia (PCA) infusion device after abdominal surgery. Which of the following statements indicates that the client knows how to use the device? A. "I'll wait to use the device until it's absolutely necessary." B. "I'll be careful about pushing the button too much so I don't get an overdose." C. "I should tell the nurse if the pain doesn't stop while I am using this device. D. "I will ask my adult child to push the dose button when I am sleeping."

C. "I should tell the nurse if the pain doesn't stop while I am using this device.

The patient who had a nephrectomy yesterday has not used the patient-controlied analgesia (PCA) delivery system but admits to being in pain but fearful of addiction. What is the nurse's best response? 1 A. Modem analgesic drugs do not cause addictioni B. Pain relief is worth a short period of addiction C. Addiction rarely occurs in the brief time postsurgical analgesia is required D. Addiction could be a real concern

C. Addiction rarely occurs in the brief time postsurgical analgesia is required

A nurse is monitoring a client for adverse effects following the administration of an opioid. Which of the following effects should the nurse identify as an adverse effect of opioids? (Select all that apply.) A. Urinary incontinence B. Diarrhea C. Bradypnea D. Orthostatic hypotension E. Nausea

C. Bradypnea D. Orthostatic hypotension E. Nausea

A nurse is monitoring a client who is receiving opioid analgesia. Which of the following findings should the nurse identify as adverse effects of opioid analgesics? (Select all that apply.) A. Urinary incontinence B. Diarrhea C. Bradypnea D. Orthostatic hypotension E. Nausea

C. Bradypnea D. Orthostatic hypotension E. Nausea

A nurse at a clinic is talking with a client who has Cancer and takes extended-release opioids twice daily. The client reports an increase in localized achy pain over the last few days. How should the nurse document this increase in pain? A. Phantom limb pain B. Mixed pain C. Breakthrough pain D. Neuropathic pain

C. Breakthrough pain

Staqe 2 NREM

Deeper sleep • 10 to 20 min long . Vital signs and metabolism continuing to slow . Requires slightly more stimulation to awaken • Increased relaxation

Ablation

Excision or removal of diseased body part or removal of a growth or harmful substance

Nociceptive pain

It is usually throbbing, aching, and localized. This pain is managed using opioids and non-opioid medications.

Neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain is usually intense, shooting, burning, or described as "pins and needles."

Why The joint commission developed a policy for pain control

Patients have the right to appropriate assessment. •Patients will be treated for pain or referred for treatment.

Opioid Analgesics: Adverse Effects

SEDATION; RESPIRATORY DEPRESSION; orthostatic hypotension; constipation; urinary retention;

Staqe 3 NREM

Slow wave sleep or delta sleep • Vital signs decreasing • More difficult to awaken • Psychological rest and restoration • Reduced sympathetic activity

Patient-controlled analgesia (PCA)

To prevent inadvertent overdosing, the client is the only person who should push the PCA button.

noninvasive pain relief techniques

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) Distraction ●Relaxation ●Guided imagery ●Hypnosis ●Biofeedback

Stage 1 NREM

Very light sleep • Only a few minutes long • Muscle relaxation • Loss of awareness of surroundings • Vital signs and metabolism beginning to decrease • Awakens easilv • Feels relaxed and drowsy

REM

Vivid dreaming • About 90 min after falling asleep, recurring every 90 min • Longer with each sleep cycle • Average length 20 min • Varying vital signs • Very difficult to awaken • Cognitive restoration

A patient reports being allergic to penicillin. Which question would elicit the most useful information? 1. "When did the reaction occur?" 2. "What infection did you have that required penicillin?' 3. What type of allergic reaction did you have? 4. Did you notify your physician of the allergy?"

What type of allergic reaction did you have?

Non-opioid analgesics

are appropriate for treating mild to moderate pain.

Opioid analgesics

are appropriate for treating moderate to severe pain

insomnia happens because

awakening too early, or not getting refreshing sleep.

Clients who have chronic conditions can

experience episodes of breakthrough pain requiring additional pain relief measures.

TYPES OF NOCICEPTIVE PAIN Somatic

in bones, joints, muscles, skin, or connective tissues

TYPES OF NOCICEPTIVE PAIN Visceral

in internal organs such as the stomach or intestines. It can cause referred pain in other body locations separate from the stimulus.

Sleep averages vary with the developmental stage

infants and toddlers averaging 9 to 15 hr/day. This declines gradually throughout childhood, with adolescents averaging 9 to 10 hr/day and adults 7 to 8 hr/day.

Research indicates that the risk of clinically significant opioid-induced respiratory depression is 1. less than 1%. 2. 5%. 3. 20%. 4. 30%.

less than 1%.