Pakistan
Nusret Fateh Ali Khan
- 1948-1997 - Nusrat - voice indescribable - Qawwali-suffi music
Regions in Pakistan
- 7 regions : - Sindh ( PPP, regional ID, Butto fam) - Punjab-> province think heart of Pakistan ( heartland- poltiics, milit , dominance of Punjab) - Balochistan -> ongoing cesessionist movement - Azad Kashmir -> " free K" if P let K to I -> lose part of P= national movemnt - petal have to diappear - Gilgit Baltitan - Khyber - Fed Admin Tribal Areas
1990s
- A large tug and pull between the dismissal, ousting and re-taking of government throughout the decade - Bhutto government dismissed (August 1990) - Nawaz Sharif as PM (November 1990) o Nawaz Sharif government ousted April 1993 - Benazir Bhutto as PM (October 1993) o Bhutto ousted Nov. 1996) - Nawaz Sharif as PM (Feb. 1997) o Ousted Oct. 99'
AQ Khan Network
- Abdul Qadeer Khan (director) - Was a nuclear scientist and decided that the best way to resist domination would be to facilitate the info to any country that is willing to pay for it o Would sell nuclear material - Khan Research Laboratories (KRL) - got nuclear materials to NK and Libya - undermined the NPT - Pakistan kept denying until it was overwhelming, but refused to do anything because he was looked at as a hero - Fear there would be a sell to militant groups where they could build a dirty bomb
Who Does Pakistan Blame?
- Afghanistan-Pakistan Tensions (especially Hamid Karzai) o Think that Afghanistan is trying to exports its beliefs into Pakistan - India: wants to thwart Pakistan-China "economic corridor" o Pakistan views this as a wonderful trade route that will help them o India sees this as China having an ability to use a military
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (LeJ)
- Army of Jhanvi o Jhangvi- Conservative Islamic Clerik- the biggest problem Pakistan has is that it allows heretical Islam to be practiced on Pakistani soil (there is only one Islam) - Anti-Shia - Goal: to remove all "heretical" (Non-Sunni) influence- make them leave - Pakistan lists as terrorist organization
Lashkaw-e-Taiba (LeT)
- Army of the Good/Righteous - Origins in Kashmir- spreading militancy among kashmiris with the goal of trying to use militacy to thwart India - Expanded Mandate: restore Islamic dominance in S. Asia o They are more likely to strike outside of Kashmir - Links to Al-Qaeda, IS - Alleged support of ISI- factions within ISI that are sympathetic
o Jaish-e-Mohammed (JeM)
- Army/Forces of Muhammad - Origins in Kashmir - Goal: to bring Kashmir into Pakistan- - spreading militancy among Kashmiris with the goal of trying to use militancy to thwart India o Did not choose to expand its mandate - Links w/ Al-Qaeda, Taliban - Support from ISI and military (Pakistan denies)
Groups/Pakistan Have Larger Effects on Rest of the World
- Attacks on India o Parliament of India (2001) o Mumbai Train Bombings (2006) o Mumbai Attacks (2008,2011) - US- Linked Threats o Times Square (failed attack)- 2007 o San Bernardino Shootings (Dec. 2, 2015) o Groups within region that operate - Within Pakistan o Hazara Shia Attacks (Oct. 2013)- attacks on a Mosque to show they're never safe (LeJ) o Peshawar Army Public School Massacre (Dec. 2014)- retaliation for military operations against the TTP and regions they are active (TTP) o Bacha Khan University Attack (Jan. 2016)- reprisal attack against the military for trying to curtail their action (TTP)
Sufis
- Being pushed out of their " home" territory - Islamic mysticism - mystical islam - Deep roots in the regime - Music and dance- look at fundamental joy of Allah - Rise of anti-sufis movements ( 1970s) -> upset conservative groups disapprove of this - Sufism as haram -> alcohol as " spirit"
Yahya Khan
- Constitution (1962) abrogated o Martial Law declared - Second Partition occurs o 1969- Forces Ayub Khan to resign - Yahya Khan takes presidency - (Dec. 1970)- General Elections o E. Pakistan leader wins the race which creates a crises
08-11' Pakistan Politics
- Democracy Returns to Pakistan - Elections (February 2008) - Pervez Musharraf steps down - Yousuf Raza Gilani as PM (March 2008) - Asif Ali Zardari as President (September 2008) - Osama bin Laden killed in Abbottabad (April 2011)
12' - 13'
- Democracy Struggles o Supreme Court disqualifies PM Yousuf Raza Gilani from holding office (June 2012) o Raja Pervez Ashraf named PM (June 2012) o Malala Yousafzai is shot (October 2012) o PM Raja Pervez Ashraf is arrested for corruption (January 2013)
Groups Affect on Pakistan
- Dissent, tolerance, and moderation are all silenced o Majority of the people who live in Pakistan who dislike these groups, it becomes dangerous to speak out - The insecurity of everyday life - Security institutions are compromised
Pakistan's Military
- Divided into Different factions o Pro-Islam- Some that favor/ are sympathetic to idea of Mujahedeen/ helped trained them • Might not fight militant groups o "Pro-Unity"- do what the military is supposed to do, fight and keep the peace - Not publicly known
Benazir Bhutto
- Elections in Nov. 1988 - Benazir Bhutto (daughter of Zulfiak Bhutto) reutrns to Pakistan and this was supposed to be Pakistan's movement o Fist time Islamic political parties - Seen as this person outide of Pakistan - Benzair Bhutto as PM - Islamic Political Parties
Head of (IMAFT)
- General Raheel Sharif (Pakistani) o Great for Pakistan's international view, bc many countries that Pakistan is in favor or this
Nuclear Issues
- Happened bc in 71' India intervened to allow E. Pakistan to become Bangladesh o Pakistan thought that if they had nuclear weapons we could've fought back - Pakistan's Nuclear Option: o Zulficar Ali Bhutto: from nuclear power to nuclear weapons (72') - India's test at Pokhran (74')- "Peaceful Nuclear Device" - India's tests (May 98')- to declare itself a nuclear power - Pakistan's tests (May. 98') - Sort of arms race
Islami Jamhoori Ittehad (ISI)
- Helps explain why sectarian violence and terrorism came about - Narwaz Sharif (founder) - Islamic Democratic Alliance o No longer democracy v authoritarianism o An alliance of conservative Islamic parties to contest elections, not just about democracy, but democracy with islam - Aftermath of ul-Haq
Iranian Revolution (79')
- Helps explain why sectarian violence and terrorism came about - In a country that is a Shia majority country - Not every country was okay with this bc it was towards a shia direction - Shias are minority, especially in Pakistan, which scared Pakistanis that it would embolden Shias
USSR invades Afghanistan (79')
- Helps explain why sectarian violence and terrorism came about - Wanted to put in place a Marxist regime - Created a lot of resistance movements (ethnic and religious) - Country is very ethnically diverse Religious- Marxism wants to remove religion o Pushback - Bc Afghanistan was right next to Pakistan, there were linkages
Inter-Services Intelligence
- India is convinced that they are supporting militancy in Pakistan - Pakistan's CIA - Different Factions o Similar to military - Abbottabad (hideout) and Osama Bin Laden as the "Golden Goose" o "Golden Goose"- we are the only country that knows best where Osama Bin Laden is o Gets lots of military equipment and money from US - Either Pakistan knew where Osama was and was playing, or that Pakistan is entirely incompetent - India's Accusations- thinks ISI is the chief organization for attacks in Kashmir and India
Religions in Pakistan
- Islam 95% o Sunni- 75% o Shia- 22% - Hinduism 2% - Christianity 2% - Sikh, Buddhist, Bahai other 1%
"Muslim NATO"
- Islamic Military Alliance to Fight Terrorism (IMAFT) - 39 countries, based in and initialed by Saudi Arabia - We have to fight terrorism at all costs - Not Supported by Iran o Sees this as a pro-sunni
Basics (Gov, pop, and religion)
- Islamic Republic of Pakistan - Pop : 185,000,000 - 95% muslim
Justifying Pakistan
- Islamic State- Fear that Muslims couldn't practice Islam in a majority Hindu state - Question of what kind of government it would be (theocracy v democracy) o How Islamic/ what kind of Muslim gets defined? o Non- Muslim Pakistanis, do they get discriminated against? - The "newness" of Pakistan had ppl thinking they're starting a history vs India continuing its history when getting its own Independence - 4 major groupings ( sufism- suni-shia-= Akbaris)
Security Issues
- Kashmir Conflict (47') - Communist pressures from China - Baluchistan Insurgency o A refugee crises of having to deal with millions of refugees o People from India that are Muslim coming to Pakistan - Refugee (Mohajir) Issues o People either forced out of Pakistan or they believed in the idea of Pakistan
Origins of Rule
- MA Jinnah dies (1948) o Pakistan does not have a person to carry on Pakistanis legacy - Liaquat Ali Khan (1st Prime Minister 47-51) o Assassinated in 51' o Question of Islam could be why he was killed - Happens frequently where the violence of Partition carries on so much longer than it had in India
Important Women in Pakistan
- Malala Yousafzai: from SWAT valley in Khyber, Rakhtunkhwa o Born in 97' o Failed assassination attempt- Oct. 2012 o Wrote about the importance for education about women in Pakistan o TTP said this is not their ideals and the she must stop - Qandeeel Boloch o Pakistan's biggest social media star- exploring boundaries of identity o Dress in ways one considers provocatively bc democracy o Her mentality- if you don't like it you don't have to follow her o Murdered July 15, 2016 by brother o "honor killing"
Kashmir Conflict
- Militant groups and the Kashmir conflict o Some militant groups have origins still operating in Kashmir themselves - Pakistan's Military and the "proxy war" (from Militants) o Original claim by India was that Pakistan was helping cause uprising - Is is possible for a nuclear exchange over Kashmir o After Lahore Declaration, this helped calm it down
Ahmadiyyas
- Mirza Ghulam Ahmad 1835-1908 as Imam prophet Mahdi - Being pushed out of their " home" territory - are a small religious minority, - small community live and very fragile existence - 1974 Constitution ( amendment) o Ahmadiyyas are " non-muslims" o Recognize Ahmad as a prophet which violate the main precept of Islam (because Mohammed is the prophet)
PACS Themes
- National Identity - Regional Identity - Democracy V Authoritarianism o When Pakistan developed it struggled with a back and forth between authoritarian regimes and democratic processes - The Role of Islam
Nuclear Security
- Nawaz Sharif - NPT (Nuclear Proliferation Treaty) o India will not sign- divides work into nuclear-haves and have-nots o Pakistan- we would love to sign this, but we will after India does - Lahore Declaration (2006): Diplomat First o No first strike agreement between the countries • Let's do diplomacy before weapons - US-India Agreement (06'): Under W. Bush o Similar to NPT, it can be checked by inspection but not all of its programs o Just those that civilian use only - "Hindu Bomb" v. "Islam Bomb"
Regionalism and One Unit
- One Unit 1954- no region, provinces, states o West Pakistan as 1 province (so no region identity, erase diversity ) - Reversed by Yahya Khan 1970 o Denial of different identities
Three Parties in Pakistan
- PML-N: Pakistan Muslim League (Nawaz) [Nawaz Sharif] - PPP: Pakistan People's Party [Bilawal Bhutto Zardari] - PTI: Pakistan Tehreek-i- Insaf (Movement for Justice) [Imran Khan] o other two parties corrupt o ran by former cricket captain
o Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP)
- Pakistan's Chapter of the Taliban o Reason why Pakistan says militancy was brought in from Afghanistan - Pro-Sunni- very conservative - Mostly ethnically- Pashtun - Want to control territory and create Islamic teachings amongst your own teachings
Internal Politics that Bring Radicalization
- Pakistan's back and forth made it clear that democracy didn't work - Hindu Nationalism in India- BJP and Modi o Radicals it looks like- national religious party brings stability - Militant Islamization in Pakistan is the result of all this - Smaller bodies coming about ready to take up arms - They've been in contact with Mujahedeen - They think that the military is secular and therefore useless
Partition in Pakistan
- Plays out twice in Pakistan - 2 people most intimately with idea of Pakistan o M. Ali Jinnah → muslim league 1906 - use Pakistan as leverage to get better treatment for muslim in India o Muhammad Iqbal (poet)→ idea of Pakistan 1930-1940 - Partition and Independence (1947) o Didn't want to be stifled by Hindu majority
Ayub Khan
- President (58-69), military leader that took it from Mirza - New Constitution (62') o Government was not a democracy - The Status of Islam - Capitalist Growth - Alliance with US and China - Elections of 65'- Khan reelected - 65'- war with India
Ethnicities of Pakistan
- Punjabi 43-45% - Pashtun 15-16% - Singhi 14-15% - Baloch 5-6% o ethnic Balochs issues can have vote to have a voice in parliament= struggle to draw peace and secu out of identity
Religious v Sectarian Violence
- Regionalism- the successions movement - Sectarian violence- violence that breaks out within a religion o Different from communal violence such as that in India (about violence that breaks apart between different religions)
2000-08 Pakistan
- Return of Authoritarianism o General Parvez Mussharaf assumes power (2000-2008) o Constitution is suspended Benazir Bhutto into exile o Nawaz Sharif arrested and sentenced to life in prison (exiled to Saudi Arabia) - Democracy Struggles o Nawaz Sharif returns from exile (Oct. 2007) o Benazir Bhutto returns from from exile (October 2007) o Benazir Bhutto is assassinated (December 2007) o Elections (February 2008)
Motives of Different Groups
- Sectarian Violence (Islamization) o If there is a militant group that is trying to define a particular type of Islam to be the foundation of an Islamic State (such as Pakistan), they are going to engage in lethal attack on minority Muslim communities - Kashmir and India- use militancy to destabilize the Indian forces in Indian parts of Kashmir to spread Islam amongst Kashmir, so Kashmir can take up these topics, and therefore they can unite under islam - Democratic Destabilization- make democracy look week and so they give up on it o Unify country under Islam
Pakistan's Early Struggles
- Series of weak governments - Constitution in 1956 o What type of government? - Iskander Mirza- First President of Pakistan o Though democracy was weak, imposed nationalism o A very uncertain foundation in Pakistan o Pakistan has many constitutions - Events of 1958:from martial law to military coup o Presidency taken by Ayub Khan
Sindh and Sindhi
- Singhi language bill July 1972 - no more urdu but sindhi - Sindh language riots July 1972 - urdu and sindhi speakers, mobs in Sindh privince - PM Zulfikar Ali Butto : Sindhi and Urdu are equal- equally important - Example of language politics ( regional identity=sensitive)
Cold War's Effect
- Soviet Withdrawal in 1989- humiliated o Falls apart in the 90s - US Support for global democracy o Us is the only super power left o US wants to put democracy in Pakistan • But Pakistan didn't only want USSR out but they also wanted Islamization (against democracy)
Mujahideen
- Synonymous with movement in 80s and 90s, when all starts coming together regionally speaking - Anti-Soviet Insurgency in Afghanistan o Mujahideen first arose here- Islamic Soldiers resisting Soviets o Means: people who are fighting for Jihad - Pakistan military offers training to Mujahedeen o Afghan came into Pakistan, but also brought in ideas - China and US support Pakistan o China bc it wants to weaken other communist power - Due to this, we had groups like Al-Qaeda arise
Terrorism and Militancy (terms)
- Terrorism= by definition a terror group is a militant group o Always militancy, no such thing as non-violent terrorist group - militancy= a militant group is not necessarily a terrorist group o can attack as what you consider as a delegitimize government, and as long as you avoid civilian population, or wear a uniform- as long as you obey international law
Second Partition
- There had been a growing gap between E and W Pakistan - Operation Searchlight (71') o Pakistan army tried to stop Bengali nationalist movement in E. Pakistan • Hunts down Bengali seperatists o East Pakistan is lost (with help from India) bc of basic genocide - Bangladesh is established (71') w/ Help from India
Sectarian Violence
- Unity and diversity in Islam - Rise of religious militance: Zia ul-Haq 1980s SU in Afghan, politics bankrupt autho - Outside influence and support o US increase in middle east = lethal cocktail of political, religious + growing sense of foreign influence
Linguistics in Pakistan
- Urdu = national language of P - Urdu and English = official languages - Dozens of other languages - Punjabi 45% - Pashto 16% - Sindhi 15% - Siraiki 11% - Urdu 8% -> why first language only 8%? Bc any other choice create too much contentiousness = most " neutral" language/choice Baloch 4%
Zia Ul-Haq
- Widespreak unrest after the 77' elections - 77'- General Muhammad Zia Ul-Haq and martial law o Military steps in and arrests and executes Bhutto o Claimed elections were rigged - Takes Presidency - Islamization - US alliance is strengthened - Killed (Aug. 88')- in plane crash - Large political instability begins
Zulfikar Ali Bhutto
- Yahya Khan (Pres) transfers power to Zukifar Ali Bhutto (PM) (bc Khan lost and E. Pakistan succeeded) o Had won majority of seats in W. Pakistan in election of 70' - Nuclear weapons program is launches (72') o Did this bc they felt threatened by India, especially after their work to make them lose Bangladesh - Karachi Nuclear Power Plant - New Constitution (73)- consolidates rule - Elections of 77' - causes widespread unrest
Islamic State (IS)
- defeated in Syria o Many fear they will flee elsewhere like Pakistan - Khorasan Branch (Jan. 2015)- part in Afghanistan - Pakistan gov't has denied IS presence
Kalash
- ethnic minority pop - Pop approx 5000 - Kalash language/ religion -> isolated language, community and religion, small/unique pop in Pakistan - Forced conversions (1950s) - Recent protection : to protect culture, pop of people that practice unique religion unbelievably unique thing in pakistan -> genetic diversity = most unique minority in Pakistan - fragile community in Pakistan identity politics , how strongly P muslim identity should be promoted
Balochistan
- regional issue - Separatist movement since 1948 - Several milit groups: o Jundallah ( Al-Qaeda linked) - pro Suni group o Lashkar-e-Jhangvi ( sunni militant) → target shia + first glimpse so elusive for Pakistan is because muslkim state did not meet islamic diversity suni?shia?sufi? o Hazara Shia (Qutia) o conflict b/w these groups as well
Muhajirs ( Mohajirs)
- regional issue in the south - muhajirs= immigrants from india after partition- dont fit into ethnic categories - Settled in Karachi and Sindh - invent ethnicity o only thing that unites us is that we don't fit in - Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM 1984) = violent protest movement " we ve been here " - Muttahida Qaumi Movement 1997 - Urban violence ( 1990s)- belonging and peace and security created because strength of other identities
Zia ul-Haq's Islamization
Helps explain why sectarian violence and terrorism came about - Happened after democratic era - Problem when this is that there is a legitimacy problem o Both authoritarian and democracy seem to be doing a poor job o Regimes reach out for something out to find legitimacy - Caused ul-Haq to reach out and tries to expand Islamization o Islamization- Introduced more Islam into politics o Used Islam to ensure legitimization of regime o Released forces he did not have control over (radicals) - Ended in a plane crash under suspicious circumstances
Three Powers in Pakistan
o Elected Officials o Military o Supreme Court
Current Drama in Pakistan
o Elections (May 13') o Nawaz Sharif as PM o Mamnoon Hussain as Pres (July 2013) o Perez Musharraf is arrested and put on trial (Feb 2014)
2018 Elections in Pakistan
o General elections scheduled for July 2018 o Current PM: Shahid Khaqan Abbasi o Current President: Mamnoon Hussain
Present Politics in Pakistan
o Pervez Musharraf is released to go to Dubai for medical treatment (March 2016) o Gen Qamar Javed Bajwa named head of military (November 2016) o PM Nawaz Sharif forced to resign by Supreme Court over corruption charges (August 2017)
Pakistan Flag
- White- non-Muslim minorities - Green- Islam