Parenting 3

adult children and parent relationship

Caring for aging parents. • We are living longer so family relationships have become more complex. • People may experience more health/financial problems. • Ethnic minorities tend to provide more care in-home for their parents. • Female adult children are more frequently the caregivers for the elderly. • Most adult-child caregivers are middle-aged, married, parents, and working full time.

support, attitude, communication, quality

Characteristics of successfully adapted stepmother. • Gaining _____ from outside and inside the family system. • A ______ attitude. • Use of positive _____ styles. • Working towards the _____ of the marital relationship.

gender, age

Child divorce adjustment factors • _____ and _____ of the child when the parental divorce occurs.

social support

Child divorce adjustment factors. • Adults' use of available ______ ______ networks to help the child to adjust.

cultural attitudes

Child divorce adjustment factors. • ______ ______ toward divorce and single-parent families..

initial stage

Children Adaptions Following Divorce 1st stage. Occurs after parents inform the child of their decision to separate. Reaction: High levels of stress, conflict, unhappiness.

transition stage

Children Adaptions Following Divorce 2nd stage. Usually about 1 year after the separation and may last up to 3 years. Reaction: The restructuring process where emotions stabilize..

Restabilization Stage

Children Adaptions Following Divorce. 3rd stage. Occurs about 5 years after the separation. Reaction: The new system (single parent; blended family) is more stable.

grief, secondary losses

Children's _____ looks different at various levels of development • Children should be encouraged to participate in funeral rituals. • Children experience _____ in intense bursts throughout their developmental experience. • The loss of a parent can bring _____ _____ as well.

expectations, defined, survive, commitment

Differences in developmental levels at the time of marriage compared to first marriage • Different ______. • Stronger more _____ career goals. • Knowledge that you can ____ divorce. • More _____ to making a marriage work.

Sexual

Direct/indirect sexual exploitation, coercion, or corruption by involving children in inappropriate sexual activities.

integrative sanctioning

Disclosure of sexual orientation to heterosexuals and father identity to other gay males. • Involves distancing himself from those who are intolerant.

visitation, one, joint custody, mindful,

Divorce relationship is transformed. • ______ rights force some type of contact with former spouses. • Children may share information about _____ parent with the other or discuss life events (perpetuating the old life). • With ______ ______, former spouses commit to sharing parenting decisions. • Parents have to adjust but also be _____ of their child's reactions. • Involving children in the details of the divorce is not a good idea.

elder abuse

Emotional, physical, and/or verbal abuse or the violation of rights of elders. • This typically impacts adults during their middle and later adulthood years.

options to alleviate caregiving burnout

Encouraging men to become as involved as women in providing eldercare. Involving broader community support. Providing more funding for programs that educate people involved in eldercare. Making eldercare more financially manageable.

Ecological model

Examines the child and the family from a systems theory perspective • Abuse is a family problem.

stepmother

Families in which the mother role is filled by a __________ have more problems than those with a stepfather. Role is made to be more difficult by myths: • Evil, caring, self-centered, someone who mistreats children. May overcompensate in order to challenge these myths. • This leads to contributing too much in the relationships with the stepchildren.

implications for children

Family Stressors and Addictive Disorders. • Children may not be aware that one or both of their parents have a substance use or addictive disorder • Since they observed destructive patterns modeled by their parents, it is unlikely that they know what constitutes healthy family life. • Frequently they become involved in relationships with people who behaviorally resemble one or both parents in their family of origin. • Likely not to seek help from school counselors or relatives because they are not allowed to disclose what really happens at home.

C

Family's perception of the event.

B

Family's resources for meeting a crisis.

Challenges of Nonresidential, Noncustodial Fathers

Fathers who do not share a home with their child face the risk of gradually fading from their child's life. Seems to increase men's risk of injury, addiction, and premature death. • This may be a reaction to grief/loss • This could reflect possible irresponsible behavior that contributed to the divorce. Payment of child support and emotional involvement have positive impacts on the well-being of the child.

gender

Includes cultural ideals of masculinity and femininity.

Children Adaptions Following Divorce

Initial Stage: Occurs after parents inform the child of their decision to separate. Reaction: High levels of stress, conflict, unhappiness. Transition Stage:: Usually about 1 year after the separation and may last up to 3 years. Reaction: The restructuring process where emotions stabilize. Restabilization Stage: Occurs about 5 years after the separation. Reaction: The new system (single parent; blended family) is more stable.

ex spouse, ex in-laws

It is not unusual for ________ to experience feelings of jealousy, anger, and competition with their former partners. • __________ may also harbor similar feelings of resentment. • In other situations, both collaborate to make the situation amicable.

least

Larger families are typically the families with the ____ amount of resources.

X

Likelihood of crisis.

establish, resist, open

Managing Coparenting Arrangements • It is imperative that divorcing parents: • _______ new rules and boundaries regarding their coparenting relationship. • _______ the temptation to involve children in the adult business of the divorce. • Maintain ______ lines of communication to resolve differences.

ways lesbians become parents

Many women acknowledge that they are homosexual after being married to a man and having children. • The use of artificial insemination. • Adoptions occur more frequently.

Information-processing approach

Proposes that neglectful parents fail to process information about children's need for care, which results in physical neglect.. • They do not perceive behavioral cues. • They ignore signals from children and do not respond with caregiving. • They are aware that a parental response is required but fail to have one. • They choose a response that is either inappropriate or never implemented.

age, gender

Relationships with stepmothers depend on the ____ & ______ of the child. • Stepdaughters and stepmothers have the least favorable relationship. • Preschool age children typically have the least amount of problems. • School aged/adolescent children have poorer relationships.

Emotional

Repeatedly rejecting, humiliating, and denying their worth and rights as human beings.

stepchildren

Research tells us that stepfamilies fare neither better nor worse than children from single-parent families. • Expected to make a series of adjustments when a biological parent divorces and later remarries. • These adjustments are stressful and affect school performance,behavior, etc. • Girls tend to reject their stepfather and leave the blended family at an earlier age than those who grow up in single parent or two-parent households.

middle

Sibling ratios. _______ class families are getting smaller. • 2 children on average. • Many families are opting to only have 1 child.

fulltime, less, employment

Single Parent Families Headed by Mothers. Divorced women experience different degrees of role strain from that experiences by divorced men. • They must function as the sole _____ parent in their new family system. • They have ______ time for activities. _______ becomes their highest priority. • Attention for children decreases. • Childcare/personal needs get less time.

financial difficulties

Single Parent Families Headed by Mothers. • Most of these types of families have low annuals incomes. • Father's child support and maintenance payments are an important source of income for them and help to provide an adequate standard of living. Reasons a father may fail to pay child support: • Withholding as a way of expressing anger • Feeling discrimination about the amount • Unemployment/Underemployment

characteristics

Single Parent Families Headed by Mothers. • The majority are either divorced or never married. • They face more economic and employment difficulties than single-parent fathers. • More likely to live in poverty.

independence, authoritative, quality

Single-parent fathers have different expectations: • Demand more _______. • Shift from authoritarian to _______. • Less traditional, less discipline oriented, more concerned about ______ of care.

parenting interrupted

Sometimes, _______ is "____" due to career obligations, military service, health issues, substance abuse, etc. • When this happens, the family system has to redistribute its power and all the remaining family members pool their resources to find a new homeostasis or equilibrium.

Sociological model

Stresses that cultural values and attitudes about violence shape violent behavior in family systems • Physical punishment against children is sanctioned. • Social status/stress can impact the use of violence.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACES)

Stressful or traumatic experiences, including abuse, neglect, and a range of household dysfunction, such as witnessing domestic violence or growing up with substance abuse, mental disorders, parental discord, or crime in the home. • A study that was launched by the CDC and Kaiser-Permanente. • These can add to the risk of an early death. • However, positive family relationships can minimize or stop the effect of these experiences.

A

Stressor event.

unrealistic, clarifying, committing

The ability of a blended family to adjust to their new status, roles, and patterns depends on 3 central themes: 1. Giving up ___________ expectations for the newfamily system 2. ________ the feelings and needs of each family members 3. ________ to the new rules,roles, boundaries, and routines

talk, trust, feel

The addiction problem becomes a family secret with three basic rules: 1. Do not _____ about your parent's problems because it is a family secret. 2. Do not ____ on anyone outside the family to understand the problem. 3. Do not _____ anything because this destroy the integrity of the family.

sexual abuse

The majority of adults who sexually molest children are other relatives (incest)and nonrelatives with whom the child is familiar.

sandwich generation

The middle generation who care for their own children, as well as their aging parents. • These individuals experience role strain and possible burnout. Especially if they are also juggling career obligations and partnership/marriage.

Neglect

The persistent lack of appropriate care of children, include love, stimulation, warmth, safety, nourishment, education, and medical attention.

same sex parental child relationships

The sexuality of the parents does not hinder their ability to be an effective parent. • The quality of the relationship determines the child success. • There are unique challenges due to societal constraints and stressors.

Tolerance

There is a need for an increase in the amount ingested because the same dose fails to have the desired effect.

stepfathers

This role is less structured and there are less myths to overcome. Advantage: • Can forge a new identity and impression when establishing a relationship. Disadvantage: • Less likely to be authoritative in parenting style when compared to biological fathers. • Disagreements may occur over how the __________ disciplines the children. • There may be financial problems due to child support from previous relationships. • One's biological children may feel abandoned.

Non-binary

This type of person is someone who does not identify exclusively as a man or a woman.

parent education, early intervention, support groups

Treatment and Intervention for Abusive Parents. • Services include medical care, counseling, psychotherapy, marriage and family therapy, mediation, support groups, a crisis hotline,childcare, parenting education, and temporary foster care for the children. • Programs that emphasize _____ _____ and early intervention maybe more effective than others. • Programs may be more beneficial if abusive parents participate in ____ ____ in addition to the parenting programs

pain games

Unhealthy ways to express negative emotions related to divorce. Involves: Discounting of the other parent • Negative comments, derogatory labels. Messenger/Go between • "Tell them...." I spy • "What did you do over there?" • "Who was there?

stepsiblings

When blended families are formed the relationship between ____________ is complex: • Problems observed in traditional sibling relationships (rivalry; jealousy)can become even more intense. • It is not unusual for coalitions to form,creating a "my children are being mistreated by your children" scenario. • Sexual tension may exist when ___________ are pubertal or adolescent. • ____________ can also develop strong relationships where mutual support can be found and flourish.

skipped generation parenting

When the grandparent's step in for their own children and take over the role of parenting.

Non-accidental trauma

a medical term used to describe trauma that is willfully inflicted.

nonmaritial family

couple is not legally married

coming out

disclosing your sexual orientation and identity to others, especially family members

Cisgender

implies that each individual's identified gender is aligned with the sex assigned at birth (a person assigned as female identified as a woman).

valliant study

• A longitudinal study which offered insight into the association between parent-child relationships and adult functioning. • The quality of the parental relationship lasts into adulthood. • Recovery from negative childhood experiences is possible. • Memories of a happy childhood will sustain and inspire individuals throughout their lives.

sharing parenting

• A major challenge for divorcing parents is to acknowledge that they are still ______ parenting responsibilities! • The relationship is transformed: • Visitation rights force some type of contact with former spouses • Children may share information about one parent with the other or discuss life events (perpetuating the old life). • With joint custody, former spouses commit to sharing parenting decisions. • Parents have to adjust but also be mindful of their child's reactions. • Involving children in the details of the divorce is not a good idea.

Characteristics of Blended Families

• A new family system is created instantaneously. • New configuration of individual lifespan tasks and goals. • Ex-spouses and ex-grandparents can continue to be part of the extended family. • Mixed feelings of allegiance and guilt for both children and adults. • Children may not be willing participants in the new blended family system. • Role confusion.

Significant influences of grandparents

• Accepting the behaviors and traits of grandchildren that the parents are not able to tolerate. • Providing nurture. • Providing instruction on values, ethics, and morals. • Providing back up support for parents. • Providing wisdom and advice-being the family historian. • Acting as an equalizer to balance the system.

multiples

• Advances in reproductive technology means there is a higher incidence rate of families with ______. • Resources and support are key.

single child families

• Challenges: • They must take care of elderly parents alone. • They will experience the loss of parents alone • Parents risk losing their only child. • If orphaned, they will be alone. • Creating a network of support is key.

ways gay man becomes a parent

• Childless by circumstance. • Marries a woman and has children as a means of denying true sexual orientation. • A liaison with a lesbian because they both want to become parents. • Through artificial insemination,surrogacy, or adoption • Through a marriage with a woman who is heterosexual and aware of his sexual orientation(mixed-orientation marriages).

Effects of Divorce on Children

• Children experience the effects of parental divorce in ways that are more disruptive and stressful than those experienced by the parents. • Divorces is a process rather than an event, and the entire family is affected. • Divorce has immediate and long-term effects on children. • Children whose parents divorce during their developing years almost always see it as a milestone event that shaped the developmental aspects of adulthood.

custody arrangement court standards

• Custody should be awarded to either one or both parents according to the best interests of the child. • Custody may be awarded to the persons other than the father or mother whenever such awards serves the best interests of the child. • If a child is old enough and able to reason and form an intelligent preference, his or her wishes about custody should be considered by the court. • Any custody awarded should be subject to modification or change whenever the best interests of the child require, or justify, a change. • Reasonable visitation should be awarded to the noncustodial parent and to visit any person who is interested in the welfare of the child, unless such rights of visitation are detrimental to the best interests of the child.

role of grandparents

• Depending on the state, grandparents may not be allowed to see their grandchildren if the custodial parent disapproves. • If visitation continues it is because the court perceives it to be in the best interest of the child. • Step-parents have received little focus in research.

family systems theory (divorce)

• Divorce disrupts family functioning • Families must construct new boundaries and patterns • Family members are impacted in different ways

adolescents

• Divorce is more problematic for _______. • Can impact the parent-child relationship, specifically mother-daughter. • They may resent the change. • Allegiances are divided and loyalties are split. • Over time many ______ adjust fine with the divorce.

dynamic of ratio

• Families and parenting can vary depending on how many parents, co-parents, etc. are on the parenting team versus how many children are being parented. • Family resources also vary.

joint custody disadvantages

• It is expensive because each parent must supply housing and other essentials for children. • It requires connection with ex-spouses to requires maturity and tolerance. • Adults need to maintain civil discussions concerning child rearing. • Constraints on relocating to another state. • Children are committed to 2 families instead of 1. • Children have to transition from one family to another. • Split living arrangements contain their own challenges.

role strain

• Single parent fathers experience role strain differently • They tend to share household management tasks with their children (mostly daughters) rather than get outside help. • Or, they may intentionally not involve their children to prove they can do it. • Children struggle becoming familiar with the roles of 2 separate households. • Arranging childcare can be challenging.

Challenges for LGBT Parents

• The age of the child at the time of the disclosure may affect their reaction. • Those who have not experienced puberty yet may be more accepting. • Children may have difficulty relating to their peers once this information has been disclosed.

family

• The entire ______ has the duty to support and accept the child. • Support groups may be helpful for this experience • Coming out does hold the risk of victimization

step grandparents

• The legal status of ________________ is not clear. • _________________ are more likely to view young step-grandchildren as welcome additions to the family when an adult child remarries. • The quality of the step—grandparent/step-grandchild relationship appears to be influenced by the adult child.

Parenting Skills and Effectiveness

• The quality of parenting is the crucial factors. • Many parents who are LGBTQI+ have positive relationships with their children. • They tend to be nontraditional and model gender equal behaviors. • They are more responsive to their children's needs and provide more explanations for the rules. • Sexual orientation is not a factor in determining the quality of parenting.

Remarriage

high risk; they have a higher chance of divorce. • Couples who have stable, high functioning _______ report greater satisfaction and pride than first-marriage couples,

multiples key

• Resources and support.

Models of Family Violence

1. Psychiatric model assumes that abusive individuals in a family system are deviant or mentally and/or emotionally ill. 2. Ecological model examines the child and the family from a systems theory perspective • Abuse is a family problem. 3. Sociological model stresses that cultural values and attitudes about violence shape violent behavior in family systems • Physical punishment against children is sanctioned. • Social status/stress can impact the use of violence. 4. Social psychological model states that interaction patterns, the transmission of violent behavior generationally, and environmental stressors are motivators of violent behavior. 5. Patriarchy model emphasizes that violence occurs in families as a result of the traditional social dominance of males, place women in subordinate positions. 6. Exchange/social control model suggests that violence occurs in families when the cost of being violent do not outweigh the rewards • Reward: getting your way, expressing anger/frustration • Cost: receiving violence, being arrested/jailed, divorce. 7. Information-processing approach: Proposes that neglectful parents fail to process information about children's need for care, which results in physical neglect..

family violence psychological variables

1. Socioeconomic status 2. Stress 3. Social isolation from other families 4. Family form: single parent families 5. Intergenerational transmission of abuse

disclosure, uniqueness, custody, reactions

4 principles of children of lesbians. 1. Dealing with the parent's ______ of her sexual orientation. • The more accepting the mother is, is related to how the children react. • The children may have more questions about their "father". 2. Dealing with the ______ of having lesbian parents and the effect on the parent-child relationship. • Sons are more accepting than daughters. 3. Coping with_____ concerns. 4. Dealing with the ______ of others.

legitimacy, secrets, strained, unique

4 unique characteristics of same sex family system 1. They may experience a lack of ______ because they are not recognized as a family unit by their community. 2. They have pressure to maintain the family ______ related to the adult's sexual orientation. 3. They can experience ______ relationships with ex spouses and other relatives. 4. The division of labor and parental roles take on _____ assignments and situations.

Substance Use Disorder

A complex condition, a disease that is manifest by compulsive substance use despite harmful consequences (as defined by the DSM-5, 2013).

abusers, tension, control, reconciliation

A cycle of violence appears to be manifested in 2 ways. 1. Individuals who had violent and abusive childhoods tend to become _____ of their own children. 2. A 3-phase sequence in the expression of violent behavior begins with increasing _____, a loss of ____ that is manifested by violent behavior, and a ______ period.

multigenerational families

A family composed of several generations. • Lots of diversity • As a system, these families offer exchanges of emotional, social,and financial support.

ABC-X model

A model of family crisis in which A (the stressor event) interacts with B (the family's resources for meeting a crisis) and with C ( family perception of the event) to produce X (the crisis)..

phases in family functioning

A: Crisis. B: Disorganization. C: Recovery. D: Reorganization.

Parental Adaptions Following Divorce

Adults need to be aware of the changes taking place and what their children are experiencing: 1. Facing Reality: Family members acknowledge that divorce is imminent. • Feelings of insecurity: sadness, relief, and even anger/hate. 2. Physical Separation: Family dismantles • Children can feel abandoned. 3. Family Reorganization: Divorced adults create new relationships with children. 4. Family Redefinition: Children learn new sets of patterns and rules because they are now part of 2 single-parent systems.

family/domestic violence

Any abusive, violent, coercive, forceful, or threatening act or verbal utterances, inflicted by a family or household member on another person in that family or household. • Some definitions include dating violence. • Typically categorized into physical and psychological abuse.

internal assets

Assets Contributing to Healthy Development. • Commitment to learning • Positive values • Social competencies • Positive identity

external assets

Assets Contributing to Healthy Development. • Support • Boundaries • Expectations • Constructive use of time

Psychiatric model

Assumes that abusive individuals in a family system are deviant or mentally and/or emotionally ill.

joint custody

Awarding the responsibility for childcare and supervision to both parents is _____ ______.

child maltreatment (abuse)

Behaviors that causes significant psychological and/or physical harm to a child. It includes neglect and situations when someone knowingly fails to prevent serious harm to a child • Physical • Sexual • Emotional • Neglect

overcoming

Blended family systems greatest challenge may be overcoming the obstacles and resistance encountered in adapting previously established patterns and styles.

biological, persons

Blended family systems there may be 2 coparenting dyads at play: 1. __________ parents who have to find ways to coparent successfully from binuclear households. 2. The 2 _______ fulfilling parental roles within the blended family; 1 is a biological parent and 1 is the stepparent.

outside

Concerns about providing a role model for daughters. • Single fathers will often seek advice/assistance ______ the family system

single child families key

Creating a network of support .

factors that favor one parent over other

Custody arrangements. • The preferences of the child. • Whether or not a parent wants to, or is able to, have custody. • The perceived need to place a child with the same sex parent. • A parent's ability to provide stable, continued support in the same residence or geographical area.

divorce emotional reactions

Depression, weight fluctuation, sleep disturbances, anger, hostility, likelihood of addiction disorders.

Codependency

Describes how people close to the person with the addictive disorder also develop problems related to the dependency.

infant

Despite the challenges, most men can take on caregiving responsibilities effectively. • Fathers are more competent if they have been involved in parenting since the child was an ______.

structural, family, learned, environment

Determinants of Sexual Orientation. • There appear to be __________differences in the brains of heterosexual versus homosexual men. • The psychoanalytic view (Freud) another psychological approaches believe that ______ influences may contribute to sexual orientation. • Some aspects of sexual orientation may include ______ behavior but learning theorists have not define a conclusive link. • _____________ factors can add subtle layers to this complexity.

Withdrawal

Gradually reducing the amount of the drug; severe physical and emotional side effects.

androgynous

Have both masculine and feminine traits regardless of their biological sex.

gender expression

How gender identity is exhibit. • This can change over one's lifespan.

Physical

Hurting, injuring, drowning, poisoning.

abusive parents characteristics

Mistreated/abused as a child in the family of origin. • Had parents who failed to provide an adequate model of good parenting. • Socially isolated from family/friends;family secrets. • Low self esteem. Anger management issues. • Holds a distorted perception/unrealistic expectations of children. • Strongly believes in physical punishment as a means of teaching children. • Displays minimal nurturing behaviors towards children. • Has a limited ability to empathize. • Mental illness; addiction disorders.

include

Most parents do not _______ an expectation that their child will reveal an LGBTQI+ identity.

following divorce

One of the most difficult processes a family can experience Family Systems Theory • Divorce disrupts family functioning • Families must construct new boundaries and patterns • Family members are impacted in different ways Emotional Reactions: Depression, weight fluctuation, sleep disturbances, anger, hostility, likelihood of addiction disorders.

heteorgay relationships

One of the spouses or partner identifies himself as heterosexual, while the other spouse or partner may be a lesbian or gay. • They conceive and raise a child together and their sexualities may be expressed in ways that suit the individual needs of both partners. • They may or may not share a common physical residence. They capture the characteristics of both traditional and nontraditional families.

messenger/go between

Pain games. "Tell them...."

I spy

Pain games. • "What did you do over there?" • "Who was there?

discounting of other parent

Pain games. • Negative comments, derogatory labels.

facing reality

Parental Adaptions Following Divorce. Part 1. Family members acknowledge that divorce is imminent. • Feelings of insecurity: sadness, relief, and even anger/hate..

physical separation

Parental Adaptions Following Divorce. Part 2. Family dismantles. • Children can feel abandoned.

Family Reorganization

Parental Adaptions Following Divorce. Part 3. Divorced adults create new relationships with children.

family redefinition

Parental Adaptions Following Divorce. Part 4. Children learn new sets of patterns and rules because they are now part of 2 single-parent systems.

union instability

Partnership lacking in commitment and characterized by unpredictable involvement and turmoil.

neglect

Physical and emotional ___of children is the most frequently reported type of maltreatment. • Parents, who are caught and reported for child ____ for the first time may have recently experienced a family crisis such as an illness, divorce, or desertion. • Often parents live in poverty and experience high levels of stress that are accompanied by depression and anxiety.

cohabitation

____ occurs more commonly post divorce.

birth order

______ ___ is important.

blended family

______ ______ brings together children who may have had different families of origin and/or adults who have been married previously, or have children from previous relationships.

single parents struggle finding partners

______ _______ ______ ______ ______ due to: • The developmental stage of the child. • The values they want to model. • Concerns about children attaching to new partner and the relationship dissolving.

blended family systems stress

______ _______ ______ ______ linked to: • Merging different family culture and identities • Developing new models of distributing time, energy, material goods, finances, and affection. • Establishing new bonds of loyalty to the blended family system while learning to manage loyalty to other systems. • Dealing with conflict and children's misbehavior.

fragile families

______ _______ are families who are more vulnerable or at a higher risk because of economic, health, biological, or social factors. • These families are at a greater risk of poverty and marital/family breakup.

single parent

______ ______family systems can be created in several ways: • As a conscious choice. • 1 parent dies, the other is widowed. • Divorce, desertion, or separation of the adults.

postdivorce coparenting

_______ _______ is 2 or more adults who take on the care and upbringing of children for whom they share responsibility. • After divorce, biological parents in binuclear families take on the parenting roles from two households because of the divorce/separation. • Stepparents may also enter the mix as coparents. • Unmarried parents may coparent from 2 separate homes.

remarriage

__________ is more likely: • After a divorce than if you are widowed • Women under the age of 25 at the age of divorce. • Women who live in communities with lower rates of male unemployment,poverty, and welfare dependence • Women living in non-urban areas.

coparenting

___________ will be the most successful if the best interest of the child is considered and if parental systems are able to maintain their parental hierarchy.

Patriarchy model

emphasizes that violence occurs in families as a result of the traditional social dominance of males, place women in subordinate positions.

resources, mental health, quality, father, stability

fragile family protective factors. • Parental ______ • Parental _____ _____ • Parenting _____ • _____ Involvement • Family ______

Gender dysphoria

refers to a discomfort with one's gender assigned at birth.

queer theory

social theory about gender and sexual identity; emphasizes the importance of difference and rejects ideas of innate identities or restrictive categories

Social psychological model

states that interaction patterns, the transmission of violent behavior generationally, and environmental stressors are motivators of violent behavior.

Exchange/social control model

suggests that violence occurs in families when the cost of being violent do not outweigh the rewards. • Reward: getting your way, expressing anger/frustration • Cost: receiving violence, being arrested/jailed, divorce

Transgender (trans)

terms used to describe the spectrum of individuals whose assigned sex at birth does not align with their own sense of gender identity and those who do not confirm to societal gender norms

Heteronormativity (or Cisnormativity)

the traditional approach of allocation of one of 2 labels in an individual: male or female.

families of choice

• Formed by conscious decision. • Social support based on compatibility, love, intimacy, emotional warmth, interest, and a sense of community. The beginning of LGBTQI+ family/kinship formation takes place when an individual initiates the coming-out process.

child adjustment factors

• Gender and age of the child when the parental divorce occurs • Adults' use of available social support networks to help the child to adjust. • Cultural attitudes toward divorce and single-parent families.

queer theory (finish it)

• Grew out of feminism and gender studies in 1990s. • Queer in this context means positiion that rejects conventions/mainstream expressions of all types of identity/ behavior including sexuality and gender. • Looks at any type of identity that would fall out of "typical mainstream" or might be considered other or deviant. •Interested in examining non-normative expressions of gender, sexuality, and identity. • Theorists believe that identities aren't fixed--- they are fluid and changing, not only for different people but within the same person at different times.

Adult males who are gender equal

• Have a greater degree of expressiveness and nurture • Show greater flexibility in considering options to problem solve • Have deeper respect for individual differences • Have an accepting attitude about sexual behavior, sexual relationships, and interpersonal relationships

couples in which one/both support gender equality

• Have higher levels of relationship satisfaction. • Divide decision making equally. • Deemphasize the use of power by either partner. • Have greater long-term life satisfaction.

2015

• In ____, The U.S. Supreme Court ruled same-sex marriage to be legal nationwide. • This has helped to reduce suicide rates among young, potentially vulnerable, groups. • State bans on same-sex marriage is unconstitutional. • By 2016, close to 60% of the population supported same-sex marriage.

7, 12, 5.5, 2, 25, 6

• Individuals with exclusive homosexual orientation make up about _-__% of the population • ____%of women and __%f men identified as bisexual in 2011-2013. • __% of the LGBTQI+ population claim children from a heterosexual relationship. • There are over _ million children with gay or lesbian parents.

fatherhood and gay men

• Males who are both gay and fathers have a unique and complex psychosocial environment • "Father" implies heterosexuality • "Gay" implies homosexuality • There are challenges with adjustment as it relates to identity, self acceptance,acceptance of other men who are gay,parenting and child custody issues.

2 avenues for fathers to get custody

• Many are assertive of this right because they feel they are capable. • Mothers may not want to parent or may lose their rights.

physical abuse

• Many parents who were physically abused as children are not aware that what they are doing is wrong/harmful. • Strong beliefs about using physical punishment to teach children how to behave. • Generally have a low tolerance for children's misbehavior • They find themselves in situations which are highly stressful, without sufficient support, and without adequate coping skills.

joint custody advantages

• More contact between ex-spouses. • Father's cooperation in meeting the financial-support agreement is more likely. • Sharing of child-care responsibilities; children are exposed to the influences of both parents. • Greater access to constructive interactions between children and both their parents.

early to middle, 2, 1000, 1/2

• Overdose from opioid related substances were highest in the ______ ______ _____ adult groups (25-54). • In 2014 alone, almost ___- million Americans were dependent on, or abused, prescription opioids. • Every day in the U.S. about ______ people are medically treated for misusing prescription opioids. • Currently, _____ of all overdose related deaths are linked to prescription opioids.

Parenting Implications Following Divorce

• Parenting styles can change • A single mother may transform the definition of her role, particularly in relation to the oldest child, to that of a peer/partner. • They may rely on their children for emotional support. • They may expect their children to be overly mature (parentified). • Parents may respond negatively to the child. • Parents may develop an overdependence on the child. • Children may be seen as a burden.

emotional abuse

• Parents who emotionally abuse children experience low levels of self-esteem. • They have poor coping skills and lack child management skills. • Damages a child's trust and wellbeing.

family fragility risk factors

• Poverty, limited resources (economic or other). • Limited education (underserved school; dropping out). • Unwed parenthood (lack of commitment; absent father). • Lack of knowledge on parenthood/childcare. • Lack of vocational skills, low income jobs, employment difficulty. • No role models for a health family. • Chronic illness, disability, depression, behavioral problems. • Mental illness, noncompliant patient • Substance abuse (alcohol or drugs) • Social isolation, lack of support, dependence on welfare. • Lack of integration into a social or civic community (social, religious, other group that promotes family values).

Queer Theory 1990s

• Referring to lesbian, gay, bisexual,transgender and queer (LGBTQ). • Tried to normalize the concept of homosexuality by stating that it is not an opposite or another variant of heterosexuality. • Critique of heteronormativity. • Acknowledges a continuum in sexual identification and expression.

factors for families to come to terms w coming out

• There may be feelings of ambiguous loss. • More traditional, conservative teachings, the more negative reactions and interpretations. • Can escalate in communities where bias, discrimination, and violence persist. • The rules that govern family functioning can influence the likelihood of negative reactions. • The age and gender of family members can influence reactions.

Single Parent Families Headed by Father

• These types of families have increased • Typically, single fathers make more money than single mothers. There are 2 avenues for fathers to get custody: • Many are assertive of this right because they feel they are capable. • Mothers may not want to parent or may lose their rights

benefits for children of heterogay relationships

• They have a stable and predictable family environment. • A father who is involved in their upbringing. • Financial support. • Generally positive psychosocial and developmental functioning.

Solidifying Stepfamily Bonds

• Usually the blended family consists of children from previous partnerships • A child is born into the blended family and solidifies the relationship • This child unites the families

solution, cope, lose

• When an adult family member develops substance use and addictive disorders, he or she believes that the _____ to a problem can be addressed by using a substance. • The addictive substance functions to medicate the user in the short term, allowing him or her to _____. • The user may _____ control over the ability to stop using the substance.

positive parenting

• _______ _______ can be the first line of defense against substance abuse. Parents are encouraged to ask themselves: • Can I communicate clearly with my teenager concerning relationship problems? • Do I encourage positive behaviors in an ongoing manner? • Can I work towards a solution with my teenagers, by negotiating emotional conflicts? • Can I set limits, especially when defiant and disrespectful behavior occurs? • Can I calmly set limits for more serious threats, like problem behavior or drug use? • Do I monitor my child and ensure that there is not too much unsupervised time with peers, especially peers I do not personally know?