Part 3: 21-30

Daniele Manin

Italian who formed an anti-Austrian government in Venice after the Five Days of Milan.

The Steam Engine

James Watt invented it and patented the first efficient steam engine; was most fundamental advance in technology and transformed manufacturing, transportation, and different industries

King and later emperor of Prussia who was advised by Bismarck, goes back on promise of constitution

Kaiser Wilhelm

Victor Emmanuel II

King of Italy who completed the unification of Italy by acquiring Venice and Rome.

Victor Emmanuel I

King of Italy who was hostile to everything French and abolished all French reforms made in Italy after Napoleon's exile.

Charles Albert

King of Piedmont who was defeated twice by Austria, then abdicated in favor of son Victor Emmanuel II. He granted his subjects a liberal constitution.

Frederick William IV

King of Prussia who promised and later reneged on his promises for constitutional reforms in 1848.

Ferdinand II

King of the Two Sicilies; Italians revolted against him to grant a liberal constitution.

led conservatives at Congress of Vienna

Klemens von Metternich

Principle of Legitimacy

Lawful monarchs from the royal families who ruled before Napoleon would be restored to power. It was believed this would restore peace to Europe.

Alphonse de Lamartine

Leader of the moderate republicans in the French provisional government.

Reform Bill of 1832

Legislation passed in Great Britain that extended the vote to most members of the middle class; failed to produce democracy in Britain.

A belief that government can and should achieve justice and equality of opportunity.

Liberalism

Factory Act

Limited children's and adolescents work week in textile factories in England.

elected president of of Second Republic. had a 4 year term however makes new constitution & voted emperor. defeated in Franco-Prussian War

Louis Napoleon/Napoleon III

How did the IR transform the aristocracy, the middle-classes, and the laboring classes in the 19th C Britain?

MC: Benefited most -Very diverse: upper v Lower class; assimilated into aristo class life (same wealth) -Lower class: nurses, secretaries (W), businessmen/bankers manufactures/industrialist (M) -Upper class: homemakers, cleaning, cooking, laundry (F); Professionals: doctors, lawyers, managers, engineers (M) *"Cult of domesticity" women meant to be home; "Ladies" -Shopping: food and clothes -Gender differences; education > Universities; liberal > Pol Aristo: Did not benefit -Lost political power, financials, tariffs → food price increase, rural land → to the MC - colonial administrators; needed$ → marry wealth ind fams WC: Benefited the least -Hard labor (19c=worst cond); 70% of population, peasants -Factories/mine workers; women and children -Cond. & Reforms improved -Lifespan=30s -Wages low bc there were plenty of workers -pop inc the food supply; W&kids=wanted→sewing

Magyar Revolt

Magyar liberals who wanted their aristocratic liberties guaranteed against the central government of Vienna; also led to the proposed "Magyarzation" of other eastern European ethnic groups by means of nationalism to create an independent Hungarian state within the Hapsburg domains.

What ways was Indian technology considered superior prior to the Industrial Revolution ?

Moving rapidly to develop a major high technology industrial sector -cremation

a nation with its own independent gov't

Nation-State

the belief that ones loyalty should be to their nation of people, not to a king/empire

Nationalism

"survival of the fittest"

Natural Selection

Count Sergei S. Uvarov

Nicholas I's minister of education who coined the phrase, "Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism."

Blanc, Louis

Organization of Work, He wanted to give the vote to the working class, a state controlled working class could finance workshops to employ the poor. (French Socialist)

Quadruple Alliance

Organization, made up of Austria, Britain, Prussia, and Russia, to preserve the peace settlement of 1815; France joined in 1818.

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Organized by Owen in 1834 this was one of the largest and most visionary early national unions

Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Organized by Robert Owen in 1834 this was one of the largest and most visionary early national unions.

Anti-Corn Law League

Organized by manufacturers, sought to appeal the Corn Laws for six years, wanted to abolish the tariffs protecting the domestic price of grain.

Robert Owen

Organized one of the largest and most visionary of the early national unions; the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union which eventually collapsed. A social reformer who was a self-made cotton manufacturer.

Louis Philippe

Orleanist king of France, 1830-48. "Citizen king" of July Monarchy (less regally dressed and carried an umbrella) who did not side with liberals vs. radicals but instead opposed both and resisted all change. He might have succeeded in keeping some degree of power if he had sided with liberals in developing a more constitutional monarchy. Increasingly out of touch with reality and resisted all reform efforts to extend the franchise. In the February Revolution of 1848 in which riots took place, he abdicated and left for England.

prime minister of Prussia as well as powerful military leader, believed strong military was necessary for unification

Otto von Bismarck

July Revolution

Overthrow of King Charles X; radical revolt in Paris forced Charles to abdicate.

The Glorious Revolution

Overthrow, in 1688, of James II by parliament and was replaced with William III and Mary II. They gave their power to the parliament. Because of this, the parliament (government) was stable becoming one of Britain's major assets.

Owen, Robert

Owen was a British utopian socialist who believed in economic and political equality, and considered competition debasing. He founded New Harmony, Indiana, a commune where members challenged the sexual and religious mores of Jacksonian America. It became a costly failure.

Chamber of Deputies

Part of the French legislature; members were chosen by elections.

Chamber of Peers

Part of the French legislature; members were chosen by the king.

Mines Act

Passed in 1842 act that prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under 10

July Monarchy

Period in France (1830-1848) where the bourgeoisie class was dominant and King Louis-Philippe was at the head of a constitutional monarchy. The monarchy eventually became too rigid and unwilling to change and was overthrown.

Age of Metternich

Period of time in Europe in which reactionaries ruled. During which there was a lot of opposition and revolt from countries trying to establish their own freedom such as Poland and Greece.

Proto-industrialization

Phase in the development of modern industrial economies that created conditions for the foundation of a fully industrial society; marked by the increasing involvement of rural families in mainly through the putting-out system

Utopian socialism

Philosophy introduced by the Frenchman Charles Fourier in the early nineteenth century. Utopian socialists hoped to create humane alternatives to industrial capitalism by building self-sustaining communities whose inhabitants would work cooperatively.

Camillo di Cavour worked to increase Sardinian economy, both were ruled by "Native Italian Dynasty"

Piedmont-Sardinia

Laissez-Faire

Policy that government should interfere as little as possible in the nation's economy.

Grand Duchy of Warsaw

Polish state created by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1807 from the lands he took from Prussia. The Duchy was divided between Prussia and Russia at the Congress of Vienna. An example of Metternich's desire to return to a Pre-1789 Europe. An independent Poland technically existed but was given a Romanov dynasty.

Political Liberalism

Political idea developed according to Enlightenment principles. stressed that people should be free from restraint. Also the protection of civil liberties or the basic rights of all people, which included equality before the law, freedom of assembly, speech, press, and freedom from arbitrary arrest. Liberals wanted these freedoms guaranteed by a written document. They wanted religious toleration, separation of church and state, and the right to peacefully oppose government. They favored a legislature elected by qualified voters. They also advocated the ministerial system in which ministers of a king are responsible to legislature, allowing legislative to check the power of executive. They believed in equal civil rights for all, but not equal voting rights (political liberalism is tied to the middle class). Liberals were not democrats and did not support the lower classes (poor) voting.

Tory

Political party in Britain controlled by aristocracy; conservative.

Conservatism

Political philosophy that evolved during/after the French Revolution. Articulated best by Burke, conservatives favored obedience to political authority, believed that organized religion was crucial to social order, hated revolutionary upheavals, and were unwilling to accept either the liberal demands for civil liberties and representative governments or the nationalistic aspirations generated by the French revolutionary era. The community took precedence over individual rights; society must be organized and ordered, and tradition remained the best guide for order. Conservatism's major pillars were Legitimate monarchies, landed aristocracies, and established churches.

Decemberist Revolt

Political revolt in Russia in 1825; led by middle level army officers who advocated reforms; put down by Czar Nicolas I.

Burschenschaften

Politically active students around 1815 in the German States proposing unification and democratic principles.

Burschenschaften

Politically active students around 1815 in the German states proposing unification and democratic principles.-founded on liberal and nationalistic ideals. Significance- their beliefs threatened the conservative leaders at the time, who attempted to shut them down through the Karlsbad Decrees.

Pope ruled the Papal States, and was forced to give them up during German unification

Pope Pius IX & the Papal States

Leo XIII

Pope wjo condemned socialism and Marxism for its atheism and opposition to private property. Insisted on the moral obligation of employers to pay a living wage to workers.

"Balance of Power"

Principle of Metternich and the Congress of Vienna. Balance was sought in order to avoid European dominance by one country (Napoleon's France being fresh on their minds) . In the 1700s the Balance had been obtained by accident, in the 1800s this balance was the result of conscious effort of the Great Powers.

March Laws

Proposed by Louis Kossuth, a liberal/national radical. Gave freedom to slaves, voting for lower chamber of diet, Jury trials, Freedom of press and religion, and nobles pay taxes. It was approved by Ferdinand, because he was weak and had little to no power.

Steam Engine

Provided an inanimate and limitless source of power (energy; most crucial technological break-through; coal, oil, natural gases, nuclear fusion

United Netherlands

Province who practiced religious toleration, and was a republic who had an elected governor whose power depended on the support of merchants and landholders.

Michael Bakunin

Radical Russian, advocated revolutionary violence. He believed that revolutionary movements should be led by secret societies who would seize power, destroy the state, and create a new social order.

Westerner

Radical group in Russia who believed Russia should be more like the west.

Slavophile

Radical group in Russia who believed Russia shouldn't change.

"the politics of reality"; the practice of tough power politics without room for idealism. "those are good future ideas, but here's the reality and what we need to do now"

Realpolitik

Greek Revolution

Rebellion of the Greeks against the Ottoman Empire in 1820; a key step in the disintegration of the Turkish Balkan Empire.

.used guerrilla warfare to gain control of Southern part of Italy

Red Shirts

Corn Laws

Repealed in 1846. They had imposed a tariff on imported grain and were a symbolic protection of aristocratic landholdings.

Karl von Hardenberg

Represented Frederick William III of Prussia at the Congress of Vienna.

Carlsbad Decrees

Repressive laws in the German states limiting freedom of speech and dissemination of liberal ideas in the universities.

Louis XVIII

Restored Bourbon throne after the Revolution. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature.

Five Days of Milan

Revolts against the Austrian government in Italy.

Forced Borbon king, Ferdinand II to grant a constitution to people (which he later went back on)

Revolutions of 1848

Alexander Herzen

Russia's most prominent radical and tried to lead many peasant revolts.

Alexander I

Russian tsar. Alexander's liberal policies of increased freedom, relaxed censorship and reformed education changed slowly to that of strict and arbitrary rule.

Crimean War

Russian war against Ottomans for control of the Black Sea; intervention by Britain and France cause Russia to lose; Russians realize they need to industrialize.

Adam Smith

Scottish economist who wrote the Wealth of Nations a precursor to modern Capitalism.

Robert Owen

Scottish industrialist who pioneered industrial relations by combining firm discipline with a concern for the health, safety, and work hours of workers; in 1834, he organized the Grand National Consolidated Trades Union

Congress of Vienna

Settlement conference that met after Napoleon's defeat in order to reorganize Europe. Controlled by Metternich's 4 Great Powers. Established a conservative order that would last until 1848 (some say until WWI)

A social theory which states that the level a person rises to in society and wealth is determined by their genetic background

Social Darwinism

What ways did the Industrial Revolution mark a sharp break with the past?

"Culture of innovation" a widespread and almost obsessive belief that things could be endlessly improved; technology changes: machines and new sources of energy ( Coal-fired steam engine) and organizational changes: wage labor, factory workers, corporations, and mass production of goods

Smith, Adam

(1723- 1790) In his book, The Wealth of Nations, Smith attacked mercantilism and explained how competition and the division of labor guided a free-market system based on self-interest.

James Watt

(1736-1819) took the invention of the steam engine (by Thomas Savery and Thomas Newcomen) and with 20years and an advanced team of mechanics transformed it into a complex engine (with more than one condenser) which as a result became a practical and commercial success in England

Ricardo, David

(1772-1823) an English economist who advocated trade based on comparative advantage and specialization, and wrote "Principles of Political Economy;" Iron Law of Wages (pay people just enough to "subsist and perpetuate their race, without either increase or diminution". He was a liberal.

Louis XVIII

(1814-1824) Restored Bourbon throne after the Revoltion. He accepted Napoleon's Civil Code (principle of equality before the law), honored the property rights of those who had purchased confiscated land and establish a bicameral (two-house) legislature consisting of the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

Bourbon Restoration

(1814-1830) The re-establishment of the Bourbons to lands they had lost from the French Revolution/Napoleonic eras. Primarily referring to Louis XVIII's placement on the French Throne in 1815. (but could include Ferdinand VII's restoration to Spanish throne in 1814, and Ferdinand I's restoration as king of Naples and Sicily

Quadruple Alliance

(1815) Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain made an alliance against France. These major powers were the ones who had defeated Napoleon, and wanted to assure the defeat of the French should they threaten other countries again

Congress of Vienna

(1815) This was when a group of political powers in Europe met to restore Europe to the "Old Regime," or the status quo that had existed before Napoleon's conquests. They also decided where borders were to be placed, shaping Europe to something similar to what it had been before Napoleon.

Quintuple Alliance

(1818)- Once France had repaid the war indemnities from the Napoleonic wars, it rejoined the Quadruple alliance. At this point, the Bourbon monarchy had been restored, and so the monarchies all agreed to meet occasionally to discuss issues, like a form of United Nations council.

Battle of Peterloo

(1819) This battle, occurred in Manchester, England. It was more of a massacre than a battle; people had gathered to discuss political reform and spread new ideas, and were killed by government troops.

Quadruple Alliance

(Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia) the 4 major enemies of Napoleon who banded together to defeat him and ensure peace after the war at the Congress of Vienna.

Fourier, Charles

(Theory of Four Movements) He advocated the construction of communities called PHALANXES in which liberated living would replace boredom and dullness of industrial life. It would be agrarian rather than industrial.

Nicholas I

(r. 1894-1917) Tsar who took the throne after Alexander II's assassination, a weak ruler who used expansionist ventures to deflect attention fro domestic issues and neutralize revolutionary movements.

Why did the Industrial Revolution take place first in Europe? In what way did this European development have global roots?

*Euros central pattern for internal development that favored innovations; "Insurance against economic and technological stagnation" *Relative newness of the Euro states and their monarchs' desperate need for revenue in the absence of an effective tax-collecting bureaucracy pushed European royals into an alliance with their merchant class; states granted charters and monopolies to private trading companies > merchants gained an unusual degree of freedom from state control and higher social status *well on their way toward capitalist economies before they experienced industrialization *The competition from desirable, high-quality, and newly available Asian goods

Why as the death toll so high in the recent fires at the Tazreen Fashions factory in Bangladesh? Who holds responsibility for theses deaths?

*No power through building; employees told that the fire alarms going off were "just a test" and they needed to ignore them and go back to work; 2 managers stood at the doors and told employees that (Vanished) *Smoke was go up the staircases; No where to escape; windows had iron grilles blocked on them *US and Europe clothing lines; US Marine Corps that makes commercial apparel with the Marine's logo *Walmart, Sears, and other retailers said they didn't know that Tazreen Fashions were making their clothing *Building under construction *Mounds of flammable yarn and fabric were illegally stored on ground newer electric generators *Big brands demand that factories are inspected by accredited auditing firms- control quality and understand how, where and by whom their goods are made *Buyers and Consumer demands; subcontract work - middle man; we don't know the buyer; the local man is important *Tazreen factory's victims were young rural women with little education, earning $45 a month in an industry that now accounts for $19 billion in exports

What was distinctive about Britain that helps to explain why the Industrial Revolution began in this country?

*Population growth: couldn't have IR without it bc needed workers and laborer for factories *Most highly commercialized; agricultural innovation (crop rotation/selective breeding of animals), increased agricultural output, kept food prices low and freed up labor from the country side *Aristocrats had been interested in world of business: mining and manufacturing enterprise *Political life encouraged commercialization and economic innovation: Accepted people for their skills and not for their faith, forbidding workers' unions, roads and canals created a unified internal market, patent laws protecting the interests of inventors *Scientific Revolution: technological innovation > science conceded with observation, experiment, precise measurements, mechanical devices, and practical commercial application *Geography and History: Coal and ore - located near one anther and with easy access, island protected them from invasions, and fluid societies allowed for adjustments in face of social changes without widespread revolution

Triangle Shirtwaist Company Fire

*Shirtwaist company in lower Manhattan *Eventually inspired important shifts in the nation's laws *Triangle was one of the nation's largest makers of high-collar blouses that were part of the shirtwaist style, a sensible fusion of tailored shirt and skirt. -Designed for utility; the style was embraced at the turn of the c by legions of young women who preferred its hiked hemline and unfettered curves to the confining, street-sweeping dresses that had hobbled their mothers and aunts.

How did industrialization in the US compare to in Euro?

*Size of the US; availability of natural resources; expanding domestic market; reactive political stability *Produced 36% of world's manufactured goods; 1/3 of capital inv that was financed from Euro → US used $ for ind. IR *Gov's Imp Role: -tax breaks; huge grants of pub. land to railroad companies -laws enabled easy formation of corporations -no overt regulation of industry; all fostered the rise of veer large business enterprise *Pioneered techniques of mass production -Interchangeable parts; assembly line -"Scientific management"→prod mass market; "culture of consumption" -Model "T": US Industrialist;famous&wealthy mods; "what anyone could achieve w darling&hard work w/endless opps *Social divisions; no major pol party for WC or socialism *Conservatism=major US union of organization; massive immigration from Euro; created a diverse industry labor *Eco growth generated a higher standard of living for workers

Congress of Vienna

Meeting of representatives of European monarchs called to reestablish the old order and establish a plan for a new balance of power after the defeat of Napoleon.

What are some of the poor and even dangerous working conditions that have been reported at the factories of Apple's suppliers? Has Apple dealt effectively with labor violations at these factories? Why or why not?

-Aluminum; Apple responsible (never monitoring) -Mass demands; low quality -How efficient v. cost -Excessive over time -Stand so long, workers' legs swell up so much they can't walk -Improperly disposed of hazardous waste and falsified records

Water

-British navy -Rivers for transport -Canals -In mines + waterpump -Used in steam engine

Agricultural Revolution

-Commercial ag v.s. subsistance farming -Parliment + Enclosures of land -Fodder + 4 field system + meadow floating + husbandry

Traditional Economy

-Communal land strips -Subsistance farming

Steam Engine

-Created by Watt, Boulton, and Wilkinson -Broadened the range of work that could be done in a smaller time span

Urbanization

-Export markets + expansion of shipping -Bank of England = more fluid $ -Factories + manufacture = main way to earn money -Railroads + transportation

Trade

-Exported goods like material, tea, and ceramics -Imported raw materials like cotton -Rivers + trains helped flow -Expanded in Germany due to Zollerverein

Coal

-Fuel replacment for wood -Dominant cargo on trains

Robert Owen

-Helped create Labor Laws -Mining Act + 10 hours Act -Manufacturing, cotton business -improved life quality

Railroads

-Improved by exhaust chimneys + grooved wheels -Transport for goods and people -Increased speed of all activities

Cotton Manufacturing

-Luddites (against weaving outside of home) -Weavers & Spinners -Jenny + water frame = mule -"Safe House" factories with secret production methods

Population Increase

-Manufacturing cities like Manchester and Liverpool in west and north -With prosperity pop increased

Iron

-Natural resource -Needed to make railroads, machines -Produced with help of water and coal -Smelted with coke instead of charcoal

Britain

-Perfect natual resources -Navy + invention + trade -Inventions were the starting point to other countries industrializations -Most successful I. R.

Chadwick

-Proposed the first modern waste management system -Improved quality of life and health

Zollerverein

-Prussian unified trade agreement with smaller states -Unified rail ways and currency -Expanded trading dramatically

Capital

-Putting out system = $ circulating -Shifted from S+E to N+W, urbanization -Regional banks help flow of $ -Industrialists invested in $ by lowering profits -Not evenly distributed

Entrepenurs

-Putting out system, taking risks -Understood latest methods of manufacture, raised capital -Josiah Wedgwood = skilled in technique and organization of pottery business

Technology

-Steam driven water pump in mines -Waste management system -Steam engine + jenny + waterframe + mule -Watt, Boulton, Wilkinson, Chadwick, Hargreaves, Awkwright, Crompton

Social Classes

-Traditional economy people with $ v.s. no $ -Different classes created by the separation of families in factories

James Watt

-Worked with Boulton + Wilkinson, used past techniques for the starting point of his design

causes for increased child labor

-factories scared potential workers because of resemblance of poor houses

1st steam engine

-invented by James Watt -most fundamental advance in technology -transformation in transportation

Why England was the first to industrialize

-its geography -agricultural revolution -economic build up -entrepreneurs -the colonies -& government cooperation

impact of the railroad

-reduced cost of shipping -resulted in growing national market -facilitated growth of urban working class

what did chartists do

-sought political democracy; -organized in the face of Robert Owen's national trade union collapse; -demanded all men had the right to vote; -& wanted to change economic system

roles of men and women

-women: domestic duties -men: sole wage earner

great social and political dilemmas

-working class injustices -gender exploitation -standard of living issues

East India Company

...

1)What strategies did Otto Bismarck use to try to make Prussia the leader of a united Germany? 2)How did Germany become a unified power?

1)"iron and blood"= important strong military 2)Germany became a unified power through many wars = nationalism

1) Compare the unifications of Italy & Germany - how are they similar? 2)How were they different?

1)Germany was brought together with "blood and iron" while italy group of states brought together 2)germany became feared by other nations for it's brutality while italy was respected

1)Explain the timeline of French gov't in the years from Napoleon to the Third Republic. 2)How did it affect French Nationalism?

1)absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy, second republic, second empire 2)inspired others that change can occur with numbers ("rise of the underdogs")

1)What tensions existed between the various ideologies (conservatism, Liberalism, Communism, nationalism...) in 19th century Europe? 2)How did it create a volatile political landscape?

1)conservatives = opposed to idea of national rights and constitutional government which leads to chaos, liberals = disliked working class, Communism = people are greedy, Nationalism=resent other nations/religions 2)***

what where the 3 goals of the Eugenics movement?

1)promote better breading 2)prevention of poor breeding 3)spread ideas across world (not just Germany)

1)What factors contribute to the formation of a national identity? 2)What was the difference between nation-state and empire? 3)Why did nationalist rebellions threaten old empires throughout Europe?

1)shared language and culture 2)nation-state= territory governed by people within, empire = one ruler 3)rebellions created nation states/popular sovereignty

1)How was Charles Darwin's scientific theory used to explain social theory? 2)What was the Eugenics movement? 3) Why did it gain popularity in the late 1800s?

1)theory that population grows faster than food source applies to society 2)the beef in the possibility of improving the qualities of a human population 3)this id because upper classes believed they must be best suited for survival while lower classes, it was also used to justify discrimination

Cottage Industry

Merchant-capitalist would provide raw materials to a rural family who produced a finished or semi-finished product and sent it back to the merchant for payment then sell it for profit

Avoiding inappropriate Eurocentrism she needling with a phase of world history in which Euros were in fact central

1. Remind ourself how recent&brief the Euro movement was 2. Rem the rise of Euros occurred within an international context 3. Global dominance wasn't easy or automatic 4. Others used Euros and Ideas to seek and gain advantages 5. Weren't the ONLY ones nor were they the sole preoccupation of Asia, Africa, and the middle E. people

Act of Union

1701 act of Parliament uniting England and Scotland into one kingdom: Great Britain. Intended to strengthen England against France. Abolished the Scottish Parliament.

"Long nineteenth Century"

1750-1914; modern era and growing ability of modern society to exercise enormous power and influence over the rest of the human kind

continental Europe began to industrialize after

1815

italian unification

1815 congress of Vienna, end of the Napoleanic rule. European powers redrew boundaries in Europe to maintain balance of power. Leaders of unification included Guiseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and the first king of united Italy was Victor Emmanuel II

italian unification (who? why? what?)

1815 congress of Vienna, end of the Napoleanic rule. European powers redrew boundaries in Europe to maintain balance of power. Leaders of unification included Guiseppe Garibaldi, Count Cavour, and the first king of united Italy was Victor Emmanuel II

Congress of Aix-la-Chapelle

1818 Congress in which the European powers agreed to withdraw their armies occupying France. Alexander I tried to convince the other powers to form an international military coalition to suppress Revolution, but Castlereagh refused British participation.

Peterloo Massacre

1819, Calvary attacked a crowd of protesters (working-classmen protesting about the rising prices of bread) at St. Peter's Fields in Manchester. This led Parliament to become more repressive and begin to restrict such meetings.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 - Declared that Europe should not interfere in the affairs of the Western Hemisphere and that any attempt at interference by a European power would be seen as a threat to the U.S. It also declared that a New World colony which has gained independence may not be recolonized by Europe. (It was written at a time when many South American nations were gaining independence). Only England, in particular George Canning, supported the Monroe Doctrine. Mostly just a show of nationalism, the doctrine had no major impact until later in the 1800s.

Charles X

1824-1830, Bourbon king of France after LXVIII. Previously the Count of Artois - one the first emigres in revolution and very active in organizing the emigres opposition to the revolution. He was the favorite Bourbon among the most obstinate ex-seigneurs, nobles and high churchmen. Very reactionary in his reign.

"putting out system"

Merchants in cities sought cheap rural labor rather than paying guild members in towns higher fees; prevalent in the countryside

golden age of middle class

19th century

Why was the death toll so high in the triangle Fire? What was the background of the majority of the workers who died?

23 out of 146 ppl killed were poor, immigrant F exit doors locked→literally trapped *Irony: like the unsinkable titanic, it was considered stat of the art, with conditions far safer than what existed before; owners of the factory were also immigrants; became wealthy by employing newcomers at low wages *Hose with no water, no sprinkler system, no factory held drills, exit door opened inward; retrieve key to unlock them; an inadequate fire escape *Fire fighter ladders only up to 6th floor→there were 10 *Owners on 10th floor, daughters, governess + 60 ppl were able to escape bc of a warning call from a supervisor on the 8th floor - never hung up the phone (10th) prevented anyone from calling to alert the 250 workers on the 9th floor

Louis Blanc

A Paris journalist, editor of Revue de Progres and author of Organization of Work. Proposed social workshops/state supported manufacturing centers as a way to deal with the problems of industrialization.

Alexander I

A Russian Czar who implemented rapid social change and general modernization of Russia.

The Communist Manifesto

A book written by Karl Marx. It suggested that there would be a social revolution in which the proletariat (working class) would overthrow the bourgeoisie (middle class factory owners) and then set up a classless, socialist community. This book was the blueprint for communist governments around the world.

Marxism

A branch of socialism that emphasizes exploitation and class struggle and includes both communism and other approaches.

Steam Engine

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 in which coal was burned to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump

steam engines

A breakthrough invention by Thomas Savery in 1698 and Thomas Newcomen in 1705 in which coal was burned to produce steam, which was then used to operate a pump

Nationalism

A commitment to building up the nation as a central part of the identity of the citizen and as a powerful force in world affairs. Between 1791 and 1815, the French not only ventured through the states of Europe to conquer them, but they also looked to promote the idea.

Phalanx

A compact or close-knit body of people who work together to benefit each other, created by Fourier.

Congress of Troppau

A conference of the Quintuple Alliance to discuss means of suppressing the revolution in Naples of July 1820, and at which the Troppau Protocol was signed on 19 November 1820, convened at the behest of Czar Alexander I of Russia under the provisions of the alliance.

coke

A form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier and better to use

Coke

A form of coal that was unlimited in supply and therefore easier to and better to use

Christian Socialism

A form of religious socialism based on the teachings of Jesus of Nazareth. Many followers believe capitalism to be idolatrous and rooted in greed, which some Christian denominations consider a mortal sin.

Richard Awkwright

A former barber who invented the water frame which used waterpower to spin coarse thread in factories

Tariff Protection

A government's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high tariffs on the cheaper goods imported from another country.

Agricultural revolution

A gradual but profound change in agricultural methods that promoted accelerated economic growth

Agriculture Revolution

A gradual but profound change in agricultural methods that promoted accelerated economic growth and preluded the Industrial Revolution.

Holy Alliance

A group of European monarchs who supported conservatism and wanted to bring religious values into politics. They did not have a great deal of power, but were symbolic of the status quo and old values.

Charles Fourier

A leading utopian socialist known for his work, Theory of Four Movements, who envisaged small communal societies in which men and women cooperated in agriculture and industry, abolishing the private property and monogamous marriage as well.

Garibaldi, Giuseppe

A long time nationalist who wanted to create an Italian republic. He recruited a force of 1000 red shirt volunteers and Cavour provided weapons and his forces won. He alarmed Cavour, who thought he would set up a republic, so he sent troops to deal with him., Italian nationalist and revolutionary who conquered Sicily and Naples and added them to a unified Italy in 1860.

spinning jenny

A machine invented by James Hargreaves during the Industrial Revolution that enabled workers to spin cotton at a much faster pace

spinning jenny

A machine, invented by James Hargreaves, that enabled workers to spin cotton.

Whig

A member of the British reforming and constitutional party that sought the supremacy of Parliament; liberal.

Communist manifesto

A pamphlet by Karl Marx with help from Friedrich Engels that examines the power struggle between classes. It takes the side of the "working men" and explains the goals of the Communists, which are to unite common people and abolish private property. The reason it gives for getting rid of property is that "in your existing society, private property is already done away with for nine-tenths of the population." In general, it supports revolution and changes in the status quo.

Revisionism

A policy of modification, especially of Marxism on evolutionary socialist (rather than revolutionary) or pluralist principles.

Liberalism

A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.

Conservatism

A political or theological orientation advocating the preservation of the best in society and opposing radical changes.

Anarchism

A political theory favoring the abolition of governments.

Anarchism

A political theory holding all forms of governmental authority to be unnecessary and undesirable and advocating a society based on voluntary cooperation and free association of individuals and groups.

"Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationalism"

A program created by Count Uvarov to increase the power of the Orthodox Church in Russia and the absolute rule of the Czar and spread Russification.

Chartism

A program of political reforms sponsored by British workers in the late 1830s. Chartist demands included universal manhood suffrage, secret ballots, equal electoral districts, and salaries for members of the House of Commons.

Carbonari

A secret revolutionary society working to unify Italy in the 1820s.

Nationalism

A sense of national pride to such an extent of exalting one nation above all others.

Concert of Europe

A series of alliances among European nations in the 19th century, devised by Prince Klemens von Metternich to prevent the outbreak of revolutions.

Luddites

A social movement of British textile artisans in the early nineteenth century who protested against the changes produced by the Industrial Revolution. The Luddites believed that the new industrial machinery would eliminate their jobs. The Luddites responded by attempting to destroy the mechanized looms and other new machines.

New Lanark

A socialist community; Robert Owen converted a small Scottish town into a model industrial town. His stress on cooperative control of industry and his advocacy of improved education left a lasting impression on socialist traditions.

Roman Republic

A state declared on February 9, 1849, when the government of Papal States was temporarily replaced by a republican government due to Pope Pius IX's flight to Gaeta. It was led by Carlo Armellini, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Aurelio Saffi.

Monroe Doctrine

A statement of foreign policy which proclaimed that Europe should not interfere in affairs within the United States or in the development of other countries in the Western Hemisphere.

Hungarian revolution

A successful revolution in which the people of Hungary to establish a new government with Batthyany as their first Prime Minister. It was a relatively bloodless ordeal, as the terrifying demonstration convinced the former government to give in quickly. This began a war with the Austrian monarchy, whose royal governor the people of Hungary had overthrown.

Concert of Europe

A system in which Austria, Russia, Prussia, and Great Britain met periodically to discuss any problems affecting the peace in Europe; resulted from the post-Napoleon era Quadruple Alliance.

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

open-field system

A system of village farming developed by peasants where the land was divided into several large fields, which were in turn cut into strips

Industrial Revolution

A term coined in the 1830's to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes in certain industries.

Industrial Revolution

A term coined in the 1830s to describe the burst of major inventions and technical changes in certain industries

Classical Liberalism

A term given to the philosophy of John Locke and other 17th and 18th century advocates of the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power.

Utilitarianism

A theory associated with Jeremy Bentham that is based upon the principle of "the greatest happiness for the greatest number." Bentham argued that this principle should be applied to each nation's government, economy, and judicial system.

Socialism

A theory or system of social organization that advocates the vesting of the ownership and control of the means of production and distribution, of capital, land, etc., in the community as a whole.

Tallyrand

A traitor and a turncoat, but also a survivor in many ways. This successful politician had power under the Old Regime, was an important advisor to Napoleon, and was able to rejoin the old-fashioned monarchs of Europe in the council of Vienna. He contributed to Napoleon's downfall by encouraging Russia to violate the Continental System, which led to Napoleon's invasion of Russia. As a result of his efforts, France was also included in the Congress of Vienna.

New Harmony

A utopian settlement in Indiana lasting from 1825 to 1827. It had 1,000 settlers, but a lack of authority caused it to break up.

Luddites

A violent group of irate workers who blamed industrialism for threatening their jobs; attacked factories in northern England destroying new machines they believed were putting them out of work

Louis Philippe I

After Charles X is abdicated, this liberal king is given the throne of France. He is called the "King of the French," which meant that he worked for the people.

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte

After the February Revolution in Paris in 1848, Louis Napoleon was elected President in France simply on the basis of name recognition among the newly enfranchised voters.

Carlsbad Decrees

Agreed upon by the leaders of all the German states, and proposed by Metternich, this was a set of rules to quash liberalism and nationalism. It set forth three strategies: censorship of written works, disbanding of student organizations along with government supervision in schools and universities, and an inquisition to find and punish anyone conspiring against the government.

Six Acts

Aimed to prevent radical meetings, like the Peterloo Massacre, and restrict freedoms; opposed by the Whigs.

Decembrist Revolt

Alexander I died in 1825 and restless groups in Russian army supported Constantine as Tsar over Nicholas I (because former had proposed innovations). Proclaimed him tsar at St. Petersburg - wanted Constantine and constitution. But Constantine had declared in favor of Nicholas. Five officers were hung. This was the first modern revolutionary movt in Russia.

Sturm and drang

Also "Sturm unt Drang": this was a German literary movement focusing on the emotional, action-filled subjects, such as the individual's rebellion against society. It was similar to Romanticism in its focus on emotions, rather than reason.

Thomas Malthus Essay on the Principle of Population

An Essay written by ____ in 1798 that argued that the population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply. (only hope was "prudential restraint" or marrying late in life)

Viscount Castlereagh

An Irish foreign minister for England who organized the Congress of Vienna. He was a dominant figure in Europe and was a Tory.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

An Italian radical who emerged as a powerful independent force in Italian politics. He planned to liberate the Kingdom of Two Sicilies.

Factory act of 1833

An act that limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours

Holy Alliance

An alliance envisioned by Alexander I of Russia by which those in power were asked to rule in accord with Christian Principles.

Holy Alliance

An alliance of the "holy" powers (Russia, Prussia, Austria), proposed by Alexander of Russia. It fizzled, and was replaced by Metternich's Quadrupal Alliance

Proudhon, Pierre

An anarchist who attacked banking systems because they would not extend credit to the poor and small property owners so they could participate in enterprise. Mutualism- a system of small businesses. There would be peaceful cooperation and exchange of goods among these groups; therefore, government would be unnecessary.

Young Italy

An association under the leadership of Mazzini that urged the unification of the country.

Magyar

An ethnic group centered in Hungary.

Carlsbad Decrees (Karlsbad)

Metternich's repressive response to a German Nationalistic Student movement (Burschenschaften). Drawn up in 1819 by Metternich, the decrees closed the Burschenschaften, provided censorship of the press, and placed the universities under close supervision and control, putting the lid on German nationalism. Note the different approaches taken by the Germans and the English to civil unrest.

body linen

Another term for underwear, so called because it was made from expensive cloth

John Stuart Mill

Arguably the most famous English philosopher and politician of the 1800s. Champion of liberty over unlimited state control. Also famous for adding falsification as a key component of the scientific method.

Chartist Movement

Attempt by artisans and workers in Britain to gain the right to vote during the 1840s; demands for reform beyond the Reform Act of 1832 were incorporated into a series of petitions. They won many support but none of their demands were passed until after 1848.

Humiliation of Olmutz

Austria forced Prussia to renounce schemes to unify Northern German confederation (following Revolutions of 1848).

Congress of Verona

Austria, Prussia, Russia, and France vowed to put down a revolutionary uprising in Spain and threatened to help Spain reconquer its New World colonies.

Alfred von Windischgratz

Austrian general responsible for crushing the Czech revolution and establishing a military govenrment in Bohemia.

Joseph Radetzky

Austrian general who helped to restore Austrian control over Lombardy.

Klemens von Metternich

Austrian prince who played a big part in the Congress of Vienna and had 3 goals: to restore legitimate monarchs, to maintain a balance of power in Europe, and to contain France.

Prussians win & there's a treaty for the Austrians' surrender = Prussia gain territory of Austria

Austro-Prussian War

idea that no one theoretically has more power than another

Balance of Power

Marxian Socialism

Based on Marxist ideas and the Communist Manifesto, this was the idea that the lower classes needed to fight the upper classes and eventually create a system in which society was built on industry and there was no private property.

Cottage industry summary

Basically merchants > got raw materials > sent it to the families > they produced the product > was sent back to merchant to sell

Battle of Temesvar

Battle at which Kossuth lost to Austria and Russia forcing him to flee to Turkey and Austria regaining Hungary.

Felix Schwarzenberg

Became the leading figure of the Austrian government after its revolution of 1848. He arranged for the abdication of Ferdinand I.

Count of Saint-Simon

Believed government should be directed by scientists, not politicians, who understood the operation of the modern industrial economy.

Classical economics

Modern, Western economic theories of the effects of resource scarcity, monetary policy, and competition on supply and demand of goods and services in the marketplace. This is the basis for the capitalist market system.

Louis XVIII

Bourbon restored on the French throne by the Quadruple Alliance. Surprisingly, he maintained Napoleon's Concordant and Civil Code. However, liberals disliked his moderation.

Maintaining a monopoly on technical advances

Britain sucked at it

Robert Peel

Britain's conservative prime minister from 1834 to 1835, and from 1841 to 1846. Peel oversaw the repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846, partially due to the ongoing Irish Famine.

Victoria I

British Queen, under whose rule the British empire reached the height of its wealth and power, forced to accept a new, virtually powerless role after the Chartist movement.

William Huskisson

British Statesmen and member of parliament for several constituencies including Liverpool; favored mercantilism and free trade.

Thomas R. Malthus

British cleric and scholar, influential in the fields of political economy and demography; tried to explain why mass of people didn't benefit from the operation of the "natural laws" of economics and that population would out grow food supply

Robert Owen

British cotton manufacturer believed that humans would reveal their true natural goodness if they lived in a cooperative environment. Tested his theories at New Lanark, Scotland and New Harmony, Indiana, but failed.

George Canning

British foreign secretary; asked the American minister in London if the United States would band together with the British in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European dictators to keep their harsh hands off the Latin American republics.

Whigs

British political party opposed to Lord North's Tories and generally more sympathetic to the colonial cause.

Jeremy Bentham

British theorist and philosopher who proposed utilitarianism, the principle that governments should operate on the basis of utility, or the greatest good for the greatest number.

Crystal Palace

Built for the 1851 international exhibit. Was intended to signify Britain's industrial, economic and military power

Henri de Saint-Simon

Called the "father of French socialism", this liberal man believed in social organization rather than an individualist philosophy. He saw work and productivity as societal duty, and believed that in the future society could be organized so that the most productive members had the most power.

A politician who became the prime minister of Piedmont, united Italy

Camillo di Cavour

first to propose the idea of natural selection"

Charles Darwin

Saint-Simon, Count

Claude Henri de Rouvroy, comte de Saint-Simon, often referred to as Henri de Saint-Simon (17 October 1760 - 19 May 1825), was a French early socialist theorist whose thought influenced the foundations of various 19th century philosophies, including the philosophy of science and the discipline of sociology.

Engels, Friedrich

Co-founder of Communism along with Karl Marx; studied the French Revolution to learn lessons for both Communism and the world at large. , German socialist philosopher, the closest collaborator of Karl Marx in the foundation of modern communism. They coauthored The Communist Manifesto (1848), and Engels edited the second and third volumes of Das Kapital after Marx's death.

Spinning Mule

Combined spinning jenny and water frame; invented by Samuel Crompton

-made up of Britain, Austria, Russia, Prussia, & France. -Created balance of power

Concert of Europe

Class-Consciousness

Conflicting classes existed, in part, because many individuals came to believe they existed and developed an appropriate sense of class feeling

-Lead by conservatives(especially Klemens von Metterich) - GOAL: re-establish order in Europe after Napoleon -legitimate monarchs = restored to power

Congress of Vienna

A belief that limited government and insures order competitive markets and personal opportunity.

Conservatism

difference between conservatism and liberalism

Conservatism in the 19th century meant belief in a corporate society and a goal of tradition and "organic growth". They believed in progress within the old system, as opposed to replacing the old with new entirely. Liberals, however, believed in individualism and aimed for more drastic progress and change, aspiring to perfect reason.

German Confederation

Consisted of 38 sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia; the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 38 states to take action.

German Confederation of States

Consisted of 39 (of the original 300) sovereign states recognized by the Vienna settlement, and was dominated by Austria and Prussia (b/c of their size); the confederation had little power and needed the consent of all 39 states to take action.

Corn Laws

Corn = any grain (wheat, oats, etc). The Corn Laws imposed high Tariffs (taxes) on imported foreign grain in England. These Mercantilistic policies were designed to help the English land owners (the rich). Corn Laws resulted in higher bread prices for the poor & middle classes. Significances 1: The middle class opposed the corn laws (laissez faire / high prices) but were powerless in the early 1800s to stop it. The overturning of the corn laws in chp 21 will be a major turning point for England. 2: "marked the abandonment by the British ruling class of its traditional role of paternalistic protector of the poor."

Charles X

Count of Artois, succeeded Louis XVIII. Pursued religious policy that encouraged Catholics to reestablish control over the educational system; brought instability to France.

German Confederation

Created at the Congress of Vienna, this was what the German states became after the fall of the Holy Roman Empire. The Austrians and Prussians both felt entitled to rule this conglomerate, which led to the Astro-Prussian War.

German Confederation

Created by Metternich at the Congress Vienna to replace The Holy Roman Empire which had been abolished by Napoleon. Example of their dismantling of the world created by Napoleon and the French Revolution

Frederick Denison Maurice

Created the idea of Christian Socialism in the Church of England.

Nicholas I

Czar who put down the Decemberist Revolt and led the Russian army in Crimean War.

Iron law of wages

David Ricardo formulated the iron law of wages, which said that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.

Iron Law of Wages

David Ricardo formulated this which said that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.

Convention of 1839

Declared Belgium neutral.

Revolutions of 1848

Democratic and nationalist revolutions that swept across Europe. The monarchy in France was overthrown. In Germany, Austria, Italy, and Hungary the revolutions failed.

What were the work experiences of children laboring in textile mills in 19th c Britain?

Doffer: Young kids whose job was to clean machines, worked > 12 hrs a day *Conditions= horrible; no time for food; no x for breakfast or dinner; 2 miles away from plant; no watch or clock to tell time

When a French officer was wrongly accused of treason because he was Jewish

Dreyfus Affair

German Nationalism

Early 19th political movement that swept central Europe. It was all the rage in universities. German Nationalist wanted to see all Germanic people living in a single German state. Obviously this could be perceived as dangerous by both the Austrians and Prussians since nationalism could destroy their countries. It was a movement in which Germans became increasingly aware and proud of their "german-ness" All the best music, culture, philosophy, economic growth, was seen by them as coming from German culture. They considered themselves the wave of the future. SPOILER ALERT: Early German nationalism is tied to Liberal political beliefs. It bubbles up from the masses, but is crushed.(chp 21) However, Germany will be created (chp 22) by German Authoritarian/Conservatives from the top down.

Leeds, Birmingham, Glasgow, Manchester

Early British industrial cities

Edmund Burke: Reflections on a Revolution in France

Early Critic of the French Revolution (when Englishmen were generally enthusiastic), predicted that it would end in bloodshed. THE Conservative theorist! Societies evolve over time. Revolutionary changes break the implicit contract with history. Change should be gradual (evolutionary) like England, not sudden (revolutionary) like France.

Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

Francis Joseph

Emperor of Austria following Ferdinand's abdication in 1848. Generally out of his time. Responsible for dual-monarchy.

Alexander II

Emperor of Russia; advocated moderate reforms for Russia; emancipated the serfs; he was assassinated.

Flying Shuttle

Enabled a weaver to throw a shuttle back and forth between threads with one hand; cut man power (only one person needed to operate it); invented by John Kay

Treaty of Paris of 1856

Ended the Crimean War issued by Alexander II.

First Treaty of Paris

Ended the War between the Quadruple Alliance and Napoleon in 1814.

Treaty of Adrianople

Ends the Greek Revolution; Ottoman empire grants self governance to Greece, Romania and Serbia.

David Ricardo

English economist who formulated the "iron law of wages," according to which wages would always remain at the subsistence level for the workers because of population growth.

Treaty of London of 1830

Established Greece as an independent nation and crowned Otto I as the first Greek king.

Charter of 1814

Established a monarchy in France after Napoleons defeat and created a two-house parliament: the Chamber of Peers (chosen by king) and the Chamber of Deputies (chosen by an electorate).

Municipal Corporations Act of 1835

Established a system of elected councils to govern most cities and towns.

Karl Sand

Executed a German playwright for insulting the Burschenschaften resulting in the Carlsbad Decrees.

Luddites

Followers of Ned Ludd; a social movement in protest against the industrial revolution that began in northern England in 1812. These handicraft workers attacked the new machines being brought in by the factory owners, which they believed were taking their jobs.

Mazzini, Giuseppe

Founded Young Italy and wanted to "constitute Italy, one, free, independent, republican nation." He tried to set up a revolutionary republic but failed and he spent too much time of his life in exile dreaming and plotting a united Italy.

Quintuple Alliance

France joins the alliance of Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, and Russia after completing its payment of war indemnities.

Prussians win = gain territory of Alsace and Lorraine, last war unifying German Empire

Franco-Prussian War

Vorparlament

Frankfurt Parliament; met to discuss the unification of Germany.

Pierre Joseph Proudhon

French anarchist who argued that property is theft.

Claude Henri de

French early Social Theorist, Simon renounced his aristocratic title and came to favor a form of meritocracy, becoming convinced that science was the key to progress and that it would be possible to develop a society based on objective principles.

Charles-Maurice de Talleyrand

French representative at Congress of Vienna who supported legitimacy.

February Revolution

French revolution against Louis Philippe and formed the Second French Republic.

Congress of Laibach

Gave Austria the right to suppress the revolution in Naples.

Treaty of Vienna

Gave new territories to the countries part of the Congress of Vienna.

Legitimacy

Generally: a government that is considered valid by whomever is speaking. Reality check: Legitimacy is in the eye of the beholder. In this Chapter: Principle embraced by Metternich and the Congress of Vienna. Metternich was determined to re-establish legitimate governments. He (and conservatives in general) defined "legitimate" as pre-1789 governments. Liberals believed legitimacy came from the Locke's "consent of the governed"

Zollverein

German Customs Union, was a coalition of German states formed to manage customs and economic policies within their territories. Established in 1818, the original union cemented economic ties between the various Prussian and Hohenzollern territories, and allowed goods to pass between German states without tariffs.

German National Assembly

German Parliament met in Frankfurt to fulfill a liberal and nationalist dream: the preparation of a constitution for a united Germany.

Friedrich Engels

German communist who aided Marx in writing The Communist Manifesto.

Karl Marx

German philosopher and founder of Marxism, the theory that class conflict is the motor force driving historical change and development.

Eduard Bernstein

German social democratic theoretician and politician, and the founder of evolutionary socialism and revisionism.

Marx, Karl

German socialist of the mid-19th century; blasted early socialist movements as utopian; saw history as defined by class struggle between groups out of power and those controlling the means of production; preached necessity of social revolution to create proletarian dictatorship., He published (with Friedrich Engels) Manifest der Kommunistischen Partei (1848), commonly known as The Communist Manifesto, the most celebrated pamphlet in the history of the socialist movement. He also was the author of the movement's most important book, Das Kapital. These writings and others by Marx and Engels form the basis of the body of thought and belief known as Marxism.

A nationalist, leaders of the Red Shirts

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Founder of young Italy, promoted independence from Austria established Italian Nation State

Giuseppe Mazzini

Second Republic

Government established in France from 1848-1852, After the 1848 revolution in France, which caused Louis-Philippe to flee, this government system was put in place by revolutionists and guaranteed universal male suffrage.

Treaty of London of 1827

Great Britain, France, and Russia had called upon Greece and the Ottoman Empire to cease hostilities that had been going on since the Greeks had revolted against Ottoman rule.

Commercial Revolution

Great economic growth in europe because of inflation-stimulated production where manufacturers, craftsmen and others could get good prices for their products; brought about age of exploration

L'Ouverture, Toussaint

Haitian revolutionary who led a successful slave uprising and helped establish an independent Haiti in 1797. In 1802, L'Ouverture was captured by a French force sent to reestablish control over the island. Shipped back to France and imprisoned for treason, he succumbed to pneumonia in 1803.

Spinning Jenny

Hand operated mechanized spinning wheel by moving the carriage back and forth with one hand and used the other to turn the wheel that supplied its power; invented by James Hargreaves

Napoleon III (Louis Napoleon)

He had authoritarian govnt in France. He controlled the army, police, civil service. Only he could introduce legislation or control war. He limited civil liberties&focused on expanding economy. He rebuilt Paris w/ modern technology. Govnt subsidies built railroads, harbors, canals, & roads. brought about the second French empire and with his help popularity of imprssionism

Industrial Revolution

Held great significance in history (1750-1900); drew on the scientific rev; utterly transformed Eruo Society and propelled Euro into a temporary position of global dominance; a process of transforming from agriculture and hand craft centered economies to economies distinguished by industry and machine manufacturing

- alliance between Austria, Russia, & Prussia. -vow to uphold Christian values. - agree to aid each other if liberal rebellions break out in their countries

Holy Alliance

Louis Kossuth

Hungarian statesman who led his people in revolt against the Hapsburg Empire during 1848-1849, Leader of the Hungarians, demanded national autonomy with full liberties and universal suffrage in 1848.

Laissez-faire

Idea that government should not interfere or regulate industries and businesses. Stemmed from French during the Enlightenment. French for "let do" or "let people do as they please." Favors of free market unregulated by the government so that economy would prosper.

Utopian Socialism

Ideal society based on socialist ideals.

Water Frame

Improved thread spinning by having several hundred spindles on a machine that produced strong thread; invented by Richard Arkwright

Peterloo Massacre

In 1819 60,000 demonstrators protested against the Corn Laws (caused high prices on bread). A squadron of cavalry attacked the crowd and killed 11 people. This caused the British government to become even more repressive, restricting large public meetings and the dissemination of pamphlets among the poor. Significance: Although this appears to fit with the general conservative trend of the era, this event ultimately caused many in England to consider reforms in order to avoid public violence.

Peterloo Massacre

In 1819, during a public meeting in St. Peter's Fields (Manchester, England), cavalry charged into the crowd, killing 11. The purpose of the meeting was to protest the Corn Laws.

water frame

Invented by Richard Arkwright during the Industrial Revolution, this machine used waterpower to spin coarse, strong thread in factories

James Hargreaves

Invented the spinning jenny

Great Reform Bill

It expanded the size of the English electorate, but not as a democratic measure. It kept a property and gender qualification and reached new boroughs for voting. The passage, however, did not constitute the triumph of middle-class interests in England. The success of the reform bill reconciled previously unrepresented property owners and economic interests to the political institutions of the country.

Giuseppe Mazzini

Italian nationalist whose writings spurred the movement for a unified and independent Italy.

Modern Era

Started in the late 18th C - 20th C (WWI 1914); emerged from the scientific, French, & Industrial Revs in W. Euro; products price dec, ppl bought more; commercialized agriculture

William IV

Succeeded George IV as king of England. His ascension initiated Parliamentary election and reform.

Adam Smith: Enlightenment Economist

THE architect of early 19th century ECONOMIC liberalism. The economy is governed by natural laws and should be allowed to operate without government intervention (laissez-faire). Significance: He could be used to justify the horror of industrialism on individuals. Misery does not come from greed but from 'natural economic laws'. "whew, no need to care about the poor now"

July Revolution

The July Revolution (also called the Revolution of 1830) saw the overthrow of Charles X and the ascension of Louis-Philippe to the French throne. The July Revolution is important because it marked the transition of power from the House of Bourbon to the House of Orléans.

Ferdinand VII

The Spanish king that was driven out of throne by Napoleon, and later returned in a failed attempt to regain his Latin American colonies.

Mines act of 1842

The act that prohibited underground work for all women as well as for boys under ten

Enclosure

The enclosing of the individual shares of the pastures as a way of farming more effectively

Bentham, Jeremy

The father of utilitarianism; social ethics may be translated into math terms., Principles of Morals and Legislation, He believed in the greatest good for the greatest number and that colonies were a burden for the mother country to carry.

Leopold I

The first Belgian king.

Otto I

The first Greek king.

Economic Nationalism

The idea that countries should protect and foster their own businesses by imposing high protective tariffs on imported goods as well as eliminated tariffs within the country.

economic nationalism

The idea that countries should protect and foster their own businesses by imposing high protective tariffs on imported goods as well as eliminating tariffs within the country

Statuto of 1848

The liberal Constitution granted by King Charles Albert.

crystal palace

The location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London; an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron, both of which were now cheap and abundant

UltraRoyalism

The most conservative element in the French political spectrum. Often called Legitimists. Supported the Bourbon's right to rule France (as opposed to the Orleans family's)

Zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created prior to their unification.

June Days Revolt

The new government in France could not control political unrest. This was a revolt among the common workers. Proved that France wanted a republic, but they also wanted a strong leader.

Bourbon Restoration

The period of French history following the fall of Napoleon in 1814 until the July Revolution of 1830.

Russification

The process of forcing Russian culture on all ethnic groups in the Russian empire.

Eastern Question

The question of who will benefit from the crumbling Ottoman Empire. The Great Powers are like vultures circling a corpse. Which will dive first to pick over the bones of the Ottomans.

iron law of wages

The rule that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to subsistence level, meaning that wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving

Common Rights

The shared use of agricultural land; it was abolished with the enclosure movement

Proletarianization

The transformation of large numbers of small peasant farmers into landless rural wage earners

Ultra-Royalist

The émigré noble or member of the clergy in France who opposed constitutional government and favored the restoration of the old regime.

Laissez faire

Theory opposing government intervention in economic matters

Cornlaws of 1815

These controversial laws were created to prevent corn prices from plummeting after the Napoleonic wars. This affected Britain because they were big importers of corn, and needed a lot to feed their growing population. Thus, regulated prices were not in their best interest.

Cato Street Conspiracy

These were a group of Londoners who did not agree with the way the government was ruling England. They wanted revolution (dramatic political change). They planned to murder Members of Parliament and King George IV and to parade through the slums of London with their heads on poles.

bourgeousie

These were the wealthy, educated members of the 3rd estate in France. They were part of the driving force behind the revolutions in France, because they had money but not power, so they used the common people's unhappiness to fuel a revolution against the 1st and 2nd estates.

David Ricardo

This British economist and member of Parliament, who was friends with John Mill, was an important economist who said that more than one nation could benefit from trade with one another. This contradicted mercantilist ideas that there was a finite amount of wealth, and nations could only profit by taking money away from one another. He influenced the ideas of Marx and John Mill.

Bentham

This British philosopher essentially founded Utilitarianism. This philosophy was based on the idea that all actions affect the happiness of others, and should be thought out accordingly, and everyone should do the best thing for the group.

JMW Turner

This English painter specialized in landscapes. He reflected the changing political world in his art, which depicted dramatic and colorful scenes. He was a Romantic artist; before Romanticism, English art was primarily portraiture.

William Wodsworth

This English poet wrote Romantic poems, which meant that they were not formal and did not conform to poetic rules; instead, they were spontaneous and emotional.

Proudhon

This French Socialist said that everyone should only own what they personally produced. He felt strongly against the government and abhorred wealth and luxury.

Louis Blanc

This French historian believed that it was possible to make progress using the existing government (peaceful, smooth revolution). He was also important to the transitional government during the revolution of 1848.

Delacroix

This French painter was important to French Romantic art. He often used his painting to convey a political message, and he is best known for his painting depicting the socialist revolution of 1830: Liberty Leading the People.

David Ricardo "iron law of wages"

This Man____ stated this rule _____ saying that because of the pressure of population growth, wages would always sink to a subsistence level, meaning that wages would be just high enough to keep workers from starving.

Factory Act, 1833

This ____ passed in ____ limited the factory workday for children between nine and thirteen years of age to eight hours and that of adolescents between fourteen and eighteen years of age to twelve hours.

Charles Fourier

This borderline-socialist criticized the industrial capitalist system. He imagined a utopian society that would be divided into groups called "phalanxes". Some of his followers created "phalanxes" but they all failed.

potato famine

This catastrophic event was caused by a disease that spread among potato plants in Ireland in the mid-nineteenth century. Because there was very little biodiversity among Irish potatoes, the devastating mold spread quickly and affected potato farms across the Irish countryside. Because Ireland was a very agricultural country, and very dependent on the potato (the main staple of a common person's diet), there was mass starvation and emigration. The flood of poor immigrants to the US and Great Britain meant an excess of cheap labor.

Metternich

This diplomatically skilled prince was the host of the Congress of Vienna. He facilitated negotiations, and succeeded in bringing an even balance of power to Europe. This meant that Poland became the Duchy of Warsaw, France was restored its independence under a monarch, the German Confederation was created, and what is now Belgium was given to Austria by the Kingdom of the Netherlands.

Laissez-faire

This is an economic and political theory in which the government is not involved in the economy. It was advocated by Adam Smith and was very different from the Mercantilism that most European countries practiced.

Reform Bill of 1832

This law was passed to give suffrage to middle class men, in order to prevent a civil war. It gave more power to those who had succeeded in the Industrial Revolution, but it did little to help the lower classes.

Louis Phillipe

This leader was elected to the French throne in 1830, effectively ending the Borbon line of rulers. He was unable to quash the socialist uprisings of 1848, and thus abdicated from the throne.

John Mill

This liberal member of British parliament agreed with Utilitarianism, Jeremy Bentham's philosophy. He wrote On Liberty, in which he bashes totalitarian governments and absolute monarchs.

George IV

This son of George III succeeded his father after ruling as regent for the last years of his insane father's life. For most of his regency and reign, Lord Liverpool controlled the government as prime minister. He was deemed selfish, unreliable, irresponsible and a spendthrift and not terribly respected by the British people.

Chartism

This was a British working class movement for universal manhood suffrage, elected parliament and other democratic ideas. It began in 1838, lead by O'Connor, but failed to meet its goals, and ended after 1848.

Liberalism

This was a belief in individualism, progress, universal manhood suffrage, liberty and equality, generally held by

Conservatism

This was a belief in the status quo, and generally held by those with power, such as monarchs and aristocracy. It also meant an emphasis on corporate and group success, as opposed to individual worth.

Revolution of 1830

This was a socialist uprising in France that was put down by the government, and happened the same year the Borboun monarchy was replaced with Louis Phillipe.

Romanticism

This was a style or movement that contradicted the ideas of the Enlightenment; it focused on emotions, not reason. A lot of different people and movements in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries fell into the category of Romanticism, such as Edgar Allen Poe and Delacroix.

Ten Hours Act of 1847

This was an important labor law in Britain. It prohibited women and children from working more than ten hours a day during the week and eight hours on weekends, which was a great improvement from the 16-hour days that many had been working before then.

Utilitarianism

This was based on Jeremy Bentham's idea that everyone's actions affect the lives of others, and should be considered accordingly. Also, the greatest good for the greatest number is the only goal.

Nationalism

This was pride in, and loyalty to, one's nation, which was awakened in the Napoleonic wars. Napoleon used French nationalism to motivate his soldiers, and this mentality was catching. In the German states, heads of states tried to quash nationalism, since they did not want to give up their power and become a united nation.

Irish Famine

This was the 19th century's worst human tragedy. A potato blight wiped out the crop in Ireland, which was the main food source. Millions died (a quarter of the population) and around a million left. England's response was limited by respect of the rules of liberal economics and the rights of property. The English also continued to export Irish wheat to England. Landlords forced the Irish peasants off their land and this famine stimulated the Irish hatred of British rule.

Utopian socialism

This was the idea of creating an idyllic world through socialism, in which everything would be shared. This was not exactly communism, or Marxist Socialism, because people would still own personal property, and it did not advocate violence.

Evolutionary Socialism

This was the work that suggested that socialists should combine with other progressive forces to win gradual evolutionary gains for workers through legislation, unions, and further economic development.

the Restoration

This was when the British monarchy was restored, after Cromwell's death and a short period of time under his incompetent son's rule. Charles II, son of Charles I who was executed in 1649, was given the throne. Under Cromwell and the Puritans, things like theatre and art had been suppressed, but they were now welcomed back. Women were now allowed to act in theatre, for the first time in English history. Puritanism declined in England, and the Scottish were allowed to be Episcopalian again.

Lord Liverpool

Tory prime minister of Great Britain from 1812-1827 who i initially opposed reform.

Haitian Revolution

Toussaint l'Ouverture led this uprising, which in 1790 resulted in the successful overthrow of French colonial rule on this Caribbean island. This revolution set up the first black government in the Western Hemisphere and the world's second democratic republic (after the US). The US was reluctant to give full support to this republic led by former slaves.

Second Treaty of Paris

Treaty which reduces France's borders to the borders of 1790.

Frankfurt Parliament

Unsuccessful attempt to unify Germany in 1848. It intended to write a moderately liberal constitution for a unified Germany, but alienated conservatives, workers and liberals.

the king of Piedmont who believed Italy should be unified under him

Victor Emmanuel II

Malthus, Thomas

Was one of the first to argue that the worlds rate of population increase was far outrunning the development of food population. This is important because he brought up the point that we may be outrunning our supplies because of our exponentially growing population., British economist of late 1700's. considered the first to predict a population crisis.

Earl Grey

Whig prime minister who proposed the Reform Bill of 1832.

Domestic (Putting Out) System

Work was contracted by a central agent to subcontractors who completed the work in their own facilities, usually their own homes.

An Essay of the Principle of Population

Written by Malthus; discussed the threat of population growth resulting in war, famine, and disease.

What Is Property?

Written by Proudhon in 1840 and answered by saying that it was theft. Profit was stolen from workers; labor was the source of all wealth.

Thomas Malthus

Wrote "Essay on the principle of Population" (1798). He argued that population would always tend to grow faster than the food supply. The only hope was war, famine, and disease, and people should marry later in life.

The idea that Jews should have their own nation/homeland

Zionism

Zollverein

a German tariff in non-German imports to encourage capital investment in german industry

Crystal Palace Exposition

a famous industrial fair held in an architectural masterpiece made entirely of glass and iron (both of which were now cheap and abundant)

tariff protection

a govenment's way of supporting and aiding its own economy by laying high tariffs on the cheaper goods imported from another country

Laissez-faire

a policy or attitude of letting things take their own course, without interfering

Power Loom

a steam-powered, mechanically operated version of a regular loom, an invention that combined threads to make cloth

open-field system

a system of village farming developed by peasants where the land was divided into several large fields, which in turn where cut into strips to ensure equal distribution.

Industrial capitalism

a transition from a trade-based economy to a manufacturing-based economy, a difference that meant an enormous increase in productivity, profits, and prosperity

what became the main source of labor

abandoned children from parishes and orphanages

Lowes Act

allowed limited liability, liability of a firm's owners for no more than the capital they have invested in the firm, for business owners

Puddling Furnace

allowed pig iron to be refined in turn with coke (created high grade iron); invented by Henry Cort

Body linen

an early term for underwear

reactionary

an extreme conservatism who wants to change things to the way they were in the past

Second Reich

another name for the German Empire, united by Bismarck in 1871. Ruled by German Emperor Wilhelm

continental countries lagged behind Britain industrially

because -technology was to advanced for most continental engineers to understand -technology that needed steam power required a lot of capital -shortage of factory workers -gov. did little to encourage industrial growth

families working in factories stuck together

because it made the work hours more tolerable

England's agricultural revolution helped it industrialize

because of - the enclosure movement making people move -the ability of less farmers making more food -& people being freed up to work in factories

England's geography helped it industrialize

because of -isolation from many wars -its supply of coal and iron -its waterways -& the growth of its navy & ports

England's colonies helped it industrialize

because of -its access to raw materials -& growing market for English goods

England's gov. cooperation helped it industrialize

because of -its fancy for industrial development -stable economy -ability to give loans out -bubble act repealed -navigation acts and corn laws repealed -& lowes act established

England's economic build up helped it industrialize

because of -large supply of capital from previous activity -avoidance of wars -establishment of bank of England -& protection from commercial failure by insurance companies

Bubble Act

because of a stable gov. parliament was favorable to the growth of industry which in turn created this that didn't allow for the creation of joint stock companies was repealed

rising supplies of coal

boosted iron production and gave rise to heavy industry; by 1850 England produced more than half the world's iron

David Ricardo

came up with the iron law of wages

union movement

certain leaders began organizing groups of workers to resist exploitation of the proletariat

Agricultural Revolution

cheap labor from enclosure movement forced people to move to cities; part of cause of industrial revolution; made it possible for few farmers to feed more people and they were free to move around

Manchester

city that became an industrial center in England

steam engines were powered by

coal because it was more efficient and easier to get -use of coal was one of the hallmarks of the revolution

Roots of industrial revolution

commercial revolution -inflation stimulated production -(rise of capitalism) more money for investment -new mechanical inventions -more people provided larger markets

Duke of Bridgewater

completed the first great canal that put an uneconomical coal field into business by transporting coal, was very profitable and half the price of coal in certain places

class-consciousness

conflicting classes existed, in part, because many individuals came to believe they existed and developed an appropriate sense of class feeling

Adam Smith

considered to be the first modern economist; believed economy was supposed to be free to operate which would benefit to society

Henry Cort

created heavy duty steam powered rolling mills that were capable of shaping finished iron and invented the puddling furnace

demand of textiles led to

creation of large factories -inventions of proto-industrialization increased production -resulted in more product, production supply to the world, cheaper prices

upper bourgeoisie

demanded free enterprise and high tariffs

lower bourgeoisie

demanded stability and security from the gov.

What were negative effects of eugenics movement?

discouraged people with "undesirable" traits from reproducing

Poorhouses

emerged to provide work for those unemployed; major goal was to persuade workers to leave and find work somewhere else

after the factory act of 1833

employment of children declined rapidly

Bank of England

established in 1694 by the gov. as the central bank

Economic Liberalism (Classical economic theory)

focused around laissez-faire. Governments should not interfere with supply and demand or the economic liberty of the individual. If individuals are allowed economic liberty, ultimately they will bring about the maximum good for the maximum number and benefit the general welfare of society. Liberals wanted to make and sell goods freely. They favored removal of tariffs and barriers to trade. They opposed the regulations on labor and wages by governments or by guilds. Notice the connection with political liberalism: FREEDOM & Liberty.

luddites

followers of Ned Ludd; a social movement in protest against the industrial revolution that began in northern England in 1812. These handicraft workers attacked the new machines being brought in by the factory owners, which they believed were taking their jobs

role of city changed

from gov. and cultural centers to industrial centers

How did European products gain greater market share than those of India after the IR?

guns and military; production of goods > efficient; British shipbuilding over Indian; faster industrialization, capitalism,& monopolies Brits: supported the merchants- formed alliances (freedom from state control), charter companies; growing commercialization; more fluid society; open minded society and supportive of new ideas; natural resources and invited universities, not all intellectual thought Asia (against Brit): many ideas came from other countries; Center of early modern era, resistance of Africans and Asians; Location: favored Euros (btwn US and Asia); Rapid IR: Quickly spread globally; only dominated in 19th C

Napoleonic wars

hindered industrial growth of European nations

gender determined roles

home and domestic life emerged

union action led to

improved working conditions, better wages, and reduced work hours

most significant result of industrialization here was

increased production and availability of manufactured goods

Free Trade

international trade left to its natural course without tariffs, quotas, or other restrictions

water frame

invented by Richard Arkwright, this machine used waterpower to spin coarse, strong thead in factories

John Kay

invented flying shuttle; cut man power in half

James Hargreaves

invented spinning jenny; spinners outpaced weavers

Samuel Crompton

invented spinning mule; basically combined water frame with spinning jenny; caused cotton spinning in all factories

Thomas Savory and Thomas Newcomen

invented steam pump to pump water out of mines since there was more coal under the water

Robert Fulton

invented the steam boat that used a steam engine, made 2-way river travel possible and travel in the "high seas" faster; his traveled up the hudson river in 1807

Richard Arkwright

invented water frame; stronger thread and employed less workers

Squirearchy

land owners when they are considered as having political/social influence

Irish Potato Famine

landlords didn't improve agriculture so disease in potato crop continued to increase along with accompanying fever epidemics; the potato crop failed in Ireland and much of Europe & Higher food prices, widespread suffering, and social unrest ensued

Friedrich Engels

lashed out at the middle classes in his The Condition of the Working Class in England (1844)

Factory Act of 1833

limit the number of hours worked by women and children, first in the textile industry, then later in all industries; employment of children declined

"petite bourgeoisie"

lower bourgeoisie; small industrialists, merchants, and professional men who demanded stability and security from the government

new canal systems

made it easier to travel and deliver products and materials to people

transportation revolution was

made possible by steam power

Transportation Revolution

made possible by steam power which was necessary to distribute finished goods and raw materials to other factories

George Stephenson

made railway locomotive commercially successful; his locomotive, the Rocket, was the world's first important railroad since it was in the heart of England

Ricardo's law of wages

natural wage is one that maintains a worker's subsistence; real wages always tend, in the long run, toward the minimum wage necessary to sustain the life of the worker

Proletariat

new group in society with the fastest growing social class of factory workers

Crédit Mobilier

one of the most famous banks in europe (paris) that helped build railroads all over france and europe

as factories grew larger

opportunities for advancement declined

Saddler Commission

parliament wanted to limit child labor so these people investigated working conditions helped initiate legislation to improve conditions in factories

Combination Acts

passed by a panicked parliament in 1799 outlawing strikes and unions. Repealed in 1824 in result of widespread union activity.

what were positive effects of Eugenics movement?

people encouraged to reproduce with desirable traits

Chartists

people who sought political democracy; demanded that all men have the right to vote & sought to change economic system

John McAdam

pioneered construction of hard surfaced roads which made traveling easier

"Blood & Iron"

policy of German unification put forth by Bismarck; belief that industry & war would unify Germany

problem and result of cottage industry

problem: wanted more efficient way of production since it was unorganized result: more $ for family & a variety of goods were produced

Mines Act of 1842

prohibited all boys and girls under age 10 from working underground

What role did the congress of Vienna play in the idealogical tensions between ideologies?

re-established power in Europe = monarchs restored = worked in favor of conservatives & nationalism

Combination Acts

reaction to the French revolution, the Parilament passed this outlawing unions and strikes. Parliament repealed it in 1824

Capitalism

refers to those societies whose markets, merchants, money, and private ownership became central to the way society operated

Talleyrand

represented France at the Congress of Vienna, enabled France to participate in some of the decisions.

Castlereagh

represented Great Britain at the Congress of Vienna. Britain had no interest in gaining continental land, but wanted to secure their control of the seas.

surplus of labor

resulted in poor conditions

Heavy Industry

rising supplies boosted production which gave rise to the manufacture of machinery and materials used in production

Start of industrial revolution

rural industry grew economy -merchants wanted cheap labor -production was "put out" into the countryside

Hard-surfaced Roads

significantly improved travel; construction was pioneered by John McAdam

parliament

sought to limit child labor

Charles X

succeeded his brother Louis XVIII. His desire to restore France to a Pre-1789 world led to the Revolution of 1830 and the ascent of Louis Philippe.

Mercantilism

system of economic regulations aimed at increasing the power of the state. (power+ wealth based on amount of precious metals) The prevailing economic theory of European nations in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. Remained the dominate theory until the Industrial Revelation and articulation of the theory of laissez faire

Proletariat

the Marxist term for the modern working class who work for wage

Nationalism

the belief that every nationality (group) should have its own state (it and Liberalism were two "ideologies of change" that threatened the status quo). Nationalism is based on an awareness of being part of a community that has common institutions, traditions, language, and customs. This community (nation) becomes the focus of the individual's primary political loyalty. Nationalism could weaken/destroy existing governments: as in the case of Austria. Or Nationalism could strengthen/create existing governments: as in the case of France, England. Originally nationalism was opposed by Conservatives since it was 1) disruptive to the existing social order AND 2) tied to liberalism. Eventually will be embraced by conservatives as a way of getting your country "fired up"

enclosure

the enclosing of the individual shares of the pastures as a way of farming more effectively

capitalist view

the industrial revolution as a positive step toward fulfilling human wants and needs

socialist / communist view

the industrial revolution as the further exploitation of the proletariat by the wealthier people

Cottage industry

the industry of manufacturing, mainly with textile, where the producers would work from their homes.

mercantilism

the prevailing economic theory of European nations in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. It remained the the dominant theory until the Industrial revelation and articulation of the theory of laissez faire

common rights/ common field system

the shared use of agriculture land; it was abolished with the enclosure movement

the industrial revolution replaced

the traditional social hierarchy with a new social order

proletarianization

the transformation of large numbers of small peasants farmers into landless rural wage earners

"Status Quo"

the way things are. Conservatives generally want to maintain the Status Quo. Metternich's Quadruple Alliance was determined to maintain the Status Quo.

continental Europe began to catch up

they -studied Britain's mistakes -differed in each country -borrowed British technology -used power of sovereign gov to promote industry -banks helped develop railroads

Irish workers

they came to G.B. and became urban workers

proletariat

this was the group of people who worked and did not own property, whom Marx said should rise up and overtake the upper class

Corn Laws

trade laws designed to protect cereal producers in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland against competition from less expensive foreign imports between 1815 and 1846

Steamboat

used a steam engine, made 2-way river travel possible and travel in the "high seas" faster; invented by Robert Fulton

Factory Act of 1802

was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom designed to improve conditions for apprentices working in cotton mills

urbanization

was the most important sociological effect

Combination Acts

was to prevent Unlawful Combinations of Workmen, prohibited trade unions and collective bargaining by British workers

Enclosure Acts

were a series of United Kingdom Acts of Parliament which enclosed open fields and common land in the country

Navigation Acts

were a series of laws that restricted the use of foreign shipping for trade between England and its colonies, a process which had started in 1651

Canals

were important in completing basic needs of related interdependent industries

tariff policies

were used to protect native industries on the continent