Path Ch.15 Innate and Adaptive Immunity

The key cells of innate immunity are _____, _____, and natural killer cells.

neutrophils, macrophages

The process by which microbes are coated to allow more efficient recognition of phagocytes is known as:

Opsonization

Haptens

Combine with larger protein molecules and serve as antigens

Cytotoxic T cell

Lyse intracellular microbes

During an inflammation response, the monocyte leaves the blood vessel, transforms into a tissue ______, and phagocytoses bacteria, damaged cells, and tissue debris.

macrophage

Dendritic cells and ________ function as antigen-presenting cells for adaptive immunity.

macrophages

Stem cells in the bone marrow produce T lymphocytes or T cells and release them into the vascular system. The T cells then migrate where to mature?

Thymus

One of the self-regulatory actions of the immune system is to identify self-antigens and be nonreactive to them. What is this ability of the immune system defined as?

Tolerance

Cytokines that stimulate bone marrow pluripotent stem and progenitor or precursor cells to produce large numbers of platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and dendritic cells are known as ______.

colony-stimulating factors

Which of the following types of immunity is achieved by an infant from its mother through antibodies transferred in utero or in breast milk?

Naturally acquired passive immunity

________ is the coating of a microorganism with soluble molecules that tag the microorganism for more efficient recognition by phagocytes.

Opsonization

Opsonins

Soluble molecules can tag microorganisms for phagocytosis

A client has immunity that was mediated by specific T lymphocytes and provides defense against intracellular microbes such as viruses. This immunity is recognized as:

T lymphocytes

There are many cells that make up the passive and adaptive immune systems. Which cells are responsible for the specificity and memory of adaptive immunity?

T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes

As the first line of defense, ____ immunity consists of the physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defenses.

innate

CD8+

Cytotoxic T cells

Antibody-mediated immunity

Dependent on B cells

Epitopes

Immunologically active sites on antigens

Perforins

Pore-forming molecules

________ are part of the innate immune system and may be the first line of defense against viral infections.

Natural killer cells

Immunologically active site on antigens are recognized as:

Epitopes

Select the response that correctly identifies B lymphocytes.

They are the only cells capable of producing antibodies.

CD4+

Type of T helper cell

Epithelial barrier

physical barrier to infection

Interferons

Interfere with viral replication

_____ are the early responding cells of innate immunity.

Neutrophils

Lysozyme

antibacterial protein

In both the innate and adaptive immune systems, cells communicate information about invading organisms by the secretion of chemical mediators. Which are these mediators?

Chemokines, Colony-stimulating factors

Tolerance

Ability of the immune system to be nonreactive to self-antigens

_____ immunity is the second major immune defense.

Adaptive

_____ are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate and immune response.

Antigens

The daughter of a 79-year old woman asks the nurse why her mother gets so many infections. The daughter states, "My mother has always been healthy but now she has pneumonia. Last month she got cellulitis from a bug bite she scratched. The month before that was some other infection. How come she seems to get sick so often now?" What is the nurse's best response?

As people get older, their immune system does not respond as well as it did when they were younger.

Select the type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow.

B lymphocytes

_____ cells and _______ cells of adaptive immunity are the only cells in the body capable of specifically recognizing different antigenic determinants of microbial agents and other pathogens.

B, T

A pregnant client asks the nurse when the immune system develops in the fetus. The best response is:

Beginning at 5 to 6 weeks as the fetal liver becomes active in hematopoiesis

Cell-mediated immunity is involved in resistance to infectious diseases caused by bacteria and some viruses. It is also involved in cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Which of these does not cause a cells mediated hypersensitivity reaction?

Blood transfusion

Cytokines that stimulate bone marrow pluripotent stem and progenitor or precursor cells to produce large numbers of platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and dendritic cells are known as:

Colony-stimulating factors (CSF)

The ______ serves as a master regulator for the immune system.

CD4+ helper T cell (TH)

_______ immunity is mediated by specific T lymphocytes and defends against intracellular microbes such as viruses.

Cell-mediated

______ are cytokines that stimulate the migration and activation of the immune and inflammatory cells.

Chemokines

Which of the types of T cells is responsible for destroying pathogens by punching holes in their cell membrane and by secreting cytokines/lymphokines?

Cytotoxic T cells

________ cells are specialized, bone marrow-derived leukocytes found in lymphoid tissue that are important intermediaries between the innate and adaptive immune systems.

Dendritic

cell-mediated immunity

Dependent on T cells

Defensins

Disrupt the membrane of invading organisms

Which cells block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides within the mucous membrane linings of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tract?

Epithelial

Select the statement that best describes the effectiveness of vaccination in the elderly population.

Experimental evidence suggests that vaccination is less successful in inducing immunization in older persons than in younger adults.

Collectins

Facilitate opsonization

The laboratory finds IgA in a sample of cord blood from a newborn infant. This finding is important because it signifies what?

Fetal reaction to exposure to an intrauterine infection

Toll-like receptors

Found on the surface of the leukocytes

______ immunity depends on maturation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies.

Humoral

______ immunity, generated by B lymphocytes, is mediated by molecules called antibodies and is the principal defense against extracellular microbes and toxins.

Humoral

An essential property of the immune system is self-regulation. An immune response that is not adequate can lead to immunodeficiency, while an immune response that is excessive can lead to conditions from allergic responses all the way to autoimmune diseases. Which of these is not an example of a breakdown of the self-regulation of the immune system?

Huntington disease

A client experiences an allergic reaction. Select the immunoglobulin that would bind to mast cells and release histamine.

IgE

The nurse is aware that the only class of immunoglobulin to pass the placenta is:

IgG

Which immunoglobulin is the first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen and is the first antibody type made by a newborn?

IgM

The nurse is reviewing the functions of immunoglobulins and determines which of the following as a correct action?

IgM/first to challenge the antigen

The most important function of the thymus is:

Immune cell production and maturation

A client tells the nurse that she is at risk to prematurely deliver her baby and is concerned that the baby does not have a developed immune system. The best response would be:

Infants born prematurely may be deficient immunity.

Select the phases that make up the reaction of the complement system.

Initial activation, amplification of inflammation, and membrane attack response

Natural killer cells are specialized lymphocytes that are one of the major parts of which immunity?

Innate

A person has been exposed to a particular antigen and now experiences a repeat exposure. What stimulates a quicker immune response?

Memory T cells

The effector responses of innate immunity include:

Phagocytosis, Viral destruction, Initiation of inflammatory response, recruitment of the complement system

Both innate and adaptive immunity have cells that produce cytokines. Cytokines mediate the actions of many cells in both innate and adaptive immunity. How are the actions of cytokines described?

Pleiotopic and redundant

Antigen presentation

Processing a complex antigen into epitopes and then displaying the foreign and self peptides on their membranes

Cilia

Propel mucus in the respiratory tract

______ T cells suppress immune responses by inhibiting the proliferation of other potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes.

Regulatory

The results of recent research suggest that a key role in the origin of some diseases is played by inflammation. For which of these diseases is it thought that inflammation has a role in its beginnings?

Rheumatoid arthritis

major histocompatibility complex

Self-recognition proteins

The first physical line of defense in innate immunity is:

Skin and mucous membranes

A client who has HIV asks the nurse if her baby will have the disease. The best response would be:

The baby will test positive for the HIV antibody test result, although the child may not necessarily be infected with the virus.

Although the immune system response normally is protective, it also can produce undesirable effects such as when the response is excessive as in ______, or when it recognizes self-tissue as foreign, as in t______ disease.

allergies, autoimmune

Passive immunity is immunity that is transferred from another source and lasts only weeks to months. What is an example of passive immunity?

an injection of γ-globulin

Substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response are known as:

antigens

Substances that elicit adaptive immune responses are called _____.

antigens

The central lymphoid organs, the ____ and the _____, provide the environment for immune cell production and maturation.

bone marrow, thymus

Antibodies comprise a class of proteins called _______.

imunoglobulins

The mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts are protected by sheets of tightly packed ______ cells that block the entry of microbes.

epithelial

The ____ has evolved in multicellular organisms to defend against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.

immune system

The binding of ______ to the pattern recognition receptors on leukocytes initiates the signaling events that lead to innate immunity and tissue changes associated with acute inflammation.

pathogens

MHC molecules

self-recognition proteins

The white pulp layer of the _____ contains concentrated areas of B and T lymphocytes permeated by macrophages and dendritic cells.

spleen