Path Ch.15 Innate and Adaptive Immunity
The key cells of innate immunity are _____, _____, and natural killer cells.
neutrophils, macrophages
The process by which microbes are coated to allow more efficient recognition of phagocytes is known as:
Opsonization
Haptens
Combine with larger protein molecules and serve as antigens
Cytotoxic T cell
Lyse intracellular microbes
During an inflammation response, the monocyte leaves the blood vessel, transforms into a tissue ______, and phagocytoses bacteria, damaged cells, and tissue debris.
macrophage
Dendritic cells and ________ function as antigen-presenting cells for adaptive immunity.
macrophages
Stem cells in the bone marrow produce T lymphocytes or T cells and release them into the vascular system. The T cells then migrate where to mature?
Thymus
One of the self-regulatory actions of the immune system is to identify self-antigens and be nonreactive to them. What is this ability of the immune system defined as?
Tolerance
Cytokines that stimulate bone marrow pluripotent stem and progenitor or precursor cells to produce large numbers of platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and dendritic cells are known as ______.
colony-stimulating factors
Which of the following types of immunity is achieved by an infant from its mother through antibodies transferred in utero or in breast milk?
Naturally acquired passive immunity
________ is the coating of a microorganism with soluble molecules that tag the microorganism for more efficient recognition by phagocytes.
Opsonization
Opsonins
Soluble molecules can tag microorganisms for phagocytosis
A client has immunity that was mediated by specific T lymphocytes and provides defense against intracellular microbes such as viruses. This immunity is recognized as:
T lymphocytes
There are many cells that make up the passive and adaptive immune systems. Which cells are responsible for the specificity and memory of adaptive immunity?
T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes
As the first line of defense, ____ immunity consists of the physical, chemical, molecular, and cellular defenses.
innate
CD8+
Cytotoxic T cells
Antibody-mediated immunity
Dependent on B cells
Epitopes
Immunologically active sites on antigens
Perforins
Pore-forming molecules
________ are part of the innate immune system and may be the first line of defense against viral infections.
Natural killer cells
Immunologically active site on antigens are recognized as:
Epitopes
Select the response that correctly identifies B lymphocytes.
They are the only cells capable of producing antibodies.
CD4+
Type of T helper cell
Epithelial barrier
physical barrier to infection
Interferons
Interfere with viral replication
_____ are the early responding cells of innate immunity.
Neutrophils
Lysozyme
antibacterial protein
In both the innate and adaptive immune systems, cells communicate information about invading organisms by the secretion of chemical mediators. Which are these mediators?
Chemokines, Colony-stimulating factors
Tolerance
Ability of the immune system to be nonreactive to self-antigens
_____ immunity is the second major immune defense.
Adaptive
_____ are substances foreign to the host that can stimulate and immune response.
Antigens
The daughter of a 79-year old woman asks the nurse why her mother gets so many infections. The daughter states, "My mother has always been healthy but now she has pneumonia. Last month she got cellulitis from a bug bite she scratched. The month before that was some other infection. How come she seems to get sick so often now?" What is the nurse's best response?
As people get older, their immune system does not respond as well as it did when they were younger.
Select the type of lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow.
B lymphocytes
_____ cells and _______ cells of adaptive immunity are the only cells in the body capable of specifically recognizing different antigenic determinants of microbial agents and other pathogens.
B, T
A pregnant client asks the nurse when the immune system develops in the fetus. The best response is:
Beginning at 5 to 6 weeks as the fetal liver becomes active in hematopoiesis
Cell-mediated immunity is involved in resistance to infectious diseases caused by bacteria and some viruses. It is also involved in cell-mediated hypersensitivity reactions. Which of these does not cause a cells mediated hypersensitivity reaction?
Blood transfusion
Cytokines that stimulate bone marrow pluripotent stem and progenitor or precursor cells to produce large numbers of platelets, erythrocytes, lymphocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes, eosinophils, basophils, and dendritic cells are known as:
Colony-stimulating factors (CSF)
The ______ serves as a master regulator for the immune system.
CD4+ helper T cell (TH)
_______ immunity is mediated by specific T lymphocytes and defends against intracellular microbes such as viruses.
Cell-mediated
______ are cytokines that stimulate the migration and activation of the immune and inflammatory cells.
Chemokines
Which of the types of T cells is responsible for destroying pathogens by punching holes in their cell membrane and by secreting cytokines/lymphokines?
Cytotoxic T cells
________ cells are specialized, bone marrow-derived leukocytes found in lymphoid tissue that are important intermediaries between the innate and adaptive immune systems.
Dendritic
cell-mediated immunity
Dependent on T cells
Defensins
Disrupt the membrane of invading organisms
Which cells block the entry of microbes and destroy them by secreting antimicrobial enzymes, proteins, and peptides within the mucous membrane linings of the gastrointestinal, respiratory and urogenital tract?
Epithelial
Select the statement that best describes the effectiveness of vaccination in the elderly population.
Experimental evidence suggests that vaccination is less successful in inducing immunization in older persons than in younger adults.
Collectins
Facilitate opsonization
The laboratory finds IgA in a sample of cord blood from a newborn infant. This finding is important because it signifies what?
Fetal reaction to exposure to an intrauterine infection
Toll-like receptors
Found on the surface of the leukocytes
______ immunity depends on maturation of B lymphocytes into plasma cells, which produce and secrete antibodies.
Humoral
______ immunity, generated by B lymphocytes, is mediated by molecules called antibodies and is the principal defense against extracellular microbes and toxins.
Humoral
An essential property of the immune system is self-regulation. An immune response that is not adequate can lead to immunodeficiency, while an immune response that is excessive can lead to conditions from allergic responses all the way to autoimmune diseases. Which of these is not an example of a breakdown of the self-regulation of the immune system?
Huntington disease
A client experiences an allergic reaction. Select the immunoglobulin that would bind to mast cells and release histamine.
IgE
The nurse is aware that the only class of immunoglobulin to pass the placenta is:
IgG
Which immunoglobulin is the first circulating immunoglobulin to appear in response to an antigen and is the first antibody type made by a newborn?
IgM
The nurse is reviewing the functions of immunoglobulins and determines which of the following as a correct action?
IgM/first to challenge the antigen
The most important function of the thymus is:
Immune cell production and maturation
A client tells the nurse that she is at risk to prematurely deliver her baby and is concerned that the baby does not have a developed immune system. The best response would be:
Infants born prematurely may be deficient immunity.
Select the phases that make up the reaction of the complement system.
Initial activation, amplification of inflammation, and membrane attack response
Natural killer cells are specialized lymphocytes that are one of the major parts of which immunity?
Innate
A person has been exposed to a particular antigen and now experiences a repeat exposure. What stimulates a quicker immune response?
Memory T cells
The effector responses of innate immunity include:
Phagocytosis, Viral destruction, Initiation of inflammatory response, recruitment of the complement system
Both innate and adaptive immunity have cells that produce cytokines. Cytokines mediate the actions of many cells in both innate and adaptive immunity. How are the actions of cytokines described?
Pleiotopic and redundant
Antigen presentation
Processing a complex antigen into epitopes and then displaying the foreign and self peptides on their membranes
Cilia
Propel mucus in the respiratory tract
______ T cells suppress immune responses by inhibiting the proliferation of other potentially harmful self-reactive lymphocytes.
Regulatory
The results of recent research suggest that a key role in the origin of some diseases is played by inflammation. For which of these diseases is it thought that inflammation has a role in its beginnings?
Rheumatoid arthritis
major histocompatibility complex
Self-recognition proteins
The first physical line of defense in innate immunity is:
Skin and mucous membranes
A client who has HIV asks the nurse if her baby will have the disease. The best response would be:
The baby will test positive for the HIV antibody test result, although the child may not necessarily be infected with the virus.
Although the immune system response normally is protective, it also can produce undesirable effects such as when the response is excessive as in ______, or when it recognizes self-tissue as foreign, as in t______ disease.
allergies, autoimmune
Passive immunity is immunity that is transferred from another source and lasts only weeks to months. What is an example of passive immunity?
an injection of γ-globulin
Substances foreign to the host that can stimulate an immune response are known as:
antigens
Substances that elicit adaptive immune responses are called _____.
antigens
The central lymphoid organs, the ____ and the _____, provide the environment for immune cell production and maturation.
bone marrow, thymus
Antibodies comprise a class of proteins called _______.
imunoglobulins
The mucous membrane lining of the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and urogenital tracts are protected by sheets of tightly packed ______ cells that block the entry of microbes.
epithelial
The ____ has evolved in multicellular organisms to defend against bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances.
immune system
The binding of ______ to the pattern recognition receptors on leukocytes initiates the signaling events that lead to innate immunity and tissue changes associated with acute inflammation.
pathogens
MHC molecules
self-recognition proteins
The white pulp layer of the _____ contains concentrated areas of B and T lymphocytes permeated by macrophages and dendritic cells.
spleen