Pathio Unit 6 Chapter 41- 46

How many days does it take for the entire epithelial population of the small intestines to be replaced?

4 to 7

A newborn has meconium ileus. What diagnostic test does the healthcare professional advise the parents about?

A sweat test

A professor has taught the students about the sources of increased ammonia in patients with hepatic encephalopathy. What statement by a student indicates the professor should review this material?

Accumulation of short-chain fatty acids are a source of increased ammonia

Hepatic fat accumulation is observed in which form of cirrhosis?

Alcoholic

Which pancreatic enzyme is responsible for the breakdown of carbohydrates?

Amylase

A patient has chronic gastritis. What treatment does the healthcare professional educate the patient on?

Antibiotic Therapy

A patient in the clinic reports projectile vomiting without nausea or other gastrointestinal symptoms. What action by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

Arrange a brain scan

HER2 mutation?

Salivary duct carcinoma ( breast cancer)

What effect is a result of inhibiting the parasympathetic nervous system with a drug such as atropine?

Salivation decreases

A person who has cholera (Vibrio cholerae) would be expected to have which type of diarrhea?

Secretory

Glucose transport enhances the absorption of which electrolyte?

Sodium

Gastric emptying is delayed by the presence of which substances? (Select all that apply.)

Solids Nonisotonic solutions Fats

Which gastric hormone inhibits acid and pepsinogen secretion, as well as decreases the release of gastrin?

Somatostatin

The mutation of which gene is an early event associated with the pathogenetic origin of esophageal cancer?

TP53

By what mechanism does intussusception cause an intestinal obstruction?

Telescoping of part of the intestine into another section of intestine

The student asks the professor why water and electrolytes are transported in both directions through tight junctions and intercellular spaces rather than across cell membranes. What response by the professor is best?

The epithelial cell membranes are formed of lipids that are hydrophobic and therefore repel water

Which statement best describes the gastrointestinal tract?

The gastrointestinal tract is a hollow tube that extends from the mouth to the anus.

Which statement, made by a student, is correct regarding the state of the intestinal tract at birth?

The intestinal tract is sterile

A professor has taught a class of students about the characteristics of vitamin B12. Which statement by a student demonstrates a need for more education?

Vitamin B12 is necessary for platelet maturation.

Which water-soluble vitamin is absorbed by passive diffusion?

Vitamin B6

Which vitamin facilitates the absorption of iron by the epithelial cells of the duodenum and jejunum?

Vitamin C

What requirements are necessary for calcium to be absorbed through the ileum at concentrations of less than 5 mmol/L? (Select all that apply.)

Vitamin D3 A carrier protein

A professor has been teaching a class on gastrointestinal function. Which statement by a student indicates the need for more education?

Within 30 min of eating, the gallbladder forces bile into the stomach.

A patient asks the healthcare professional to describe the cause of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). What response by the professional is best?

Zone of low pressure of the lower esophageal sphincter

Pancreatitis develops because of?

a blockage to the outflow of pancreatic digestive enzymes caused by bile duct or pancreatic duct obstruction (e.g., gallstones), or in some cases, it can also result from direct cellular injury from drugs or viral infection

The prodromal (preicteric) phase of hepatitis begins?

approximately 2 weeks after exposure and ends with the appearance of jaundice.

Melena describes what?

dark tarry stools

Rapid distention of the intestine produces what feeling?

epigastric fullness cramping nausea vomiting and diarrhea

Intestinal malrotation is the term used to identify a condition?

in which rotation does not occur and the colon remains in the upper right quadrant.

What are associated with the icteric phase of hepatitis?

itching jaundice

Where in the brain is the vomiting center located?

medulla oblongata

What type of diarrhea is a result of lactase deficiency?

osmotic

KRAS mutation leads to what type of cancer?

pancreatic and colon cancer

Which enzyme breaks down protein-forming polypeptides in the stomach?

pepsin

Chief cells secrete what?

pepsinogen

A problem with the parasympathetic nervous system in Hirschsprung's disease leads to?

poor colonic motility

Rapid gastric emptying and the creation of a high osmotic gradient in the small intestine cause by?

sudden shift of fluid from the vascular compartment to the intestinal lumen

"MYC" codes for?

transcription factor and mutations are seen in many cancers, particularly Burkett lymphoma.

Plasma volume decreases .. causes what?

vasomotor responses such as increased pulse rate, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness

Hematemesis is what?

vomiting blood

How are Kupffer cells best described?

Bactericidal and therefore central to innate immunity

In the mouth and stomach, salivary a-amylase initiates the digestion of which nutrients?

Carbohydrates

Food enters the stomach via which orifice or sphincter?

Cardiac

What information does the student learn regarding the functions of the pancreas? (Select all that apply.)

Cholecystokinin stimulates the release of pancreatic enzymes. Pancreatic polypeptide is released after eating Acetylcholine (ACh) is liberated from the pancreatic branches of the vagus nerve

Which information about chronic gastritis does the student learn? (Select all that apply.)

Chronic gastritis results in chronic inflammation and mucosal atrophy. Mucosal atrophy is a common outcome of chronic gastritis. Epithelial metaplasia is often observed with chronic gastritis.

Incomplete fusion of the nasomedial and intermaxillary process during the fourth week of embryonic development causes which condition in an infant?

Cleft Lip

A patient has been admitted to the hospital with a possible bowel obstruction. Which assessment finding would alert the healthcare professional that the obstruction is in the small vs. large intestine?

Colicky pain caused by distention, followed by vomiting

Parents report their 3-week-old infant who eats well and has gained weight began to vomit forcefully for no apparent reason. What treatment option does the healthcare professional prepare to educate the parents on?

Corrective Surgery

Which cells in the stomach secrete histamine?

Enterochromaffin-like cells

Bilirubin is a byproduct of the destruction of which aged cells?

Erythrocytes

The most common clinical manifestation of portal hypertension is what type of bleeding?

Esophageal

An intestinal obstruction at the pylorus or high in the small intestine causes metabolic alkalosis by causing which outcome?

Excessive loss of hydrogen ions normally absorbed from gastric juices

Cystic fibrosis is characterized by which symptom?

Excessive mucus production

Which elements in saliva protect against tooth decay? (Select all that apply.)

Exogenous fluoride A pH of 7.4

Which are the early (prodromal) clinical manifestations of hepatitis? (Select all that apply.)

Fatigue Vomiting Hyperalgia

Vitamin C reduces what ?

Ferric Iron to Ferrous Iron

A class of students has learned about contributing factors to duodenal ulcers. What statement indicates to the professor that the students need a review?

Gastric emptying is slowed, causing greater exposure of the mucosa to acid.

Which hormones are involved in the relaxation of the stomach's fundus during swallowing?

Gastrin Cholecystokinin

Which hormones are involved in regulating gastric motility by lowering the threshold potential of muscle fibers? (Select all that apply.)

Gastrin Motilin

Oxyntic cells secrete what?

HCl (hydrochloric acid) and intrinsic factor and Gastroferrin

A patient has frank bleeding of the rectum. How does the healthcare professional document this finding?

Hematochezia

What is the primary source of physiologic iron?

Heme from animal protein

Saliva contains which immunoglobulin (Ig)?

IgA (helps prevent infection)

A student asks the healthcare professional to explain the pathophysiologic process of alcoholic cirrhosis. What statement by the professional would not be consistent with complete knowledge about this process?

Inflammation and damage leading to cirrhosis begin in the bile canaliculi.

Which term is used to identify a condition in which the developing colon remains in the upper right quadrant instead of moving to its normal location?

Intestinal malrotation

A peptic ulcer may occur in all of these areas except which?

Jejunum

Where in the small intestines are lymphocytes, plasma cells, and macrophages produced?

Lamina propria

Which structure synthesizes clotting factors and the vitamin K necessary for hemostasis?

Liver

A professor has taught the students about the pathogenesis of abdominal pain. Which statement by a student indicates the professor needs to review the material?

Low concentrations of anaerobes, such as Streptococci, Lactobacilli, Staphylococci, Enterobacteria, and Bacteroides, produce abdominal pain.

A patient has portal hypertension-induced splenomegaly. Which lab value would the healthcare professional associate with this condition?

Low platelet count

A peptic ulcer is a break or ulceration in the protective lining of what?

Lower esophagus, stomach and duodenum

Which clinical manifestations are consistent with cancer of the cecum and ascending colon? (Select all that apply.)

Mahogany-colored blood mixed with stool Anemia Pain Palpable mass in the lower right quadrant

Which term is used to identify an intestinal obstruction caused by meconium formed in utero that is abnormally sticky and adheres firmly to the mucosa of the small intestine?

Meconium ileus

The ileum and jejunum are suspended by folds of the peritoneum that contain an extensive vascular and nervous network. What are these folds called?

Mesentery

What is the role of the normal intestinal bacterial flora?

Metabolizing bile salts, estrogens, and lipids

What is the formation of water-soluble molecules to facilitate the absorption of the byproducts of lipid hydrolysis accomplished by?

Micelles

What is the cause of functional dysphagia?

Neural or muscular disorders

The adult intestine processes approximately how many liters of luminal content per day?

Nine

A patient reports feeling constipated. When assessing this patient, how often should the patient report bowel movements to be considered within the normal range?

Once a week

An infant has been diagnosed with intussusception and the student asks the healthcare professional to explain the condition. What explanation by the professional is most accurate?

One part of the intestine telescopes into another section of the intestine.

A student learns what information about acute pancreatitis?

Pancreatic enzymes autodigest pancreatic cells and tissues.

Congenital aganglionic megacolon (Hirschsprung's disease) involves inadequate motility of the colon caused by neural malformation of which nervous system?

Parasympathetic

Which gastric cells secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor?

Parietal (oxyntic cells)

What information does the student learn about parietal pain? (Select all that apply.)

Parietal pain arises from the parietal peritoneum. It is generally more localized than visceral pain. Nerve fibers that travel to the spinal cord are involved in parietal pain. Parietal pain corresponds to dermatomes T6 and L1.

atrophic gastitis and failure to absorb Vitamin B12 results in?

Pernicious Anemia

Increased resistance to blood flow in the portal system leads to?

Portal Hypertension

Exposure to which substance protects the mucosal barrier of the stomach?

Prostaglandins

Increased gastrin secretion by the mother in the last trimester of pregnancy may cause which condition in the infant?

Pyloric stenosis

After a partial gastrectomy or pyloroplasty, clinical manifestations that include increased pulse, hypotension, weakness, pallor, sweating, and dizziness are the results of which mechanism?

Rapid gastric emptying

An infant suddenly develops abdominal pain, becomes irritable, and draws up the knees. Vomiting occurs soon afterward. The mother reports that the infant passed a normal stool, followed by one that looked like currant jelly. What treatment does the healthcare professional prepare the infant for?

Reduction enema

pathophysiologic triad that is the hallmark of cystic fibrosis includes?

-pancreatic enzyme deficiency, which causes maldigestion -overproduction of mucus in the respiratory tract and an inability to clear secretions, which cause progressive chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -abnormally elevated sodium and chloride concentrations in sweat

How can abdominal pain that is visceral in nature best be described?

Diffuse, vague, poorly localized, and dull

A patient has been admitted for a possible small intestinal obstruction. What is the first sign the healthcare professional assesses for that would indicate the presence of this condition?

Distention

Antiemetic agents, such as domperidone and metoclopramide, are antagonists for which receptors?

Dopamine

A patient reports dumping syndrome after a partial gastrectomy. What does the healthcare professional teach this patient?

Eat small, frequent high-protein meals

How many stools per day are considered the upper limits of normal?

Three

A patient has been diagnosed with reflux esophagitis (GERD). What instruction by the healthcare professional is most appropriate?

Try these proton-pump inhibitors for 2 weeks.

The process of conjugation of bilirubin in the liver is best described as which transformation?

Unconjugated (fat-soluble) bilirubin into conjugated (water-soluble) bilirubin

What process is capable of increasing both intrathoracic and intraabdominal pressure, thereby facilitating defecation?

Valsalva maneuver

Which water-soluble vitamins are dependent on sodium for absorption? (Select all that apply.)

Vitamin B1 Folic Acid