Patho 230 midterm 2 (quizzes, reviews)
antibody-related damage to cells through phagocytosis is an example of a mechanism of what type of hypersensitivity?
II
antigens that can induce an allergic response are called?
allergens
what factors are biochemical substances that attract leukocytes to the site of inflammation?
chemotactic
what term describes the inactivation or blocking of the binding of the antigen to a receptor?
neutralization
what are the four types of exudative fluids?
serous, fibrinous, purulent, hemorrhagic
describe/identify fibrinous fluid
thick, clotted, stringy, indicated more advanced/chronic inflammation
describe/identify purulent fluid
thick, creamy, colored (yellow, green, brown/tan), strongly associated with bacterial infection
describe/identify hemorrhagic fluid
thin, containing blood, strongly suggests bleeding
describe/identify serous fluid
watery, usually clear, indicates early/acute inflammation
Which statement regarding mast cells is true? 1. Histamine causes vasoconstriction. 2. Mast cells are found only in blood vessels. 3. Snake bites, bee venoms, and toxins may cause activation. 4. Mast cells are not involved in allergic reactions.
3
a hospitalized patient has suddenly developed acute hemorrhage and needs an urgent blood transfusion. pt has B- blood type. his particular blood type is no immediately available. so which of the following blood type should this patient receive? 1. O+ 2. B+ 3. O- 4. AB-
3
heat exhaustion is defined as 1. chilling or freezing of the cells 2. cramping of voluntary muscles 3. hemoconcentration from salt and water loss 4. significantly decreased blood volume
3
infants are born with a passive immunity that occurs when immunoglobulin antibodies cross the placenta from the maternal circulation prior to birth. which immunoglobulin is capable of crossing the placenta? 1. IgD 2. IgM 3. IgG 4. IgE
3
the arthus raction is an example of which type of sensitivity reaction? 1. I 2. II 3. III 4. IV
3
when considering water balance, which statement is the correct balance? 1. isotonic fluids cause increased cellular swelling 2. hypertonic fluid causes increased cellular swelling 3. hypotonic fluid causes cellular swelling 4. hypernatremia causes cellular swelling
3
which antigen is too small to initiate an immune response? 1. carrier 2. allergen 3. hapten 4. self-antigen
3
which is an example of alloimmune disease? 1. penicillin allergy 2. tb reaction 3. graves disease 4. contact dermatitis
3
which is most common cause of cellular injury? 1. free radical 2. chemical 3. hypoxia 4. mechanical factors
3
which marker is used to evaluate a tumor of the adrenal-gland? 1. prostate-specific antigen 2. alpha-fetoprotein 3. catecholamines 4. adrenocorticotropic hormone
3
which statement best describes the cells and their functions in the humoral arm of the immune system? 1. cells undergo differentiation and develop into subpopulations 2. cells attack cancerous cells 3. antibodies are primary responsible for protection 4. cells in the
3
which statement is not true regarding the body's defense mechanisms against cell damage? 1. the phase I activation enzyme is represented by cytochrome P-450 2. the enzymes that protect against damage are predominantly found in the liver 3. the two systems are xenobiotic and antioxidant 4. most xenobiotics are transported in the blood by lipoproteins
3
which statement is true regarding aging and the immune system function? 1. older adults have decreased circulating antibodies 2. t cell function is increased 3. antibody production to specific antigens is inferior 4. response to infection is rapid
3
which statement is true regarding atopic individuals? 1. if 1 parent has allergies, than a 4% chance exists that the offspring will have similar allergies 2. if 2 parents have allergies, than a 50% chance exists that their offspring will have similar allergies 3. atopic individuals tend to produce higher quantities of IgE 4. no genes are associated with an atopic state
3
which statement is true regarding bacteremia? 1. it occurs with a normal defense system of the body 2. gram + bacteria typically cause bacteremia 3. endotoxins often cause symptoms such as vasodilation 4. symptoms include increased blood pressure
3
which statement is true regarding the immune response in humans? 1. B lymphocytes come from thymus 2. the thymus releases mature lymphocytes 3. generation of clonal diversity occurs in primary lymphoid organs 4. before birth, lymphocytes are not produced
3
which statement is true regarding the staging of cancer? 1. localized cancer is considered a high stage 2. benign tumors are stage 4 3. cancers that have spread regionally are stage 3 4. stage 1 has the poorest prognosis
3
which statement is true regarding unmatched packed RBC transfusions? 1. only 3 different RBC antigens have been identified 2. approximately 80 major carb antigens exist 3. people with O type blood have neither A or B antigens 4. a person with type A blood contains anti-O antibodies
3
which statement regarding viruses is true? 1. viruses are less common than bacterial infections 2. viruses actively produce exotoxins 3. viruses bypass many defense mechanisms by developing intracellulary 4. viruses contain all their genetic info in RNA
3
which term describes a tear or rip of the skin with a jagged and irregular edge? 1. abrasion 2. incision 3. laceration 4. incised wound
3
which of the following are characteristics of cachexia? (select all that apply) 1. increased appetite 2. weight gain 3. early satiety 4. altered metabolism 5. considered a sign of cancer
3, 4, 5
it is true that hyperchloremia 1. occurs with a deficit of sodium 2. occurs with an excess of bicarb 3. has specific sx such as thirst 4. requires tx of the underlying disorder
4
which is a foreign or nonself substance? 1. immunoglobulins 2. lymphocytes 3. antibodies 4. antigens
4
which neurons transmit impulses from neuron to neuron? 1. unipolar neurons 2. sensory neurons 3. motor neurons 4. interneurons
4
which of following is an example of a physical barrier? 1. antibacterial fatty acids 2. earwax 3. lysozymes in tears 4. epithelial cells
4
which of the following IV replacement fluids is an example of a hypotonic (hypo-osmolar) solution? 1. LR 2. D5W 3. 0.9% NaCl 4. 0.45% NaCl
4
which of the following is a characteristic of a malignant tumor? 1. its encapsulated 2. it doesn't invade local tissues 3. its well differentiated 4. its able to spread far from tissue of origin
4
which statement is true concerning the association of adiposity with cancer? 1. no difference has been found in breast cancer mortality between obese and nonobese women 2. hyperinsulinemia can be protective for breast cancer 3. the relationship of obesity and cancer progression is clearly understood 4. an association between BMI and breast cancer mortality risk exists
4
which statement is true regarding IgA antibodies? 1. the gamma heavy chain is predominant 2. IgA1 is predominantly found in body's secretions 3. IgA2 is predominantly found in blood 4. the J chain anchors together the IgA molecules
4
which statement is true regarding a type IV allergic reaction? 1. is immediate in its action 2. is infiltrated with B cells 3. has a red, soft center 4. can be transferred by cells
4
which statement is true regarding basal cell carcinoma? 1. BCC is most commonly found on the trunk of the body 2. BCC is commonly found on those with a dark complexion 3. individuals with these tumors usually have a history of tanning, not burning 4. BCC is most commonly found on sun-exposed areas of the body
4
which statement is true regarding magnesium? 1. hypomagnesium occurs with a concentration less than 2.5 2. magnesium is a major extracellular cation 3. 30% is stored in muscle and bone 4. symptoms of hypomagnesium include weakness and depression
4
which statement is true regarding neutrophils? 1. neutrophils enter the site of injury after lymphocytes and macrophages 2. neutrophils are agranular 3. neutrophils are the largest blood cells 4. neutrophils are the predominant phagocytes of early inflammation
4
which statement is true regarding potassium balance? 1. potassium is the major extracellular electrolyte 2. during acidosis, postassium shifts into the cell 3. aldosterone is secreted when potassium is decreased 4. insulin causes the movement of potassium into the cell
4
which statement is true regarding the immune response in humans? 1. before birth, lymphocytes are not produced 2. b lymphocytes come from the thymus 3. the thymus releases mature lymphocytes 4. generation of clonal diversity occurs in primary lymphoid organs
4
which statement is true regarding the inflammatory response? 1. inflammatory response is the 3rd line of defense 2. inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response 3. inflammatory response occurs at healthy tissue 4. inflammatory response relies on cellular components only
2
which statement regarding fever is true? 1. fever is a failure of the body to regulate temp 2. an endogenous pyrogen may produce fever 3. the body's central thermostat is the pituitary gland 4. fever is a failure of the body's defense system
2
which statement regarding tumors is true? 1. all neoplasms are cancerous 2. cancer refers to a malignant tumor 3. benign growths are cancerous 4. malignant tumors have slow growth
2
which term describes an acidic sulfur-containing lipid that produces effects similar to histamine? 1. phagocyte 2. leukotriene 3. prostaglandin 4. adhesion molecule
2
what pathways activate the complement system? (select all that apply) 1. antigen-antibody 2. classical 3. lectin 4. alternative
2, 3, 4
which of the following are mechanisms of antigenic variation? (select all that apply) 1. siderophoric switching 2. mutation 3. recombination 4. gene switching
2, 3, 4
which of the following are systemic effects of inflammation? (select all that apply) 1. abscess formation 2. fever 3. leukocytosis 4. increased levels of plasma proteins 5. decreased levels of plasma proteins
2, 3, 4
Common causes of edema formation (increased filtration of fluid from capillaries and lymph into surrounding tissues) include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) 1. Decreased hydrostatic pressure 2. Decreased plasma oncotic pressure 3. Increased capillary membrane permeability 4. Lymphatic obstruction 5. Sodium retention
2, 3, 4, 5
which viruses are linked to the development of cancer? (select all that apply) 1. hep a 2. hep b 3. hep c 4. epstein-barr virus 5. HPV
2, 3, 4, 5
Which statement is true regarding the inflammatory response? 1. Inflammatory response is the third line of defense. 2. Inflammatory response relies on cellular components only. 3. Inflammatory response generates a nonspecific response. 4. Inflammatory response occurs at healthy tissue.
3
Which receptor is expressed on macrophages and facilitates recognition and phagocytosis of bacterial pathogens? 1. Complement receptors 2. Scavenger receptors 3. Toll-like receptors 4. Pattern recognition receptors
2
it is true that tobacco smoking: 1. is responsible for 10% of all cancer deaths 2. has been declining among US adults since 1997 3. is dangerous only to lung tissue 4. accounts for 4000-5000 deaths a year worldwide
2
stem cells in the bone marrow produce t-lymphocytes or t cells and release them into the vascular system. the t cells than migrate where to mature? 1. pancreas 2. thymus 3. liver 4. spleen
2
the possible diagnosis of shaken baby syndrome is supported when an infant brought to the ED is found to have which type of cerebral hematoma? 1. epidural 2. subdural 3. subarachnoid 4. avulsion
2
what biochemical messenger is produced by macrophages and lymphocytes in response to a bacterial pathogen? 1. tumor necrosis factors 2. interleukins 3. chemokines 4. interferons
2
what contributes to antibiotic-resistant pathogens? 1. inadequate sanitation 2. genetic mutation 3. loss of multidrug transporters 4. limited use of antibiotics
2
what is the precise portion of the antigen that is configured for recognition and binding of an antibody? 1. paratope 2. epitope 3. self-antigen 4. immunogen
2
what statement best describes a type I reaction? 1. most type I are mediated by IgA 2. most type I reactions are allergic 3. most occur against medications 4. seldom does this type contribute to autoimmune diseases
2
what term describes an agent's ability to produce disease? 1. virulence 2. pathogenicity 3. infectivity 4. immunogenicity
2
when it its normal state, which gene negatively regulates proliferation? 1. oncogenes 2. tumor-suppressor genes 3. proto-oncogenes 4. telomeres
2
which statements are true regarding melanoma? (select all that apply) 1. melanoma may suddenly appear without warning 2. individuals with fair skin and hair color are at risk for melanoma 3. individuals with a history of 3 or more sunburns are at risk for melanoma 4. even in the early stages, melanoma is not curable
1, 2, 3
which of the following is a component of the midbrain? 1. cerebral hemisphere 2. tegmentum 3. cerebellum 4. medulla oblongata
2
a person drinks alcohol in excessive quantities. which areas are likely to develop cancer related to alcohol consumption? (select all that apply) 1. oral cavity 2. larynx 3. pharynx 4. spleen 5. liver
1, 2, 3, 5
which of the following is an insulating substance for the neuron? 1. schwann sheath 2. myelin 3. neurilemma 4. node of ranvie
2
which criteria influence the degree of immunogenicity? (select all that apply) 1. foreignness to the host 2. appropriate size 3. appropriate quantity 4. chemical simplicity 5. chemical complexity
1, 2, 3, 5
air pollution is associated with cancer. which statements pertaining to this association are true? (select all that apply) 1. ground level ozone is the major component of smog 2. radon exposure can occur in underground mines and in homes 3. evidence suggests that air pollution is associated with cancers other than lung and childhood cancers 4. indoor air pollution is considered worse than outdoor air pollution
1, 2, 4
which functions of the clotting system are exhibited at the site of injury or inflammation? (select all that apply) 1. prevents spread of infection to adjacent tissues 2. traps microorganisms at the site of greatest inflammatory cell activity 3. prevents clot formation at the site of injury 4. provides a framework for future repair and healing
1, 2, 4
which statements are true regarding apoptosis? select all that apply. 1. an active process of cellular self-destruction 2. a process that deletes cells during embryonic development 3. local cell death after severe and sudden injury 4. nuclear and cytoplasmic shrinkage of a cell
1, 2, 4
which treatments are appropriate for hyperkalemia? select all that apply. 1. calcium gluconate 2. treating the contributing cause 3. administering glucagon 4. sodium bicarbonate
1, 2, 4
histamine release leads to which of the following? (select all that apply) 1. bronchial smooth muscle contraction 2. bronchoconstriction 3. decreased vascular permeability 4. vasoconstriction 5. edema
1, 2, 5
which mechanisms are used by viruses to evade the immune response? (select all that apply) 1. rapid division 2. antigenic specificity 3. self-protein coat 4. immune suppression 5. lipopolysaccharide
1, 3, 4
which of the following are natural barriers? (select all that apply) 1. physical 2. resistance 3. biochemical 4. mechanical
1, 3, 4
which characteristics are observable of vascular injury and inflammation? (select all that apply) 1. redness 2. coolness to the touch 3. warmth to the touch 4. increased swelling 5. pain
1, 3, 4, 5
the stages of pathologic infection include which of the following? 1. invasion 2. death 3. colonization 4. metastasis 5. multiplication
1, 3, 5
physical activity reduces the risk of which types of cancer? 1. breast 2. oral 3. liver 4. colon
1, 4
which statement is true regarding hypokalemia 1. hypokalemia occurs when the serum level is below 135mEq/L 2. one cause is DKA 3. dietary causes are common 4. diuretics do not cause hypokalemia
2
a collection of blood that is located between skull and dura is called? 1. epidural hematoma 2. contusion 3. subdural hematoma 4. subarachnoid hemorrhage
1
chronic inflammation is characterized by a(n)? 1. dense infiltrate of lymphocytes and macrophages 2. lack of giant cells 3. inflammation that lasts less than 2 weeks 4. absence of exudate
1
what antibody binds to a mast cell? 1. cytotropic 2. allergen 3. antigen 4. Fc
1
what is the term for cancers originating in connective tissue? 1. sarcoma 2. leukemia 3. lymphoma 4. carcinoma
1
what is the vascular effect of histamine released from mast cells? 1. vasodilation 2. increased endothelial adhesiveness 3. platelet adhesion 4. initiation of the clotting cascade
1
which definition is true? 1. allergy means the deleterious effects of hypersensitivity 2. immunity means an altered immunologic response 3. hypersensitivity means the protective response to an antigen 4. autoimmunity means the normal response to foreign antigens
1
which of the following is a characteristic of a malignant tumor? 1. it is able to spread far from tissue of origin 2. it is well differentiated 3. it is encapsulated 4. it does not invade local tissues
1
which statement characterizes radiation therapy? 1. radiation is used to kill cancer cells while minimizing damage to normal structures 2. effective killing of cancer cells using radiation requires poor local delivery of oxygen 3. radiation blocks the normal growth pathways in cells 4. radiation can cause reversible changes in normal tissues
1
which statement is true of serum sickness? 1. the formation of immune complexes in the blood cause serum sickness 2. it is the deposition of complexes in the blood vessels 3. it occurs through cytotoxic t cells 4. it binds antigen to the cell surface
1
which statement is true regarding UV light? 1. UV light causes basal cell carcinoma and squamous cell carcinoma 2. the degree of damage is not affected by wavelength 3. UV light can cause the formation of sarcomas 4. the principal source of UVR is tanning beds
1
which statement is true regarding hypersensitivity reactions? 1. they require sensitization against a particular antigen 2. they occur after the primary immune response 3. reactions are always delayed 4. the most delayed reaction is anaphylaxis
1
which statement is true regarding metastasis? 1. metastasis occurs through the vascular and lymphatic systems 2. metastasis is a highly efficient process 3. metastatic cancer cells suppress proteases 4. most cancer cells are able to metastasize to new areas
1
which structure is part of the CNS? 1. brain 2. somatic NS 3. peripheral nerve pathways 4. cranial nerves
1
which term describes oxygen failing to reach the blood? 1. suffocation 2. strangulation 3. drowning 4. petechiae
1
which term describes successive, rapid impulses received from a single neuron on the same synapse? 1. temporal summation 2. spatial summation 3. actuation 4. facillitation
1
which term describes the type of immunity that occurs when preformed antibodies are transferred from a donor to a recipient? 1. passive 2. active 3. memory 4. cellular
1
Which of the following are clinical manifestations of hypokalemia? (Select all that apply.) 1. Carbohydrate metabolism is affected as a result of decreased insulin secretion. 2. renal function is impaired 3. neuromuscular excitability is decreased 4. skeletal muscle is affected with increased contractillity
1, 2, 3
obesity results in a higher risk of death from which cancers? (select all that apply) 1. esophageal 2. kidney 3. colorectal 4. brain
1, 2, 3
which statements are true regarding caretaker genes? (select all that apply) 1. caretaker genes encode proteins that repair damaged DNA 2. loss of function results in increased mutation rates 3. loss of function can cause increased rates of specific cancers 4. mutations that disrupt caretakes genes are not inherited 5. loss of function causes chromosome instability
1, 2, 3
which statement is true regarding metastasis? 1. metastasis is a highly efficient process 2. metastasis occurs through the vascular and lymphatic systems 3. metastatic cancer cells suppress proteases 4. most cancer cells are able to metastasize to new areas
2
