patho (cardiovascular

A client is admitted with dilated cardiomyopathy with left ventricular dysfunction. The nurse should assess for which of the following clinical manifestations? Select all that apply.

Dyspnea, Orthopnea, Extreme fatigue with activity

Clients with ischemic coronary vessel disease and acute coronary syndrome (ACS) are classified as low or high risk for acute myocardial infarction based on characteristics that include significant:

ECG changes

When lecturing to a group of students about pathophysiological principles behind heart failure, the instructor explains that cardiac output represents:

The amount of blood the heart pumps each minute

Which wave in the electrocardiogram represents ventricular repolarization?

T Wave

A nurse is teaching a client who has cardiovascular disease about the dietary sources of cholesterol and their effects on the body. Which statement made by the client indicates the need for further teaching?

"I should avoid using peanut and canola oil."

A client with a history of heart failure has been referred for an echocardiogram. Results of this diagnostic test reveals the following findings: heart rate 80 bpm; and diastolic volume 120 mL; and and systolic volume of 60 mL. What is the clients ejection fraction?

. 50%

Heart muscle differs from skeletal muscle tissue by being able to generate:

. Action potentials

A client reports severe chest pain and a rapid heart rate. A nurse observes a blood pressure difference in the left and right arms. Which difference in blood pressure indicates an aortic dissection?

20 mm Hg

A client has had a myocardial infarction (MI) that damaged the right atrium, which has interfered with the SA node. The compensatory mechanism, the AV node, becomes the pacemaker of the heart and beats how many times/minute?

45 to 50 beats/minute

A client has had a myocardial infarction (MI) that damaged the right atrium, which has interfered with the SA node. The compensatory mechanism, the AV node, becomes the pacemaker of the heart and beats how many times/minute?

45-50 BPM

Which is the optimal level of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol?

70 mg/dL

Consider the repairs and select the one that is faster

AV node or Purkinje fibers → AV node, Which is faster: blood flow in a capillary or blood flow in an arteriole → Blood flowing in an arteriole, Which has a faster spontaneous depolarization rate: SA node or AV node → SA node, Which causes a faster heart rate: stimulation of cardiac beta-1 receptors or cardiac beta-3 receptors → Stimulation of cardiac beta-1 receptors, Which causes a faster heart rate: sympathetic nerve firing or parasympathetic nerve firing → Sympathetic nerve firing

Which factors should a nurse assess for in a client who has peripheral artery disease (PAD)? Select all that apply.

Absence of pulsation in the lower extremities , Coolness in the lower extremities , Paresthesias in the lower extremities

The shortness of breath and cyanosis that occurs in clients experiencing acute heart failure syndrome are primarily caused by: choose all that apply

Accumulation of fluid in the alveoli and airways, Lungs stiffness, Impaired gas exchange

Mine is diagnosed with an abdominal aortic aneurysm data physician just wants to "watch" for now. When teaching the client about signs/symptoms to watch for, the nurse will base in teaching on which of the following physiologic principles?

As a aneurysm grows, more attention is placed on the vessel wall, which increases the risk for rupture

Client is diagnosed with an abdominal aortic aneurysm that the physician just wants to watch for now. When teaching the client about signs and symptoms to watch for, the nurse will base teaching on which of the following physiological principles?

As a aneurysm grows, more attention is placed on the vessel wall, which increases the risk of rupture

Client has been diagnosed with mitral valve regurgitation. Failure of this heart valve would have which of the following consequences?

Backflow from the left ventricle into the left atrium

A client has entered hypovolemic shock after massive blood loss in a car accident. Many of the client's peripheral blood vessels have consequently collapsed. How does the Laplace law account for this pathophysiologic phenomenon?

Blood pressure is no longer able to overcome vessel wall tension.

Which elevated serum marker for systemic inflammation is now considered a major risk factor for atherosclerosis and vascular disease?

C-reactive protein

The parasympathetic nervous system causes a slowing of the heart rate by increasing:

Cardioinhibitory center

A client is receiving home care for the treatment of a wound on the inside of her lower leg that is 3 cm in diameter with a yellow wound bed and clear exudate. Assessment of the client's legs reveals edema and a darkened pigmentation over the ankles and shins of both legs. What is this client's most likely diagnosis?

Chronic venous insufficiency

A nurse is reviewing the ankle-brachial index of four clients who are suspected of having peripheral artery disease (PAD). Client 1 Client 2 Client 3 Client 4 0.6 1.0 1.3 0.95 Which client has developed moderate PAD?

Client 1

The client is immobilized following a hip injury and has begun demonstrating lower leg discoloration with edema, pain, tenderness, and increased warmth in the midcalf area. He has many of the manifestations of:

Deep vein thrombosis

A large increase in heart rate can cause:

Decreased stroke volume

In the days following a tooth cleaning in root canal, the client has developed infection of the thin, three layered membrane that lines the heart and covers the valves. Which is this client's most likely diagnosis?

Endocarditis

Chronic stable angina, associated with inadequate blood flow to meet the metabolic demands of the myocardium, is caused by:

Fixed coronary obstruction

The client has just returned from a surgical procedure. During the initial vital sign measurement, the nurse notes that the clients heart rate is 111 bpm and the blood pressure is 100/78. In this early postoperative period, the nurse should be diligently monitoring the client for the development of

Hypovolemia shock due to acute intravascular volume loss

A nurse is performing client health education with a 60-year-old man who has recently been diagnosed with heart failure. Which of the following statements demonstrates an accurate understanding of this new diagnosis?

I'm trying to think of ways that I can cut down the amount of salt that I usually eat

An 86-year-old male client is disappointed to learn that he has class II heart failure despite a lifelong commitment to exercise and healthy eating. Which of the following age-related changes predisposes older adults to developing heart failure?

Increase vascular stiffness

The most recent blood work of a client with a diagnosis of heart failure indicates increased levels of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and brain nariuretic peptide (BNP). What is the most likely effect of these peptides on the client's physiology?

Inhibition of the renin angiotensin aldosterone system

A male client with a history of angina has presented to the emergency department with uncharacteristic chest pain, and his subsequent EKG reveals T-wave elevation. This finding suggests an abnormality with which of the following aspects of the cardiac cycle?

Iso volumetric contractions

During ventricular systole, closure of the atrioventricular (AV) valves coincides with:

Isovolumetric contraction

Atherosclerotic plaque is most likely to be unstable and vulnerable to rupture when the plaque has a thin fibrous cap over a:

Large lipid coreI

One of the principal mechanisms by which the heart compensates for increased workload is:

Myocardial hypertrophy

Factors that affect cardiac performance include:

Select one: a. afterload b. preload c. contractility d. all of the above

A client with heart failure asked, "why am I taking a water pill when it's my heart that it is having a problem?" While educating the client about the Frank Starling mechanism, which of the following explanations is most appropriate to share?

Since your heart is not pumping effectively, your kidneys are getting less blood flow; therefore, the kidneys are holding onto sodium and water

If the parasympathetic neurotransmitter releases acetylcholine, the nurse should anticipate observing what changes in the EKG pattern?

Slowing of heart rate below 60 bpm

The plaques in a client's coronary arteries are plentiful, and most have small- to moderate-sized lipid cores with thick fibrous caps. This form of atherosclerosis is most clo

Stable angina

Hypoxia is said to have a negative financial effect on the heart, which means:

There will be interference in the generation of ATP, which is needed for muscle contraction

A heart failure client has an echocardiogram performed revealing an ejection fraction of 40%. The nurse knows that this EF is below normal and explained to the client:

This means your heart is not pumping as much blood out of the heart with each beat

A nurse hears a bruit while assessing the carotid artery of a client. What could be the reason behind the bruit?

Turbulent blood flow in the artery

Which of the following statements about vascular compliance is accurate?

Veins can act as a reservoir for storing large quantities of blood

Which of the statements about vascular compliance is accurate?

Veins can act as a reservoir for storing large quantities of blood

Which of the following statements about vascular compliance is accurate?

Veins can act as a reservoir for storing large quantities of blood.

Preload represents the volume work of the heart and is largely determined by:

Venous blood return

When discussing the AV node's role in the electrical conduction of the heart with a client newly diagnosed with AV block, which of the following statements are accurate? Choose all that apply

When there is an AV block, impulses from the atria and the ventricles beat independently of each other so, the heart rhythm is usually chaotic and not regular

You are concerned about your parents' health. You decide to do teaching over Christmas break about the modifiable risk factors for atherosclerosis. Which of the following demonstrates an intervention that is cognizant of the modifiable risk factors?

You go for a brisk walk with your parents and talk to them about continuing to exercise regularly

Upon admission assessment, the nurse hears a murmur located at the fifth intercostal space, and clavicular line. The client asked, (what does this mean?) The nurse will base her answer on which of the following physiologic principles

You have a heart valve that is diseased

A client asks why he has not had major heart damage since his cardiac catheterization revealed he has 98% blockage of the right coronary artery. The nurse's best response is:

You have small channels between some of your arteries, so you can get blood from a patent artery to one severely blocked

A client asks why he has not had major heart damage since his cardiac catheterization revealed he has 98% blockage of the right coronary artery. The nurse's best response is:

You have small channels between some of your arteries, so you can get blood from a patent artery to one severely blocked.

A client asks, "Why do I have clogged arteries but my neighbor has higher 'bad cholesterol' levels and yet he is just fine?"The health care provider bases the reply on which of the following physiological principles about lipoprotein?

You more than likely have small, dense type of 'bad cholesterol' (LDL)

Your grandmother, a cook at a nearby school, was recently hospitalized when she lost an extensive amount of blood in a work-related accident. She tells you that she heard the nurse say that she would keep feeling faint until her brain made more blood. You recognize that when her blood pressure dropped, the pressure in her carotid arteries decreased. This was detected by baroreceptors in the carotid arteries, which acted then to:

a. increase sympathetic stimulation of the heart and blood vessels

Heart muscle differs from skeletal muscle tissue by being able to generate:

action potentials

A client with a diagnosis of secondary hypertension has begun to experience signs and symptoms that are consistent with decreased cardiac output. Which of the following determinants of cardiac output is hypertension most likely to affect directly?

afterload

A client with a diagnosis of secondary hypertension has begun to experience signs and symptoms that are consistent with decreased cardiac output. Which of the following determines of cardiac output is hypertension most likely to affect directly?

afterload

A nurse is recording the blood pressure of four clients. Client 1 Client 2 Client 3 Client 4 130/90 mm Hg while lying and 121/90 mm Hg upon standing 118/80 mm Hg while lying and 120/80 mm Hg upon standing 140/90 mm Hg while lying and 130/80 mm Hg upon standing 112/ 76 mm Hg while lying and 112/70 mm Hg upon standing Which client's blood pressure indicates that the client has orthostatic hypotension?

client 3

Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) can be initiated by an external event such as trauma. Once that event happens, what is the first pathological body change that would indicate the presence of DIC?

clots form throughout the body, especially in small vessels

A large increase in heart rate can cause:

decreased stroke volume

Your brother is a smoker. You are concerned because you learned in class that cigarette smoking increases the risk for heart disease. You encourage him to quit because smoking:

injures the endothelial cells lining the blood vessels, thereby promoting thrombus development

The client is experiencing increased fatigue in recent months, a trend that has prompted an echocardiogram. Results of this diagnostic tests suggests that the client and diastolic volume is insufficient. Which of the following parameters of cardiac performance will directly decrease as a result of this?

preload

You attend a health fair and have your serum cholesterol checked. You have a high low-density lipoprotein level (LDL). You understand that you have a risk factor for coronary artery disease because you know that LDL:

promotes atheromas and plaque development

Your grandmother says that when they checked her blood pressure in the hospital, the top number (systolic pressure) was lower than usual but the bottom number (diastolic pressure) was about the same. Why is this?

systemic vasoconstriction has maintained the diastolic pressure

Altered cardiac tissue perfusion can result from all of the following except

the development of collateral circulation

The most important complication of atherosclerosis that may cause occlusion of small heart vessels is:

thrombosis

Preload represents the volume work of the heart and is largely determined by:

venous blood return